1. History

2. Geography
    Climate  Temperature and humidity  Rainfall and wind conditions 

3. Administrative divisions

4. Ecology

5. Economy

6. Tourist sites

7. North Kalimantan Province

8. Demographics
    Ethnicity  Language  Religion 

9. References

East Kalimantan (Indonesian: {{audio|Kalimantan Timur (province).ogg|Kalimantan Timur|help=no}}) is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo. It has a population of about 3.5 million,^[1] and its capital is Samarinda.

East Kalimantan has a total area of {{convert|129066.64|km2|sqmi}}^[2] and is the second least densely populated province in Kalimantan.^[3] The majority of the region shares a maritime border to the east with West Sulawesi and North Sulawesi; its coastline faces the Makassar Strait and the Celebes Sea. Its former northernmost region was split off in October 2012 and is now North Kalimantan Province; to its south, East Kalimantan borders the South Kalimantan province. The province bordered Sabah before the split, but still borders Sarawak.

Two months later, in December 2012, the existing West Kusai Regency was split in two, with the northernmost five districts forming a new Mahakam Ulu Regency. East Kalimantan is now divided into seven regencies and three cities. Isran Noor the current Governor of East Kalimantan and Hadi Mulyadi is its vice governor.^[4]

History

East Kalimantan was once mostly covered by tropical rainforest. In prehistory period, there is limestone cave called Lubang Jeriji Saléh located in the Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst in district of Bengalon, East Kutai, believed to contain the oldest figurative art in the world.^[5] The cave paintings were first spotted in 1994 by the French explorer {{ill|Luc-Henri Fage|fr}}.^[6] In 2018, a team of scientists investigating the cave, led by Maxime Aubert from Griffith University and Pindi Setiawan from the Bandung Institute of Technology, published a report in the journal Nature identifying the paintings as the world's oldest known figurative art.^[7][8] The team had previously investigated cave paintings in the neighbouring island of Sulawesi.^[9] In order to date the paintings, the team used dating techniques on the calcium carbonate (limestone) deposits close to them.^[10][11]

There are several kingdoms in East Kalimantan, including the Kingdom of Kutai (Hinduism Kingdom), Sultanate of Kutai ing Martadipura, and the Sultanate of Pasir. East Kalimantan region include Pasir, Kutai, Berau and also Karasikan (Buranun / pre-Sultanate of Sulu) claimed as conquered territory Suryanata Maharaja, the governor of Majapahit in the State Dipa (which is located in the Great Temple in Amuntai) until 1620 in the Sultanate of Banjar. Between the years 1620-1624, kingdoms in East Kalimantan turned into an area influence of the Sultanate of Sultan Alauddin Makassar, before the Bungaya agreement. According to the Hikayat Banjar, the Sultan of Makassar never borrowed land for trade covers an area east and southeast of Borneo to the Sultan Mustain Billah of Banjar when Kiai Martasura sent to Makassar and entered into an agreement with the Sultan Tallo I Mangngadaccinna Daeng I Ba'le 'Sultan Mahmud Karaeng Pattingalloang, which became Mangkubumi and principal advisor to the Sultan Muhammad Said, King of Gowa in 1638-1654 and also in-law of Sultan Hasanuddin, which will make the East Kalimantan region as a place to trade for the Sultanate of Makassar (Gowa-Tallo), since that began to arrive people from South Sulawesi. However, based on the agreement between the Sultanate of Banjar and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1635, VOC help Banjar restore lands in East Kalimantan into spheres of influence of the Sultanate of Banjar. It is embodied in the Bungaya agreement, that the Sultanate of Makassar are not allowed to trade up to the east and the north Borneo

In accordance with treaties, on January 1, 1817, Sultan Sulaiman of Banjar handed East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, part of West and South Kalimantan (including Banjarmasin) over to the Dutch East Indies. On May 4, 1826, Sultan Adam al-wathiq Billah of Banjar reaffirmed the handover of these territories to the Dutch East Indies colonial administration. In 1846, the Dutch began to put a Resident Assistant in East Borneo at Samarinda (now the province of East Kalimantan and the eastern part of South Kalimantan) named H. Von Dewall. East Kalimantan was then part of the Dutch East Indies. East Kalimantan with its then administrative area was established based on the Law No. 25 of 1956 with the first governor being APT Pranoto.

Geography

East Kalimantan Proviunce now comprises a land area of 129,066.642 square kilometers and comprehensive ocean management 25,656 km², located between 113 ° 44 'and 119 ° 00' east longitude, and between 2 ° 33 'North latitude and 2 ° 25' South Latitude. East Kalimantan, is now divided into seven regencies and three cities, subdivided into 103 districts and 1,026 villages (kelurahan). The Regencies (with their administrative capitals) and cities are enumerated below. East Kalimantan is one of the main gates in the eastern part of Indonesia. The area is also known as a storehouse of timber and mining, has hundreds of rivers (scattered across almost all regencies and cities) which area the main means of transportation in addition to land transport, with the longest river being the Mahakam.

East Kalimantan is directly adjacent in the north to North Borneo, to the Celebes Sea and the Makassar Strait in the east, to South Kalimantan in the south, and West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and Malaysia in the west. There are hills in almost all districts, and there are num erous lakes. Most lakes are located in the Kutai Regency with the most extensive lake that is Lake Semayang and Melintang, each of which has an area of 13,000 ha and 11,000 ha.

Climate

Such a climate of Indonesia in general, East Kalimantan tropical climate and has two seasons, dry and rainy seasons. The dry season usually occurs in May to October, while the rainy season in November to April. This situation continued every year interspersed with transitional season in certain months. Moreover, because of its location on the equator, the climate in East Kalimantan are also affected by wind monsoon, monsoon wind is November–April west and east monsoon winds from May to October. In recent years, the situation in East Kalimantan season is sometimes erratic. In the months that it is supposed to rain, there is no rain at all, or vice versa in the months that should be dry it rains for a much longer time.

