1. History

2. Examples

3. Versions
    Host-finding disruption 

4. Companion plant categories

5. See also

6. References

7. External links

Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is the planting of different crops in proximity for any of a number of different reasons, including pest control, pollination, providing habitat for beneficial creatures, maximizing use of space, and to otherwise increase crop productivity.^[1] Companion planting is a form of polyculture.

Companion planting is used by farmers and gardeners in both industrialized and developing countries for many reasons. Many of the modern principles of companion planting were present many centuries ago in cottage gardens in England and forest gardens in Asia, and thousands of years ago in Mesoamerica.

History

In China, mosquito ferns (Azolla spp.) have been used for at least a thousand years as companion plants for rice crops. They host a cyanobacterium that fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere, and they block light from plants that would compete with the rice.^[2]

Companion planting was practiced in various forms by the indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans. These peoples domesticated squash 8,000 to 10,000 years ago,^[3][4] then maize, then common beans, forming the Three Sisters agricultural technique. The cornstalk served as a trellis for the beans to climb, and the beans fixed nitrogen, benefitting the maize.^[5][6][7]

Companion planting was widely promoted in the 1970s as part of the organic gardening movement.^[8] It was encouraged for pragmatic reasons, such as natural trellising, but mainly with the idea that different species of plant may thrive more when close together.^[9] It is also a technique frequently used in permaculture, together with mulching, polyculture, and changing of crops.^[10]

Examples

The smell of the foliage of marigolds is claimed to deter aphids from feeding on neighbouring crops. Marigolds with simple flowers also attract nectar-feeding adult hoverflies, the larvae of which are predators of aphids.^[14]

Various legume crops benefit from being commingled with a grassy nurse crop. For example, common vetch or hairy vetch is planted together with rye or winter wheat to make a good cover crop or green manure (or both).

The terms "undersowing" and "overseeding" both involve intercropping as a type of companion planting. "Undersowing" conveys the idea of sowing the second crop among the young plants of the first crop (or in between the rows, if rows are used). A connotation of understory growth is conveyed, albeit exaggerated (because the first crop is not yet a dense canopy). "Overseeding" conveys the idea of broadcasting the seeds of the second crop over the existing first crop. This is analogous to overseeding a lawn to improve the mix of grasses present.

Versions

There are a number of systems and ideas using companion planting.

Another system using companion planting is the forest garden, where companion plants are intermingled to create an actual ecosystem, emulating the interaction of up to seven levels of plants in a forest or woodland.

Organic gardening may make use of companion planting, since many synthetic means of fertilizing, weed reduction and pest control are forbidden.

Host-finding disruption

Recent studies on host-plant finding have shown that flying pests are far less successful if their host-plants are surrounded by any other plant or even "decoy-plants" made of green plastic, cardboard, or any other green material.

The host-plant finding process occurs in phases:

• The first phase is stimulation by odours characteristic to the host-plant. This induces the insect to try to land on the plant it seeks. But insects avoid landing on brown (bare) soil. So if only the host-plant is present, the insects will quasi-systematically find it by simply landing on the only green thing around. This is called (from the point of view of the insect) "appropriate landing". When it does an "inappropriate landing", it flies off to any other nearby patch of green. It eventually leaves the area if there are too many 'inappropriate' landings.
• The second phase of host-plant finding is for the insect to make short flights from leaf to leaf to assess the plant's overall suitability. The number of leaf-to-leaf flights varies according to the insect species and to the host-plant stimulus received from each leaf. The insect must accumulate sufficient stimuli from the host-plant to lay eggs; so it must make a certain number of consecutive 'appropriate' landings. Hence if it makes an 'inappropriate landing', the assessment of that plant is negative, and the insect must start the process anew.

Thus it was shown that clover used as a ground cover had the same disruptive effect on eight pest species from four different insect orders. An experiment showed that 36% of cabbage root flies laid eggs beside cabbages growing in bare soil (which resulted in no crop), compared to only 7% beside cabbages growing in clover (which allowed a good crop). Simple decoys made of green cardboard also disrupted appropriate landings just as well as did the live ground cover.^[16]

Companion plant categories

The use of companion planting can be of benefit to the grower in a number of different ways, including:

• Hedged investment{{spaced ndash}} the growing of different crops in the same space increases the odds of some yield being given, even if one crop fails.
• Increased level interaction{{spaced ndash}} when crops are grown on different levels in the same space, such as providing ground cover or one crop working as a trellis for another, the overall yield of a plot may be increased.
• Protective shelter is when one type of plant may serve as a wind break or provide shade for another.
• Pest suppression{{spaced ndash}} some companion plants may help prevent pest insects or pathogenic fungi from damaging the crop, through chemical means.^[16]
• Predator recruitment and positive hosting{{spaced ndash}} The use of companion plants that produce copious nectar or pollen in a vegetable garden (insectary plants) may help encourage higher populations of beneficial insects that control pests,^[17] as some beneficial predatory insects only consume pests in their larval form and are nectar or pollen feeders in their adult form.
• Trap cropping{{spaced ndash}} some companion plants are claimed to attract pests away from others.
• Pattern disruption{{spaced ndash}} in a monoculture pests spread easily from one crop plant to the next, whereas such easy progress may be disrupted by surrounding companion plants of a different type.^[18]

See also

• Satoyama
• Intercropping
• Ecological facilitation
• Vegan organic gardening
• Three Sisters (agriculture)

References

External links

• National Gardening Association - Companion and Interplanting, with companion planting table

• Relapse 1
• Relapse 2
• Relapse (disambiguation)
• Relapse (Eminem)
• Relapse (EP)
• Relapse I
• Relapse II
• Relapse (Little Birdy single)
• Relapse part II
• Relapse Prevention
• Relapse Prevention Therapy
• Relapse:Refill
• Relapse Refill
• Relapse: Refill
• Relapse: Refill (album)
• Relapse: The Refill
• Relapse²
• Relapsing
• Relapsing febrile nodular panniculitis (Weber-Christian)
• Relapsing febrile non-suppurative panniculitis
• Relapsing linear acantholytic dermatosis
• Relapsing MS
• Relapsing multiple sclerosis
• Relapsing-remitting MS
• Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis