请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Combat Rock
释义

  1. Background

  2. Recording

  3. Mixing and editing

  4. Music and lyrics

  5. Release

  6. Reception and influence

  7. Track listing

  8. Rat Patrol from Fort Bragg track listing

  9. Personnel

  10. Chart positions

  11. Certifications

  12. Sources

  13. References

  14. Further reading

{{about||the Doctor Who novel|Combat Rock (novel)|the song by Sleater-Kinney|One Beat}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}{{Infobox album
| name = Combat Rock
| type = Studio album
| artist = The Clash
| cover = The Clash - Combat Rock.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1982|5|14|df=y}}
| recorded = 1980; September 1981 at Ear Studios in London; November 1981–January 1982 at Electric Lady Studios in New York City; April 1982 in Warnford, Hampshire, England
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|New wave[1][1][2]|post-punk}}
| length = 46:21
| label = CBS, Epic
| producer = The Clash, Glyn Johns
| prev_title = Sandinista!
| prev_year = 1980
| next_title = Cut the Crap
| next_year = 1985
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Combat Rock
| type = Studio
| single1 = Know Your Rights
| single1date = 23 April 1982
| single2 = Should I Stay or Should I Go
| single2date = 10 June 1982
| single3 = Rock the Casbah
| single3date = 11 June 1982
| single4 = Straight to Hell
| single4date = 17 September 1982
}}
}}

Combat Rock is the fifth studio album by the English rock band The Clash.[3] It was released on 14 May 1982 through CBS Records. In the United Kingdom, the album charted at number 2, spending 23 weeks in the UK charts and peaked at number 7 in the United States, spending 61 weeks on the chart.

Combat Rock is the group's best-selling album, being certified double platinum in the United States. It contained two of The Clash's most popular songs, the singles "Rock the Casbah" and "Should I Stay or Should I Go". Combat Rock was the last Clash album featuring the classic lineup.[4][5]

Background

Following the triple-album Sandinista! (1980), singer/guitarist Joe Strummer felt the group was "drifting" creatively.[7] Bassist Paul Simonon agreed with Strummer's dissatisfaction towards the "boring" professionalism of The Clash's then-managers Blackhill Enterprises.[7][6] Strummer and Simonon convinced their bandmates to reinstate the band's original manager Bernie Rhodes in February 1981, in an attempt to restore the "chaos" and "anarchic energy" of The Clash's early days.[6] This decision was not welcomed by guitarist Mick Jones, who was becoming progressively estranged from his bandmates.[7]

During this period, drummer Topper Headon escalated his intake of heroin and cocaine. His occasional drug usage had now become a habit that was costing him £100 per day and undermining his health.[8] This drug addiction would be the factor that would later push his bandmates to fire him from The Clash, following the release of Combat Rock.

Recording

The album had the working title Rat Patrol from Fort Bragg during the recording and mixing stages.[9] After early recording sessions in London, the group relocated to New York for recording sessions at Electric Lady Studios in November and December 1981.[10] Electric Lady Studio was where the band had recorded its previous album Sandinista! in 1980.[15]

While recording the album in New York, Mick Jones lived with his then-girlfriend Ellen Foley.[11] Joe Strummer, Paul Simonon and Topper Headon stayed at the Iroquois Hotel on West 44th Street, a building famed for being the home of actor James Dean for two years during the early 1950s.[11][12]

After finishing the New York recording sessions in December 1981, the band returned to London for most of January 1982. Between January and March, The Clash embarked on a six-week tour of Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Thailand.[9] During this tour, the album's cover photograph was shot by Pennie Smith in Thailand in March 1982.[13]

Mixing and editing

Following the Far East tour, The Clash returned to London in March 1982 to listen to the music that they had recorded in New York three months earlier.[21] They had recorded 18 songs, enough material to possibly release as double-album.[21] Having previously released the double-LP London Calling (1979) and the triple-LP Sandinista! (1980), the group considered whether it should again release a multi-LP collection.

