“Community council”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In England they may be statutory parish councils by another name, under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007, or they may be non-statutory bodies. In Scotland and Wales they are statutory bodies.

Scottish community councils were first created under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, many years after Scottish parish councils were abolished by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929.

Welsh community councils – which may, if they wish, style themselves town councils – are a direct replacement, under the Local Government Act 1972, for the previously existing parish councils and are identical to English parish councils in terms of their powers and the way in which they operate.

England

In England, a parish council can call itself a community council, as an 'alternative style' under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007. In the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham^[1] and the London Borough of Southwark^[2] non-statutory consultation bodies have been established, called community councils. There are thirty-eight charitable rural community councils with a rural development function, covering areas such as community planning, community buildings support, rural transport schemes and rural affordable housing (exception sites). The rural community councils are linked by the charity ACRE (Action with Communities in Rural England) and form the Rural Community Action Network (RCAN).

Scotland

In Scotland community councils have fewer powers than their English or Welsh counterparts. As of July 2012, there were 1,369 community council areas in Scotland, some of which represent several communities within their boundary.^[3]

Community councils were introduced in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. The duty was placed on the newly established district councils to prepare an establishment scheme to divide their district into community council areas. In 1996 this duty passed to the present area councils.

Scotland's network of parishes was abolished for administrative purposes in 1930, when larger district councils were formed. Unlike Wales, the new CCs created in 1975 were not necessarily based on old parish areas, which no longer fit any modern administrative areas. Several of them are based on former burghs, and have rematriculated the burgh coat of arms and use the title "provost" for their chairman.

The Acts of Parliament governing community councils allow for them to "take any action" they deem appropriate to improve their community. They set out the requirements of each local authority's "scheme for the establishment of Community Councils".

All of Scotland has had community council areas delineated, the numbers and boundaries of which can be altered by the area council. However not all communities have community councils, which in Scotland are statutory and only exist if local people are willing to stand for election. They are officially stated to be "non-party-political and non-sectarian" in their discussions and decision making. Community councils must adopt a constitution stating the name of the community council and dealing with such matters as the frequency of meetings, office bearers, method of election, finance and standing orders.

There have been a number of reviews of the role of community councils in Scotland, generally emphasising their importance to democratic renewal. One important one was the McIntosh Report on Local Government and the Scottish Parliament.^[4]

Co-opted and ex officio members have no votes on the councils and may not be office bearers.

The establishment scheme will set out the exact procedure for establishing a council where one does not exist: a stated number of local government electors in the designated area must petition the area council, who will then schedule elections. In the case of all community council elections, if nominations are received for less than fifty percent of the seats, the election is postponed and the council not formed or dissolved. Community councils can only be dissolved if the number of elected members falls below the set minimum. Community councils can also choose to amalgamate themselves with an adjoining community council by a similar process.

Like in England and Wales, the main role of the CCs is to act as a channel of the opinions of the local community, and have the right to be notified of and respond to any planning applications. They are also sometimes involved in local projects mostly related to local infrastructure such as footpaths, parks, playgrounds etc., and local events.

Unlike in England and Wales, Scottish CCs do not have the right to raise funds by setting a precept on local taxes, and are instead dependent upon local authority funding, which is usually received for running costs only.

In some areas of Scotland, CCs are often disregarded and are not usually viewed as a tier of government, even though they can legally have that role. Although in places such as Orkney and Shetland, CCs are viewed as an important part of local government, and receive larger budgets.

Wales

Until 1974 Wales was divided into civil parishes. These were abolished by section 20(6) of the Local Government Act 1972, and replaced by communities by section 27 of the same Act. The principal areas of Wales are divided entirely into communities. Unlike in England, where unparished areas exist, no part of Wales is outside a community, even in urban areas. Not every community has a council, however.

Community councils in Wales are identical to English parish councils in terms of their powers and the way they operate. Welsh community councils may call themselves town councils unilaterally and may have city status granted by the Crown. In Wales, all town councils are community councils. There are currently three community councils with city status: Bangor, St Asaph^[5] and St David's. The community of Caernarfon has the status of a royal town. The chair of a town council or city council will usually have the title mayor.

In communities with populations too small to justify a full community council, community meetings will be established. Community councils in Wales now come under the Local Government (Wales) Measure 2011 under Part 7.

Notes and references

1. ^Community Councils, Oldham Council website, accessed 5 March 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101013132/http://www.oldham.gov.uk/council/community-councils.htm |date=January 1, 2008 }}
2. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.southwark.gov.uk/YourCouncil/communitycouncils/ | title=Community Councils | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024045430/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/YourCouncil/communitycouncils/ | archivedate=2009-10-24 | df= }}
3. ^The 1,369 community council areas are listed for each council area, and cited, at List of community council areas in Scotland
4. ^{{Cite report |author=McIntosh, N.|authorlink= |author2=Alexander, A. |author3=Cubie, A. |author4=Leicester, G. |author5=Mackay, E. |author6=Millar, M. |author7=Smith, M |author8=Watt, M.|date=1999 |title=The Report of the Commission on Local Government and the Scottish Parliament |publisher=Scottish Office|location=Edinburgh}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Chelmsford, Perth and St Asaph gain city status to mark the Diamond Jubilee |url=http://www.thediamondjubilee.org/chelmsford-perth-and-st-asaph-gain-city-status-mark-diamond-jubilee |accessdate=4 December 2013 |author=Royal Household at Buckingham Palace |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030070807/http://www.thediamondjubilee.org/chelmsford-perth-and-st-asaph-gain-city-status-mark-diamond-jubilee |archivedate=30 October 2013 |df= }}

England

Scotland

Wales

Notes and references

External links