| 词条 | Climbing protection |
| 释义 |
Climbing protection is any of a variety of devices employed to reduce risk and protect others while climbing rock and ice.[1] It includes such items as nylon webbing and metal nuts, cams, bolts, and pitons. Different forms of climbing draw on varying forms of protection and the systems that are created from its elements. Types of climbingThere are a number of ways to "protect" a climb, varying according to the type of climbing: Lead climbing{{main|Lead climbing}}A lead climber places protection (temporary or permanent anchors) in the rock, snow, or ice establishing a climbing route. The rope is clipped through carabiners (often joined by a short length of webbing into a pair known as a quickdraw) which are in turn connected to the protection. The belayer pays out rope during the ascent, and manually arrests the climber's fall by locking the rope, typically with some form of belay device. Aid climbing{{main|Aid climbing}}Aid climbing involves standing on or pulling oneself up via devices attached to fixed or placed protection to make upward progress. In contrast to free climbing protection, which can sustain the force of sometimes long falls, some aid protection is only designed to hold one's body weight. Top roping{{main|Top roping}}Top roping involves either placing an anchor at the top of a route before climbing or utilizing a fixed one, then running a rope through it to a belayer on the ground. Unlike in lead climbing, the belayer takes in rope as the climber advances and slack is practically eliminated from the rope, minimizing both the drop and shock load on the rope and protection system should the climber fall. Soloing{{main|Solo climbing}}Solo climbing involves climbing without a partner. Soloing can be done with or without protection. A solo climber may place protection and clip in with a short tether for safety during a difficult move, then remove the protection and continue the ascent. Or they may employ some form of self-locking device, such as a Silent Partner, in lieu of a belayer, allowing a soloist to climb without a partner. Additionally, soloing can also be done using a top rope. Bouldering{{main|Bouldering}}Bouldering involves climbing routes low to the ground without rope. The chief form of protection from injury used is a bouldering mat, a padded foam-cell mat placed on the ground below a climber. In bouldering, one can also utilize a "spotter". A spotter is someone who stands near the bouldering mat and guides the climber to the mat in the event of a fall. Equipment{{main|Climbing equipment}}The gear used to protect climbs includes:
Fixed protection usually consists of permanently anchored bolts fitted with hangers, a chain, and ring, or pitons left in situ. StandardsThere are two major standards for climbing equipment safety and reliability worldwide:
In recent years, the CEN has become an important standards organization, mainly in Europe since any products sold in Europe must by law be third-party certified to the relevant standards.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} There is no such requirement in most other countries, although most manufacturers voluntarily follow UIAA or CEN standards (much like electrical equipment in the US is almost always privately certified by Underwriters Laboratories). CENIn Europe, equipment used by climbers has to meet the requirements of the Personal and Protective Equipment (PPE) Directive.[2] Essentially, the equipment must be manufactured using a carefully controlled process and samples must pass various tests. Equipment meeting the regulations is marked with the CE Mark. Various standards are used to specify how equipment is to be tested:
There are many more, most of them appearing in ICS code 97.220.40 and having "Mountaineering" in the title. UIAAThe UIAA Safety Commission develops and maintains safety standards for climbing equipment. These standards are implemented world-wide by the manufacturers who also participate in annual Safety Commission meetings. The Commission works with nearly 60 manufacturers world-wide and has 1861 products certified. In the mid-nineties, CEN adopted the UIAA Safety Standards. Both commissions in CEN and UIAA share similar members. References1. ^{{cite book | edition = 7 | editor = Cox, Steven M. |editor2=Kris Fulsaas | title = The Freedom of the Hills | publisher = The Mountaineers | isbn = 0-89886-828-9| location = Seattle | year = 2003–09}} 2. ^{{cite web|last1=Barnes|first1=Samuel|title=How a product complies with EU safety, health and environmental requirements, and how to place a CE marking on your product.|url=https://www.gov.uk/ce-marking|website=gov.uk|publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills}} External links
2 : Climbing equipment|Mountaineering equipment |
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