The band debated how many songs their new album should contain, and how long the songs' mixes should be. Mick Jones argued in favour of a double-album with lengthier, dancier mixes.[21] The other band members argued in favour of a single album with shorter song mixes.[21] This internal wrangling created tension within the band, particularly with guitarist Mick Jones, who had mixed the first version.[21][14][15]

Manager Bernie Rhodes suggested that producer/engineer Glyn Johns be hired to remix the album. This editing took place in Johns' garden studio in Warnford, Hampshire (not at Wessex Studios, as is incorrectly stated by some sources).[21]

Johns, accompanied by Strummer and Jones edited Combat Rock down from a 77-minute double album down to a 46-minute single LP.[16] This was achieved by trimming the length of individual songs, such as by removing instrumental intros and codas from songs like "Rock the Casbah" and "Overpowered by Funk". Additionally, the trio decided to omit several songs entirely, dropping the final track count to 12.[17][18][19][20]

During these remixing sessions, Strummer and Jones also re-recorded their vocals for the songs "Should I Stay or Should I Go" and "Know Your Rights" and remixed the songs with the intent of maximising their impact as singles.[16]

Music and lyrics

A recurring motif of Combat Rock is the impact and aftermath of the Vietnam War.[21] "Straight to Hell" describes the children fathered by American soldiers to Vietnamese mothers and then abandoned,[22] "Sean Flynn" describes the photojournalist son of actor Errol Flynn who disappeared in 1970 while covering the war.[21]

Biographer Pat Gilbert describes many songs from Combat Rock as having a "trippy, foreboding feel", saturated in a "colonial melancholia and sadness" reflecting the Vietnam War.[23] The band was hugely inspired by Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 film about the Vietnam War, Apocalypse Now, and had previously released the song "Charlie Don't Surf" on Sandinista!, which referenced the film.[21]

Other Combat Rock songs, if not directly about the Vietnam War and U.S. foreign policy, depict American society in moral decline.[21] "Red Angel Dragnet" was inspired by the January 1982 shooting death of Frank Melvin, a New York member of the Guardian Angels.[23][24][25] The song quotes Martin Scorsese's 1976 movie Taxi Driver, with Clash associate Kosmo Vinyl recording several lines of dialogue imitating the voice of main character Travis Bickle. Bickle sports a mohawk in the latter part of Taxi Driver, this was a hairstyle adopted by Joe Strummer during the Combat Rock concert tour.[26]

The song "Ghetto Defendant" features beat poet Allen Ginsberg, who performed the song on stage with the band during the New York shows on their tour in support of the album. Ginsberg had researched punk music, and included phrases like "do the worm" and "slam dance" in his lyrics.[21] At the end of the song he can be heard reciting the Heart Sutra, a popular Buddhist mantra.[27]

Music for "Rock the Casbah" was written by the band's drummer Topper Headon, based on a piano part that he had been toying with.[28][29] Finding himself the studio without his three bandmates, Headon progressively taped the drum, piano and bass parts; recording the bulk of the song's musical instrumentation himself.[28][30]

The other Clash members were impressed with Headon's recording, stating that they felt the musical track was essentially complete.[30] However, Strummer was not impressed by the page of suggested lyrics that Headon gave him.[28] Before hearing Headon's music, Strummer had already come up with the phrases "rock the casbah" and "you'll have to let that raga drop" as lyrical ideas that he was considering for future songs.[11][31] After hearing Headon's music, Strummer went into the studio's toilets and wrote lyrics to match the song's melody.[29][30]

Release

Following along the same note as Sandinista!, Combat Rock{{'}}s catalogue number "FMLN2" is the abbreviation for the El Salvador political party Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional or FMLN.[27][32]

Lead single "Know Your Rights" was released on 23 April 1982,[16] and reached number 43 on the U.K. singles chart.[33] Combat Rock was released on 14 May 1982 and reached number 2 on the U.K. album charts, kept off the top spot by Paul McCartney's Tug of War.[16] In the United States, Combat Rock reached number 7 on the album charts, selling in excess of one million copies.[34]

"Rock the Casbah", which was composed by drummer Topper Headon, reached number 8 on the U.S. singles chart.[34] The single was accompanied by a distinctive video directed by Don Letts that aired frequently on the then-fledgling television channel MTV.

