| 词条 | Clyde Tolson |
| 释义 |
|name = Clyde Tolson |image = Clyde Tolson.jpg |office = 1st Associate Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation |president = Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon |term_start = 1930 |term_end = 1972 |predecessor = Position established |successor = Mark Felt |office1 = Acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation |president1 = Richard Nixon |term_start1 = May 2, 1972 |term_end1 = May 3, 1972 |predecessor1 = J. Edgar Hoover |successor1 = L. Patrick Gray (acting) |birth_name = Clyde Anderson Tolson |birth_date = {{Birth date|1900|5|22}} |birth_place = Laredo, Missouri, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1975|4|14|1900|5|22}} |death_place = Washington, D.C., U.S. |education = {{nowrap|George Washington University}} (BA, LLB) }} Clyde Anderson Tolson (May 22, 1900 – April 14, 1975) was Associate Director of the FBI from 1930 until 1972, primarily responsible for personnel and discipline. He is best known as the protégé and long time top deputy of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. Early lifeTolson was born in Laredo, Missouri to James William Tolson, a farmer and railroad freight guard,[1] and Joaquin Miller Tolson (née Anderson).[2][3] His brother, Hillory Alfred Tolson (1887-1983), was assistant director of the National Park Service and executive director of the White House Historical Association, and an FBI agent before entering the Park Service.[4][5] Tolson graduated from Laredo High School in 1915 and attended Cedar Rapids Business College from which he graduated in 1918.[6] Early careerFrom 1919 to 1928, he was confidential secretary for three Secretaries of War: Newton D. Baker,[7] John W. Weeks, and Dwight F. Davis.[8] Tolson completed a Bachelor of Arts degree at George Washington University in 1925 and a Bachelor of Laws from the same institution in 1927.[3] While attending George Washington University, Tolson became a member of the Delta Pi Chapter of Sigma Nu.[9] CareerIn 1928, Tolson applied to the FBI and was hired as a Special Agent later that year. Tolson reportedly indicated on his application that he wanted to use the job as a stepping stone to gain experience and earn enough money to open a law practice in Cedar Rapids.[10] After working in the FBI's Boston and Washington, D.C., field offices, he became the chief FBI clerk and was promoted to assistant director in 1930. In 1936, Tolson joined Hoover to arrest bank robber Alvin Karpis. He survived, later that year, a gunfight with gangster Harry Brunette.[11] In 1942, Tolson participated in capturing Nazi saboteurs on Long Island and Florida.[12] In 1947, he was made FBI Associate Director with duties in budget and administration.[13] Relationship with HooverIt has been stated that J. Edgar Hoover described Tolson as his alter ego: "They rode to and from work together, ate lunch together, traveled together on official business, and even vacationed together."[14] Rumors circulated for years that the two bachelors had a romantic relationship.[15] Some authors dismissed the rumors about Hoover's sexual orientation and possible intimate relationship with Tolson,[16][17][18] while others have described them as probable or even "confirmed",[19][20]{{page needed|date=February 2015}} and still others reported the rumors without stating an opinion.[21][22] When Hoover died, Tolson inherited his estate of US$551,000 (${{Inflation|US|0.551|1972|r=1|fmt=c}} million today), moved into his house;[11] and accepted the U.S. flag draped on Hoover's coffin.[23] Later lifeIn 1964, Tolson suffered a stroke and remained somewhat frail for the remainder of his life.[24] In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded him the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service, saying that Tolson “has been a vital force in raising the proficiency of law enforcement at all levels and in guiding the Federal Bureau of Investigation to new heights of accomplishment through periods of great National challenge.”[25] Hoover kept Tolson employed in the FBI even after Tolson became too old for police duty and passed the retirement age.[11] After Hoover's death on May 2, 1972, Tolson was briefly the acting head of the FBI.[13] L. Patrick Gray became acting director on May 3.[26] That same day, Tolson contacted Mark Felt and instructed him to write Tolson's letter of resignation.[27] Citing ill health, Tolson retired from the bureau on May 4, the day of Hoover's funeral.[28][29] Felt was appointed to Tolson's position.[30] After Tolson left the FBI, his health began to decline.[11][31] On April 10, 1975, Tolson was admitted to Doctors Community Hospital in Washington, DC, for renal failure.[32] He died there four days later of heart failure at the age of 74.[11] Tolson is buried in the Congressional Cemetery, near Hoover's grave.[24][32] Depictions in fictionTolson has been depicted numerous times in novels, television, and movies, including:
