| 词条 | Abu Musa |
| 释义 |
| name = Abu Musa | image name = Strait of Hormuz.jpg | image caption = Abu Musa Island in the Persian Gulf | image size = 250px | pushpin map = Iran | native name = | native name link = | other_names = {{ubl|{{lang-fa|ابوموسی}}|{{lang-ar|أبو موسى}}}} | nickname = | location = Persian Gulf | coordinates = {{coord|25|52|N|55|02|E|display=inline}} | archipelago = | total islands = 1 | major islands = | area_km2 = 12.8 | highest mount = Mount Halva | elevation_m = 110 | country claim ={{flagicon|UAE}} United Arab Emirates | country claim divisions title = Emirate | country claim divisions = Sharjah | country = {{flagicon|IRN}} Iran | country admin divisions title = Province | country admin divisions = Hormozgan | country largest city = Abu Musa | country largest city population = 1,953 | population = 2,131 | population as of = 2012 | density = 166 | ethnic groups = | additional info = }}{{Infobox lighthouse | item = Q33412878 | name = Abū Mūsá Lighthouse | image_name = | image_width = | caption = | pushpin_map = Iran | relief = 1 | pushpin = lighthouse | coordinates = {{coord|25|53|06.5|N|55|02|02.2|E|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | yearbuilt = | yearlit = | automated = | yeardeactivated = | foundation = | construction = masonry tower | shape = square short tower atop building | marking = | height = | focalheight = {{convert|130|m|ft}} | lens = | currentlens = | lightsource = | intensity = | range = {{convert|9|nmi}} | characteristic = Fl W 8s. | fogsignal = | racon = | admiralty = D7706 | canada = | NGA = 28744[1][2] | ARLHS = | USCG = | country = | countrynumber = | countrylink = | managingagent = | heritage = | module = }}Abu Musa ({{lang-fa|ابوموسی}} {{audio|Abu Musa pronounce.ogg|listen}}, {{lang-ar|أبو موسى}}) is a 12.8 square kilometer (4.9 sq mi) island in the eastern Persian Gulf near the entrance to the Strait of Hormuz.[3] Due to the depth of sea, oil tankers and big ships have to pass between Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunbs; this makes these islands some of the most strategic points in the Persian Gulf.[4] The island is administered by Iran as part of its province of Hormozgan, but is also claimed by the United Arab Emirates as a territory of the emirate of Sharjah.[5][6] NameIranian Abu Musa's inhabitants call it "Gap-sabzu" ({{lang-fa|گپسبزو}}), which in Persian means "the great green place."{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} On old Persian maps, the island is called:
However, in recent centuries it has also been called Bum Musa, Persian for "the land of Musa/Moses," instead of "Boum-Sou".[8] Arabs claim that the name "Abu Musa" ({{lang-ar| أبو موسى}}) comes from Abu Musa Ashaari, a companion of Prophet Muhammad, who stayed on the island in 643 A.D before battling the Persians.[9][10] GeographyAbu Musa island is located {{convert|70|km}} south of Bandar-e Shenas and {{convert|65|km}} north-northwest of Sharjah. Out of 14 islands of Hormozgan it is the island farthest from the Iranian coast. Its highest point is the {{convert|110|m}} Mount Halva.[11] Abu Musa city is the center of the island. The weather in Abu Musa is warm and humid, although, compared to the place in the Persian Gulf, Abu Musa has a better climate and the most diverse ecosystem, but it lacks suitable soil and water for farming leaving fishing as the main industry for locals. It is one of the main ports for exporting oil from Iran. HistoryThe sovereignty of Iran on Abu Musa has been disputed by UAE, which inherited the dispute in 1971.[12][13] By common consent, the island had been under the control of the Qasimi ruler of Sharjah[14][15] In 1906, the uncle of Sharjah's ruler awarded a concession for the iron oxide deposits of Abu Musa to three Arabs, whose workers extracted the mineral and agreed to sell it to Wonckhaus, a German enterprise. However, when the ruler discovered this, he cancelled the concession and the workers were removed from the island with assistance from the British, resulting in an international incident.[15][16] After 1908, the UK controlled the island along with the other British-held islands in the Persian Gulf, including what is today the UAE. In the late 1960s, the UK transferred administration of the island to the British-appointed Sharjah, one of the seven sheikdoms that would later form the UAE. After the UK announced in 1968 that it would end its administrative and military positions in the Persian Gulf, Iran moved to reattach the island politically to the mainland. On 30 November 1971 (two days before the official establishment of UAE), Iran and Sharjah signed a Memorandum of Understanding. They agreed to allow Sharjah to have a local police station and Iran to station troops on the island according to the map attached to the Memorandum of Understanding.[17] The agreement also divided the island's energy resources between the two signatories. "By agreeing to the pact, the tiny emirate prevented an invasion by Iran, which two days earlier had taken two other disputed islands, Greater and Lesser Tunb, which were even smaller and uninhabited."