In January 2000, the album, along with the rest of The Clash's catalogue, was remastered and re-released.[35]

Reception and influence

{{Album reviews
| rev1 = AllMusic
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}[36]
| rev2 = Alternative Press
| rev2Score = 3/5[37]
| rev3 = Blender
| rev3Score = {{rating|4|5}}[38]
| rev4 = Encyclopedia of Popular Music
| rev4Score = {{Rating|3|5}}[39]
| rev5 = Q
| rev5Score = {{Rating|3|5}}[40]
| rev6 = Rolling Stone
| rev6Score = {{Rating|4|5}}[41]
| rev7 = The Rolling Stone Album Guide
| rev7Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}[42]
| rev8 = Select
| rev8Score = 4/5[43]
| rev9 = Spin Alternative Record Guide
| rev9Score = 8/10[44]
| rev10 = The Village Voice
| rev10Score = B+[45]
}}Combat Rock peaked at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart, number 7 on the Billboard Pop albums, and the top ten on many charts in other countries.[46][47][48][49][50] It was ranked at #4 among the top "Albums of the Year" for 1982 by NME, with both "Straight to Hell" and "Know Your Rights" ranked among the year's top 50 tracks.[51]

The United States Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified Combat Rock as a Gold album on November 1982, Platinum in January 1983, and Multi-Platinum in June 1995.[52]

In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau lamented the same attempts at funk and dub The Clash had tried on Sandinista! (1980). Nonetheless, he dismissed the notion the band were selling out and believed they were "evolving" on Combat Rock, writing songs at a "higher level of verbal, musical, and political density", albeit in less "terse and clear" fashion than on their early work.[45] Douglas Wolk said in a retrospective review for Blender that while the record was originally seen as The Clash's "sellout move" because of its danceable sound and two hit singles, the other songs featured "audaciously bizarre arrangements and some of Strummer's smartest lyrics."[38] Q magazine was less enthusiastic, deeming it "their biggest seller, but the beginning of the end."[40] In 2000, Alternative Press called it "the penultimate Clash album ... employing lessons learned in the previous three years ... their most commercially rewarded release ... containing [their] most poignant song 'Straight to Hell'."[37] CMJ New Music Report ranked Combat Rock at number five on its 2004 list of the Top 20 Most-Played Albums of 1982.[53] Slant Magazine listed the album at No. 80 on its list of "Best Albums of the 1980s".[54] Kurt Cobain listed it in his top fifty albums of all time.[55][56]

Track listing

{{tracklist
| all_writing = The Clash, except where noted
| headline = Side one[57]
| extra_column = Lead vocals
| title1 = Know Your Rights
| writer1 = Strummer, Jones
| extra1 = Joe Strummer
| length1 = 3:39
| title2 = Car Jamming
| extra2 = Joe Strummer
| length2 = 3:58
| title3 = Should I Stay or Should I Go
| extra3 = Mick Jones
| length3 = 3:06
| title4 = Rock the Casbah
| writer4 = Headon, Strummer, Jones
| extra4 = Joe Strummer
| length4 = 3:44
| title5 = Red Angel Dragnet
| extra5 = Paul Simonon and Kosmo Vinyl
| length5 = 3:48
| title6 = Straight to Hell
| extra6 = Joe Strummer
| length6 = 5:30
}}{{tracklist
| headline = Side two[58]
| extra_column = Lead vocals
| title1 = Overpowered by Funk
| extra1 = Joe Strummer and Futura 2000
| length1 = 4:55
| title2 = Atom Tan
| extra2 = Mick Jones and Joe Strummer
| length2 = 2:32
| title3 = Sean Flynn
| extra3 = Joe Strummer
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = Ghetto Defendant
| extra4 = Joe Strummer and Allen Ginsberg
| length4 = 4:45
| title5 = Inoculated City
| note5 = some copies of the album have an edited version lasting 2:11
| extra5 = Mick Jones and Joe Strummer
| length5 = 2:43
| title6 = Death is a Star
| extra6 = Joe Strummer and Mick Jones
| length6 = 3:13
}}