References1. ^American National Biography, vol. 21, John Arthur Garraty, Mark Christopher Carnes, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 730 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/15/archives/clyde-tolson-former-fbi-official-is-dead-at-74.html |title=Clyde Tolson, Former FBI. Official, Is Dead at 74|first=Lawrence Van|last=Gelder|publisher=}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|last=Kessler|first=Ronald|title=The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI|year=2003|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-98977-6|page=29}} 4. ^Who was Who in America, vol. 8, 1982-1985, Marquis Who's Who, 1985, p. 399 5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1983/08/25/hillory-tolson-park-service-official-dies/4401e0c7-a527-4ff1-8881-eacc38158bdf/|title=Hillory Tolson, Park Service Official, Dies|publisher=|via=www.washingtonpost.com}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=The Delta of Sigma Nu, Volume 81, Issue 3|year=1964|publisher=Sigma Nu Fraternity|page=138}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Jerome|first=Fred |title=The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist |year=2003|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=1-429-97588-1|page=168}} 8. ^{{cite book |last=Powers|first=Richard Gid |title=Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover|edition=1|year=1987|publisher=Free Press|isbn=0-029-25060-9|page=169}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Bond Potter|first=Claire |title=War on Crime: Bandits, G-men, and the Politics of Mass Culture|year=1998|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=0-813-52487-3|page=48}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Gentry|first=Curt|title=J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets|year=2001|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-32128-2|page=189}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|title=FBI's Clyde A. Tolson, 74, Dies|last=Cohen|first=Richard M.|date=April 15, 1975 |work=The Washington Post|page=C6|location=Washington, D.C.}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last=Wicker|first=Tom|date=April 9, 1971|title=Nobody dares to pick his successor|journal=Life|publisher=Time Inc|volume=70|issue=13|page=44|issn=0024-3019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBQ}} 13. ^1 {{harv|Kessler|2003|p=49}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=John Stuart|last2=Theoharis|first2=Athan G.|year= 1988|title=The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition|publisher=Temple University Press|page=108|isbn=0-87722-532-X}} 15. ^{{cite web|last1=Bardsley |first1=Marilyn |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/hoover/6.html |title=The Life and Career of J. Edgar Hoover|website=Crime Library|format=Chapter 6: Homosexual?|quote=...The relationship was so close, so enduring, and so affectionate that it took the place of marriage for both bachelors. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209235611/http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/hoover/6.html |archivedate=February 9, 2015 |deadurl=yes}} 16. ^{{Cite book|last1=Felt|first1= Mark|authorlink1=Mark Felt|last2=O'Connor|first2=John D.|title= A G-man's Life: The FBI, Being 'Deep Throat,' And the Struggle for Honor in Washington|publisher=Public Affairs|year=2006|page=167|isbn=1-58648-377-3}} 17. ^{{Cite book|last=Jeffreys-Jones|first=Rhodri|title=Cloak and Dollar: A History of American Secret Intelligence|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|page=93|isbn=0-300-10159-7}} 18. ^{{harv|Cox, Theoharis|1988|p=108}}: "The strange likelihood is that Hoover never knew sexual desire at all." 19. ^{{Cite book| last1=Percy|first1=William A.|last2=Johansson|first2=Warren |title=Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence| publisher=Haworth Press|year=1994|pages=85+|isbn=1-56024-419-4}} 20. ^{{Cite book|last=Summers|first=Anthony|authorlink=Anthony Summers|title=Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J Edgar Hoover |publisher=Pocket Books|year=1993|isbn=0-671-88087-X}} 21. ^{{Cite book|title=The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide|publisher=Oryx Press|year=1998|pages=291, 301, 397|editor=Theoharis, Athan G.|isbn= 0-89774-991-X}} 22. ^{{Cite book |last=Doherty|first=Thomas |title=Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2003|pages=254–255|isbn=0-231-12952-1}} 23. ^{{cite book|last=De Toledano|first=Ralph |authorlink=Ralph de Toledano|title=J. Edgar Hoover: The Man in His Time |year=1973|publisher=Arlington House|isbn=0-870-00188-4 |page=375}} 24. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Boggs Roberts|first1=Rebecca |last2=Schmidt|first2=Sandra K.|title=Historic Congressional Cemetery| year=2012 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=0-738-59224-2|page=123}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lbjlibrary.org/collections/on-this-day-in-history/june.html |title=Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library |publisher=Lbjlibrary.org |accessdate=January 7, 2012}} 26. ^[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/directors/gray FBI Biography of Gray] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630115119/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/directors/gray/ |date=June 30, 2016}} 27. ^{{harv|Gentry|2001|p=43}} 28. ^{{harv|Gentry|2001|pp=43, 49}} 29. ^{{cite book|last=Breuer|first=William B. |title=J. Edgar Hoover and His G-men|year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-275-94990-7|page=229}} 30. ^{{harv|Gentry|2001|p=49}} 31. ^{{cite journal|date=April 9, 1971|title=G-men under fire|journal=Life|volume=70|issue=13|page=39|issn=0024-3019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBg}} 32. ^1 {{harv|Gentry|2001|p=736}} 33. ^Los Angeles newspaper reviews, as cited on the CD recording's [https://www.amazon.com/Edgar-Library-Edition-Audio-CDs/dp/1580811752 Amazon.com page]. 34. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/8383289/Harry-Shearer-to-bring-J-Edgar-The-Musical-to-London.html|title=Harry Shearer to bring 'J Edgar! The Musical' to London|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=December 8, 2011|first=Catherine|last=Gee|date=March 15, 2011}} 35. ^Don DeLillo, Underworld (New York: Scribner, 1997), pp. 555-65, 567-79. External links{{commons category|Clyde Tolson}}
9 : 1900 births|1975 deaths|Burials at the Congressional Cemetery|Deputy Directors of the FBI|George Washington University Law School alumni|People from Grundy County, Missouri|Stroke survivors|Lawyers from Washington, D.C.|George Washington University alumni |
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