[18] One day before the UK officially left the region, Iran stationed its troops on the island and was officially welcomed by the Sheik of Sharjah's brother; Sheik Saqer.[19] The UAE took its sovereignty claim over Abu Musa and the two Tunb islands to 9 December 1971 meeting of the United Nations Security Council. At that meeting, it was decided to "defer consideration of this matter to a later date".[20][21] Iraq (Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr era),[22] Kuwait,[23] Algeria,[24] South Yemen[24] and Libya[24] held the view that the territory rightfully belongs to the UAE.[25][26][27][28][29] Since that time, the UAE has consistently called in public statements[21][30] for either bilateral negotiations or by referring the issue to the International Court of Justice (or another form of international arbitration).[31] Saddam Hussein attempted to justify the Iran–Iraq War by claiming that one of the objectives was to "liberate" Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunbs in the Persian Gulf. In 1992, Iran expelled foreign workers who operated the UAE-sponsored school, medical clinic, and power-generating station.[32] The Island dispute has also caused serious friction between Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah on one hand and some other emirates of the UAE on the other hand. Ras Al Khaimah advocates tough measures against Iran. Dubai, on the other hand, believes that the conflict is unnecessary. The present ruler of Dubai (who is also Vice President, Prime Minister and Defence Minister of the UAE), Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, has earlier stated publicly that "he believes the tensions over the islands have been fabricated by the United States".[33] In 2012 a visit to the island by Iranian president Ahmedinejad provoked a diplomatic incident.[34] Iran's historical claim to ownership over the islands roots back to the Parthian and Sassanid Empires, among others.[35] Iran considers the island to have been occupied by the UK and refers to the agreement between Iran and the emirate of Sharjah in 1971.[17] Demographics{{As of|2012}}, the island had about 2,131 inhabitants, making it Iran's smallest county.[36] The city of Abu Musa had 1,953 inhabitants in 2012, up 248 from 2006.[37]Most of the residents of the island speak the "Bandari" dialect of Persian.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} Native UAE citizens living on the island allegedly face “great difficulties” with the lack of proper clinics and schools. Only one school exists on the island,[38] and it used by 150 students.[39] Moreover, patients have to be transported to Sharjah to receive treatment, but that is sometimes not feasible because of the Iranian authorities.[39] In addition, Iran allegedly delays or blocks UAE's school and medical supplies from entering the island.[39] Climate{{Weather box| location = Jazireh Abu Musa (1984–2010) | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 27.8 | Feb record high C = 29.5 | Mar record high C = 36.0 | Apr record high C = 39.6 | May record high C = 41.8 | Jun record high C = 42.0 | Jul record high C = 45.0 | Aug record high C = 41.4 | Sep record high C = 43.0 | Oct record high C = 43.0 | Nov record high C = 35.0 | Dec record high C = 30.0 | year record high C = 45.0 | Jan high C = 23.0 | Feb high C = 23.6 | Mar high C = 25.5 | Apr high C = 28.9 | May high C = 32.5 | Jun high C = 34.5 | Jul high C = 36.3 | Aug high C = 36.7 | Sep high C = 35.4 | Oct high C = 33.2 | Nov high C = 29.6 | Dec high C = 25.4 | year high C = 30.4 | Jan mean C = 20.5 | Feb mean C = 21.0 | Mar mean C = 22.9 | Apr mean C = 26.0 | May mean C = 29.5 | Jun mean C = 31.6 | Jul mean C = 33.5 | Aug mean C = 33.7 | Sep mean C = 32.3 | Oct mean C = 30.0 | Nov mean C = 26.6 | Dec mean C = 22.7 | year mean C = 27.5 | Jan low C = 18.0 | Feb low C = 18.5 | Mar low C = 20.3 | Apr low C = 23.1 | May low C = 26.5 | Jun low C = 28.8 | Jul low C = 30.6 | Aug low C = 30.8 | Sep low C = 29.2 | Oct low C = 26.8 | Nov low C = 23.7 | Dec low C = 20.0 | year low C = 24.7 | Jan record low C = 11.0 | Feb record low C = 8.0 | Mar record low C = 11.6 | Apr record low C = 15.8 | May record low C = 19.2 | Jun record low C = 23.4 | Jul record low C = 26.2 | Aug record low C = 26.8 | Sep record low C = 24.0 | Oct record low C = 19.0 | Nov record low C = 17.0 | Dec record low C = 11.0 | year record low C = 8.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 30.0 | Feb precipitation mm = 20.1 | Mar precipitation mm = 28.1 | Apr precipitation mm = 6.8 | May precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 0.2 | Aug precipitation mm = 0.0 | Sep precipitation mm = 0.0 | Oct precipitation mm = 1.6 | Nov precipitation mm = 5.8 | Dec precipitation mm = 33.7 | year precipitation mm = 126.3 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 2.4 | Feb precipitation days = 1.9 | Mar precipitation days = 2.3 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.0 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.0 | Aug precipitation days = 0.0 | Sep precipitation days = 0.0 | Oct precipitation days = 0.1 | Nov precipitation days = 0.8 | Dec precipitation days = 2.8 | year precipitation