Rat Patrol from Fort Bragg track listing

  1. "The Beautiful People Are Ugly Too" – 3:45
  2. "Idle in Kangaroo Court" – 4:58
  3. "Should I Stay or Should I Go" – 3:05
  4. "Rock the Casbah" – 3:47
  5. "Know Your Rights" (extended version) – 5:04
  6. "Red Angel Dragnet" – 5:12
  7. "Ghetto Defendant" – 6:17
  8. "Sean Flynn" – 7:30
  9. "Car Jamming" – 3:53
  10. "Inoculated City" – 4:32
  11. "Death Is a Star" – 2:39
  12. "Walk Evil Talk" – 7:37
  13. "Atom Tan" – 2:45
  14. "Overpowered by Funk" (demo) – 1:59
  15. "Inoculated City" (unedited version) – 2:30
  16. "First Night Back in London" – 2:56
  17. "Cool Confusion" – 3:10
  18. "Straight to Hell" (extended version) – 6:56
{{As of|2019}}, the full, unedited version of Rat Patrol from Fort Bragg has not been officially released, though bootleg versions have circulated through unofficial channels. The songs "First Night Back in London" and "Cool Confusion" that were discarded from the album appeared in 1982 as B-sides to the album's singles. Some of the original-mix songs appeared on the Clash on Broadway and Sound System box sets. In 2012, violinist and friend of Joe Strummer Tymon Dogg released the song "Once You Know", which he recorded during the Combat Rock sessions with all four Clash members as his backing band.[59]

Personnel

  • Joe Strummer – lead and backing vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano
  • Mick Jones – guitar, backing and lead vocals, keyboards, sound effects
  • Paul Simonon – bass guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Red Angel Dragnet"
  • Topper Headon – drums, piano and bass guitar on "Rock the Casbah"
Additional musicians
  • Allen Ginsberg – guest vocals on "Ghetto Defendant"
  • Futura 2000 – guest vocals on "Overpowered by Funk"
  • Ellen Foley – backing vocals on "Car Jamming"
  • Joe Ely – backing vocals on "Should I Stay or Should I Go"
  • Tymon Dogg – piano on "Death Is a Star"
  • Tommy Mandel (as Poly Mandell) – keyboards on "Overpowered by Funk"
  • Gary Barnacle – saxophone on "Sean Flynn"
  • Kosmo Vinyl - vocals on "Red Angel Dragnet"
Production
  • The Clash – producers
  • Glyn Johns – chief engineer, mixing[46]
  • Joe Blaney; Jerry Green; Eddie Garcia – assistant engineers
  • Pennie Smith – cover photography, taken March 1982 in Bangkok, Thailand

Chart positions

Year Chart Position
1982 Canadian RPM Albums Chart[60]12
Netherlands|29|artist=The Clash|album=Combat Rock}}
New Zealand|5|artist=The Clash|album=Combat Rock}}
Norwegian Albums Chart.[49]7
Swedish Albums Chart[50]9
UK Albums Chart[47]2
1983 US Billboard Pop albums[48]7

Certifications

{{Certification Table Top}}{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=The Clash|title=Combat Rock|award=Gold|type=album|date=1982-07-27}}{{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|artist=The Clash|title=Combat Rock|award=Gold|type=album|date=1982-12-01|relyear=1982}}{{certification Table Entry|title=Combat Rock|type=album|artist=the Clash|relyear=1982|region=France|award=Gold|salesamount=100,000|salesref=[61]}}{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|artist=The Clash|title=Combat Rock|award=Platinum|number=2|type=album|date=1995-06-06}}{{Certification Table Bottom|noshipments=true|nounspecified=true}}