Temperature and humidity

Temperatures somewhere high and low are determined by the area of the ocean surface and the distance from the beach. In general, East Kalimantan hot climates with temperatures in 2013 ranged from 21.6 ⁰C in Berau October to 35.6 ⁰C in Berau in September. The average temperature is lowest and the highest 22,1⁰C 35,1⁰C occur in Berau. Aside from being a tropical area with extensive forests, in 2013 the average humidity between 83-87 percent of East Kalimantan. The lowest air humidity observed by the meteorological station Samarinda happens in a few months with 82 percent humidity. While the highest occurred in Berau in February with 91 percent humidity.

Rainfall and wind conditions

Rainfall in East Kalimantan region varies by month and location of monitoring stations. Average highest rainfall recorded at the Meteorological Station Berau amounted to 245.1 mm and the lowest for the year 2013 was recorded at the Meteorological Station Samarinda is 237.8 mm. At some monitoring stations monitor wind conditions in East Kalimantan in 2013. Observations show that wind speeds between 3 and 4 knots. The highest wind speed was 4 knots in Balikpapan and Berau, while the lowest was 3 knots in Samarinda.

Administrative divisions

Ecology

Illegal logging has removed much of the original forests of the province. Less than half the original forest remains in places such as the Kayan Mentarang the Kutai national parks.

The projects that supports tropical rainforest conservation includes a WWF project^[14] and Samboja Lestari lodge, one of Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation's reforestation and orangutan rehabilitation projects.^[15]

Economy

East Kalimantan's economy heavily depends on earth resources such as oilfield exploration, natural gas, coal and gold.^[16][17] Balikpapan has an oil refinery plant that was built by Dutch governance before World War II, destroyed during World War II, and rebuilt after Indonesian independence.^[18]

Other developing economic sectors include agriculture and tourism.^[19]

Obstacles to economic development include a lack of transportation infrastructure.^[20] Transportation depends on traditional boats connecting coastal cities and areas along main river, Mahakam River.^[21]

In 2012, Russia's state railway firm Joint Stock Company (JSC) signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the East Kalimantan Governor over railway lines to transport coal and other freight. The first stage will connect an area near Balikpapan port to West Kutai Regency in a 183-kilometer line and is estimated to cost about $1.8 billion. It will commence in 2013 and by 2017 it is hoped that it carry 20 million tons of coal annually. The second phase will connect a line to Murung Raya in Central Kalimantan with a 60 kilometer line, which will cost an estimated $600 million.^[22]

Several oil fields have been discovered in the Mahakam River Delta including Attaka, Badak (1971), Semberah, Nilam, Sanga Sanga, Bekapai (1972), Handil (1974), Samboja, Jakin and Sepinggan.^[23][24][25] The Handil, Badak and Bekapai fields are anticline structural traps with oil reservoir sandstones between 450 and 2900 m.^[23]{{rp|399}} The delta is in the Kutei basin, bounded by the Mankalihat and Paternoster carbonate arch, containing Eocene shales overlain by Oligocene fluvial deposits during marine regression, culminating in the formation of the delta in the late Miocene.^[23]{{rp|400}}

Tourist sites

In addition to Derawan Islands, East Kalimantan has a unique natural site, Labuan Cermin Lake at Biduk-biduk district which features fresh water on top with about 2 meters thickness and sea water underneath it. Both fresh water fish and sea water fish live in the lake inhabiting their respective habitat layer. "Cermin" means mirror in Indonesian language and the lake was named so due to the clarity of the water.^[26]

North Kalimantan Province

Demographics

Ethnicity

The majority ethnic group in East Kalimantan is the Javanese (29.55%) which is spread in almost all regions, especially the transmigration areas to urban areas. The second largest ethnic namely Bugis (18.26%), which occupy many coastal areas and urban areas. The third largest Ethnicity is Banjar (13.94%) were quite dominant in the city of Samarinda and Balikpapan. East Kalimantan is a major destination of origin of Java, Sulawesi and South Kalimantan.

In the fourth place is the Dayak (9.91%), which occupies the interior part of the province. Kutai (9.21%) which inhabit Kutai, East Kutai and Kutai Barat was fifth. In the sixth to ten consecutive namely Toraja (1.16%), Paser (1.89%), Sunda (1.59%), Madura (1.24%) and Auto Buton (1.25%) and other tribes from various regions in Indonesia.

Language

People in East Kalimantan generally use Indonesian in official purposes and Banjarese for inter-ethnic communication. Due to the large number of Banjarese people in the province, their language became the main lingua franca especially in cities like Samarinda and Balikpapan. Besides Banjarese, there is a significant presence of Javanese and Buginese speakers as well, due to the large migration of Javanese and Buginese people into the region.

Other languages spoken in East Kalimantan is Kutai Malay (a distinct Malay variety closely related but distinct from Banjarese), Paser, Tidung, Berau Malay, Tunjung, Bahau, Modang Lundayeh and others more.

Religion

A long time ago, Hinduism dominated Borneo from old Hindu Kutai until Islam gradually supplanted Hinduism in the 14th and 15th century. Islam spread from eastern coast of Kalimantan with non-native people (transmigran) and Kutai people. Inland Borneo with most of native people (Dayak) dominated by Christianity and Tribal religions.{{clear}}

References

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• Rockland Lake State Park
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• Rockland Township, Berks County, PA
• Rockland Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
• Rockland Township, MI
• Rockland Township, Michigan
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• Rockland Township, Venango County, PA
• Rockland Township, Venango County, Pennsylvania
• Rockland (town), WI
• Rockland, WI
• Rockland, Wisconsin