days = 11.0 | Jan humidity = 61 | Feb humidity = 66 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 71 | May humidity = 72 | Jun humidity = 74 | Jul humidity = 71 | Aug humidity = 70 | Sep humidity = 69 | Oct humidity = 65 | Nov humidity = 60 | Dec humidity = 62 | year humidity = 67 | Jan sun = 227.4 | Feb sun = 225.9 | Mar sun = 231.6 | Apr sun = 267.4 | May sun = 312.4 | Jun sun = 315.8 | Jul sun = 284.7 | Aug sun = 294.5 | Sep sun = 280.5 | Oct sun = 293.9 | Nov sun = 263.4 | Dec sun = 228.9 | year sun = 3226.4 | source 1 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[40] (temperatures),[41] (precipitation),[42] (humidity),[43] (days with precipitation),[44] (sunshine)[45] | date=April 2016 }}{{clear}} See also{{stack|{{Portal|Iran|United Arab Emirates|Lighthouses}}}}
References1. ^[https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/irn.htm Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019032106/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/irn.htm |date=19 October 2016 }} The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 3 October 2016 2. ^NGA List of Lights – Pub.112 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021203954/http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal?_nfpb=true&_st=&_pageLabel=msi_pub_detail&CCD_itemID=112&pubConstant=NGALOL |date=21 October 2016 }} Retrieved 3 October 2016 3. ^Iranian Islands of Tunbs and Abu Musa {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923072835/http://www.iranian.ws/cgi-bin/iran_news/exec/view.cgi/2/2358 |date=23 September 2006 }} 4. ^{{cite book| author1 = Ewan W. Anderson| author2 = Gareth Owen| title = An atlas of world political flashpoints: a sourcebook of geopolitical crisis| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T7R-AAAAMAAJ| year = 1993| publisher = Pinter Reference| isbn = 978-1-85567-053-2| page = 1}} 5. ^{{cite book| author = Fred M. 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year = 1972| publisher = United Nations Supplement, Official Record| location = New York| id = UNDOC:S/10740| url = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/UN_Doc_S_10740_-_Letter_Dated_17_July_1972_from_the_Permanent_Representatives_of_Algeria_Bahrain_Egypt_Iraq_Kuwait_Lebanon_Libya_Morocco_Oman_Sudan_Syria_Tunisia_United_Arab_Emirates_Yemen.pdf}} 23. ^{{cite book |last = United Nations Security Council |title = Letter dated 92/09/14 from the Permanent Representative of Kuwait to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General |year = 1992 |publisher = United Nations Annexes, Official Record |location = New York |id = UNDOC: A/47/441 |url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALetter_dated_1994_July_7_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Kuwait_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_President_of_the_Security_Council.djvu |access-date = 13 March 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140220221823/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALetter_dated_1994_July_7_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Kuwait_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_President_of_the_Security_Council.djvu |archive-date = 20 February 2014 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}} 24. ^1 2 {{cite book| last = United Nations Security Council| title = Letter dated 71/12/03 from the representatives of Algeria, Iraq, the Libyan Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen to the President of the Security Council| year = 1971| publisher = United Nations Supplement, Official Record| location = New York| id = UNDOC:S/10409| url = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/UN_DOC_S_10409_-_Letter_Dated_3_December_1971_from_the_Permanent_Representatives_of_Algeria_Iraq_Libya_And_Peoples_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen.JPG}} 25. ^{{cite book| last = United Nations Security Council| title = Letter dated 94/12/22 from the Permanent Representative of Bahrain to the 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Nations Annexes, Official Record| location = New York| id = UNDOC: A/47/516| url = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/UN_DOC_A_47_516_Letter_dated_1992_October_6_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_Oman_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_President_of_the_General_Assembly..pdf}} 30. ^{{cite journal| last = United Nations| title = Letter dated 16 September 1997 from the Permanent Representative of the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General| journal = United Nations General Assembly| date = 17 September 1997| volume = 52nd Session| series = Oceans and the Law of the Sea| url = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/UN_DOC_A_52_361_Letter_dated_1997_September_16_from_the_Permanent_Representative_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates_to_the_United_Nations_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General..pdf}} 31. ^{{cite book| last = Mattair| first = Thomas| title = The Three Occupied Islands of the UAE: The Tunbs and Abu Musa.