Sources

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{cite book |last=Gray |first=Marcus |title=The Clash: Return of the Last Gang in Town |origyear=1995 |edition=5th revised |year=2005 |publisher=Helter Skelter |location=London |isbn=1-905139-10-1 |oclc=60668626 }}
{{Refend}}

References

1. ^{{cite book |title=The Trouser Press guide to new wave records |last=Robbins |first=Ira A. |year=1983 |pages=54–57 |isbn=978-0684179445 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons}}
2. ^{{cite book |title=Spin Alternative Record Guide |isbn=9780679755746 |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1995 |last1=Marks |first1=Craig |last2=Weisbard |first2=Eric}}
3. ^{{cite book|author=Colin Larkin|title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNmFiUnSmUC&pg=PA2006-IA1258|date=27 May 2011|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-85712-595-8|pages=2006–}}
4. ^{{cite video | people = Letts Don; Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper Headon, Terry Chimes, Rick Elgood, The Clash | date = 2001 | title = The Clash, Westway to the World | medium = Documentary | publisher = Sony Music Entertainment; Dorismo; Uptown Films | location = New York, NY | time = 71:00–75:00 | isbn = 0-7389-0082-6 | oclc = 49798077}}
5. ^{{cite journal | last = Cromelin | first = Richard | date = 31 January 1988 | title = Strummer on Man, God, Law and The Clash | work = Los Angeles Times | url = http://www.strummernews.com/latimes88.html | accessdate = 3 November 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071020203022/http://strummernews.com/latimes88.html | archivedate = 20 October 2007 | df = dmy-all }}
6. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|pages=285–6}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|pages=301–2}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|page=302}}
9. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|page=309}}
10. ^{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|page=304}}
11. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|page=305}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Iroquois Hotel: History|url=http://www.iroquoisny.com/about/history|accessdate=23 April 2016}}
13. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Pinnock|first1=Tom|title=The end of The Clash – by Joe Strummer|url=http://www.uncut.co.uk/features/the-end-of-the-clash-by-joe-strummer-31143|accessdate=23 April 2016|issue=184|publisher=Uncut Magazine|date=September 2012}}
14. ^{{cite book|author=Daniel Rachel|title=Isle of Noises: Conversations with great British songwriters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WR5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT177|date=12 September 2013|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4472-2680-2|pages=177–}}
15. ^{{cite book|author=Daniel Rachel|title=The Art of Noise: Conversations with Great Songwriters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hL1zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145|date=7 October 2014|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4668-6521-1|pages=145–}}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|pages=312–14}}
17. ^{{cite book|author=Chris Knowles|title=Clash City Showdown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xn9bXDYlm8C&pg=PA108|date=1 December 2003|publisher=PageFree Publishing, Inc.|isbn=978-1-58961-138-2|page=108}}
18. ^{{cite book|author=Alan Parker|title=The Clash: "rat Patrol from Fort Bragg"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtgvmid6o94C|year=2003|publisher=Abstract Sounds|isbn=978-0-9535724-9-6}}
19. ^{{cite book|author=Nick Johnstone|title=The Clash: 'Talking'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_h3JkqcnO0YC&pg=PA13|date=7 April 2010|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-85712-258-2|pages=13–}}
20. ^{{cite book|author=Sean Egan|title=The Clash: The Only Band That Mattered|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qiDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA198|date=6 November 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-8108-8876-0|pages=198–}}
21. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|page=307}}
22. ^{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|page=308}}
23. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|page=320}}
24. ^Gray (2005) p. 380
25. ^{{cite news |author=Monday, 18 January 1982 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949448,00.html |title=Time Magazine article 18 January 1982 ''Guardian Angels' Growing Pains'' |publisher=Time.com |date=1982-01-18 |accessdate=2010-04-03}}
26. ^{{cite web|last1=NORDBERG|first1=TIM|title=Rock History 101: The Clash's "Red Angel Dragnet"|url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2009/04/rock-history-101-the-clashs-red-angel-dragnet/|website=COS|publisher=COS|accessdate=12 August 2015}}
27. ^1 {{cite book|author=Antonino D'Ambrosio|title=Let Fury Have the Hour: Joe Strummer, Punk, and the Movement That Shook the Word|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZXJi2BEyYAC&pg=PT183|year=2012|publisher=Nation Books|isbn=978-1-56858-720-2|pages=183–}}
28. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|page=306}}
29. ^1 {{cite AV media | people=Webb, Spike | date=23 January 2014 | title=Topper Headon (The Clash) - Q&A - Fan Questions| url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-lWF8XeXK4&t=0m24s | medium=Interview |minutes=00:24}}
30. ^1 2 {{cite AV media | people=Webb, Spike | date=3 May 2012 | title=Topper Headon (The Clash) talks about 'Mad, Bad and Dangerous'| url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9WpYJQmZK8&t=0m54s | medium=Interview |minutes=00:54}}
31. ^{{cite AV media | people=Temple, Julien (Director) | date=2007 | title=Strummer:The Future is Unwritten | medium=Motion picture |minutes=68}}
32. ^{{cite book|author1=Patricia Romanowski Bashe|author2=Patricia Romanowski|author3=Holly George-Warren|author4=Jon Pareles|title=The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hKFAAAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Fireside|isbn=978-0-684-81044-7}}
33. ^{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|page=321}}
34. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Pat|title=Passion Is A Fashion: The Real Story Of The Clash|date=2004|publisher=Aurum Press Ltd|isbn=1-84513-017-0|page=330}}
35. ^{{cite book|title=Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmgiAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=University of Iowa}}
36. ^{{cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/combat-rock-mw0000189491|title=Combat Rock – The Clash|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=3 November 2010}}
37. ^1 {{cite journal|title=The Clash: Combat Rock|journal=Alternative Press|location=Cleveland|issue=140|date=March 2000|pages=74–75}}
38. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Wolk|first=Douglas|authorlink=Douglas Wolk|date=21 August 2007|url=http://www.blender.com/guide/back-catalogue/54676/combat-rock.html|title=The Clash: Combat Rock|journal=Blender|accessdate=10 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702055608/http://www.blender.com/guide/back-catalogue/54676/combat-rock.html|archivedate=2 July 2009}}
39. ^{{cite book|last=Larkin|first=Colin|authorlink=Colin Larkin (writer)|year=2011|title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=0-85712-595-8|edition=5th concise}}
40. ^1 {{cite journal|title=The Clash: Combat Rock|journal=Q|location=London|issue=159|date=December 1999|pages=152–53}}
41. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Fricke|first=David|authorlink=David Fricke|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/reviews/album/3045/22101|title=Combat Rock|journal=Rolling Stone|location=New York|date=24 June 1982|accessdate=3 November 2010}}
42. ^{{cite book|last=Sheffield|first=Rob|authorlink=Rob Sheffield|chapter=The Clash|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9eocwUfoSoC&lpg=PA167&pg=PA167|accessdate=24 September 2011|title=The New Rolling Stone Album Guide|editor1-last=Brackett|editor1-first=Nathan|editor2-last=Hoard|editor2-first=Christian|publisher=Simon & Schuster|edition=4th|year=2004|isbn=0-7432-0169-8|pages=167–68}}
43. ^{{cite journal|title=Clash Reissues|journal=Select|location=London|issue=114|date=December 1999|page=88}}
44. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Weisbard|editor1-first=Eric|editor2-last=Marks|editor2-first=Craig|year=1995|title=Spin Alternative Record Guide|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|isbn=0-679-75574-8}}
45. ^1 {{cite news|last=Christgau|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Christgau|date=10 August 1982|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv8-82.php|title=Consumer Guide|newspaper=The Village Voice|location=New York|accessdate=10 September 2015}}
46. ^1 {{cite book|author=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|title=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT29|date=21 August 1982|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|pages=29–|issn=0006-2510}}
47. ^1 "UK Chart Archive". everyHit.co.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
48. ^1 [{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p3913|pure_url=yes}} "The Clash > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums"]. Allmusic. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
49. ^1 "Discography The Clash". NorwegianCharts.com. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
50. ^1 "Discography The Clash". SwedishCharts.com. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
51. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.nme.com/bestalbumsandtracksoftheyear/1982-2-1045396 |title=Albums and Tracks of the Year |author= |date=2016 |publisher=NME |accessdate=6 November 2016 }}
52. ^{{cite web | title = Gold and Platinum: Searchable Database | publisher = RIAA | url = https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=Combat%20Rock&artist=The%20Clash&format=ALBUM&category=GROUP&after=on&startMonth=1&startYear=1982&sort=Artist&perPage=50 | accessdate = 2008-10-26}}
53. ^{{cite journal |date=5 January 2004 |title=Top 20 Most-Played Albums of 1982 |journal=CMJ New Music Report |page=10 }}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/feature/best-albums-of-the-1980s/308/page_3 |title=Best Albums of the 1980s | Music |publisher=Slant Magazine |accessdate=2012-08-13}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Top 50 by Nirvana [MIXTAPE]|url=http://www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com/journal/top-50-by-nirvana/|accessdate=8 May 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018034220/http://www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com/journal/top-50-by-nirvana/|archivedate=18 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}
56. ^{{cite book |title=Nirvana: The Complete Illustrated History |last=Cross, Gaar, Gendron, Martens, Yarm |year= 2013 |isbn= 978-0-7603-4521-4 |page= 97}}
57. ^{{cite book|author=Chris Knowles|title=Clash City Showdown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xn9bXDYlm8C&pg=PA111|date=1 December 2003|publisher=PageFree Publishing, Inc.|isbn=978-1-58961-138-2|page=111}}
58. ^{{cite book|author=Chris Knowles|title=Clash City Showdown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xn9bXDYlm8C&pg=PA108|date=1 December 2003|publisher=PageFree Publishing, Inc.|isbn=978-1-58961-138-2}}
59. ^{{cite web|last1=Dogg|first1=Tymon|title=The Clash with Tymon Dogg: Once You Know|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=famxzR7Gyxs|accessdate=23 April 2016|date=22 December 2012}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.6544&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 36, No. 23, July 17, 1982|publisher=RPM|accessdate=2012-02-17 }}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=400|title=Les Albums Or|publisher=SNEP|work=infodisc.fr|accessdate=2011-08-31|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018005836/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=400|archivedate=18 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}