| year = 2005| publisher = Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research| location = Abu Dhabi| isbn = 9948-00-765-4| pages = 165–166}} 32. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/abu-musa.htm| title = Abu Musa Island – Iran Special Weapons Facilities| first = John| last = Pike| website = globalsecurity.org}} 33. ^{{cite book| last = Rubin| first = Barry M.| title = Crises in the Contemporary Persian Gulf| year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-7146-5267-2| pages = 44–45}} 34. ^{{cite web| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/12/world/meast/uae-iran-ambassador-recall/| title = Ahmadinejad's visit to island prompts UAE to recall Iran ambassador – CNN| first = By the CNN Wire| last = Staff}} 35. ^http://namak.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=9001141115{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 36. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x%3D%26men%3Dgadm%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dwg%26geo%3D-106%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Dabcdefghinoq%26msz%3D1500%26va%3Dx| title = Archived copy| accessdate = 22 June 2011| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110622013652/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-106&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&va=x| archivedate = 22 June 2011| df =}} 37. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x%3D%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dwg%26geo%3D-106%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Dabcdefghinoq%26msz%3D1500%26geo%3D-5101| title = Archived copy| accessdate = 27 January 2010| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184246/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-106&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-5101| archivedate = 28 June 2011| df =}} 38. ^{{cite news |last1=الأمير |first1=نورا |title=«التربية» تفتح باب نقل المعلمين إلى مدرسة أبو موسى |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/education/2017-02-02-1.2845589 |accessdate=2 January 2019 |work=Al Bayan |date=2 February 2017 |language=ar}} 39. ^1 2 {{cite news| last1= Ashor| first1= Ahmed| title= إماراتيّون في "أبوموسى" يعيشون حياة بدائية تحت الاحتلال| trans-title= Emiratis in Abu Musa live a primitive life under occupation| url= http://www.emaratalyoum.com/local-section/other/2010-04-22-1.231277| accessdate= 7 July 2017| language= ar| work= Emarat Al Youm| date= 22 April 2010}} 40. ^*{{cite web| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/7.asp| title = Highest record temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 8 April 2015}}* {{cite web| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/6.asp| title = Lowest record temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 8 April 2015}} 41. ^*{{cite web| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/3.asp| title = Average Maximum temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 8 April 2015}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}* {{cite web| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/5.asp| title = Average Mean Daily temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 8 April 2015}}* {{cite web| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/2.asp| title = Average Minimum temperature in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 8 April 2015| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160509094105/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/2.asp| archivedate = 9 May 2016}} 42. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/25.asp| title = Monthly Total Precipitation in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 8 April 2015}} 43. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/14.asp| title = Average relative humidity in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 8 April 2015}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 44. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/29.asp| title = No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 8 April 2015| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095803/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/29.asp| archivedate = 9 May 2016}} 45. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/42.asp| title = Monthly total sunshine hours in Jazireh Abu Musa by Month 1984–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 8 April 2015| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095253/http://www.chbmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/hor/ABOMOOSA/42.asp| archivedate = 9 May 2016}} Sources
Further reading
| author = Schofield, Richard | title = Unfinished Business: Iran, the Uae, Abu Musa and the Tunbs | location = London | publisher = Royal Institute of International Affairs | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-905031-90-3 }} External links{{Commons category|Abu Musa Island|Abu Musa}}
8 : Abumusa County|Disputed islands|Disputed territories in the Persian Gulf|Islands of Iran|Islands of the Persian Gulf|Territorial disputes of Iran|Territorial disputes of the United Arab Emirates|Lighthouses in Iran |
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