Further reading

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Pat |title=Passion Is a Fashion: The Real Story of The Clash |origyear=2004 |edition=4th |year=2005 |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |isbn=1-84513-113-4 |oclc=61177239 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Green |first=Johnny |author2=Garry Barker |title=A Riot of Our Own: Night and Day with The Clash |origyear=1997 |edition=3rd |year=2003 |publisher=Orion |location=London |isbn=0-7528-5843-2 |oclc=52990890 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Gruen |first=Bob |authorlink=Bob Gruen |author2=Chris Salewicz |title=The Clash |origyear=2001 |edition=3rd |year=2004 |publisher=Omnibus |location=London |isbn=1-903399-34-3 |oclc=69241279 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Needs |first=Kris |authorlink=Kris Needs |title=Joe Strummer and the Legend of The Clash |date=2005-01-25 |publisher=Plexus |location=London |isbn=0-85965-348-X |oclc=53155325 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Topping |first=Keith |authorlink=Keith Topping |title=The Complete Clash |origyear=2003 |edition=2nd |year=2004 |publisher=Reynolds & Hearn |location=Richmond |isbn=1-903111-70-6 |oclc=63129186 }}
{{Refend}}{{The Clash}}

7 : 1982 albums|Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios|The Clash albums|CBS Records albums|Columbia Records albums|Epic Records albums|Albums produced by Glyn Johns
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 8:56:08