| 词条 | Elephant Island |
| 释义 |
| name = Elephant | image_name = Elephant Island (map-en).svg | image_caption = Map of Elephant Island, Antarctica | map = South Shetland Islands#Antarctica | map_caption = Location of Elephant Island | nickname = | location = Antarctica | coordinates = {{coord|61|08|S|55|07|W|type:isle_scale:500000|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = South Shetland Islands | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 558 | length_km = 47 | width_km = 27 | highest_mount = Pardo Ridge | elevation_m = 853 | population = Uninhabited | population_as_of = | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = | country = None | treaty_system = Antarctic Treaty }} Elephant Island is an ice-covered mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. Its name was given by early explorers sighting elephant seals on its shores. The island is situated {{convert|245|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, {{convert|1,253|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} west-southwest of South Georgia, {{convert|935|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} south of the Falkland Islands, and {{convert|885|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} southeast of Cape Horn. It is within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the UK. Brazil has a shelter on the island, Goeldi, supporting the work of up to six researchers each during the summer[1] and had another (Wiltgen), which was dismantled in the summer of 1997/98. GeographyThe island is oriented approximately east-west, with a maximum elevation of {{convert|2,799|ft|m|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} at Pardo Ridge. Significant named features are Cape Yelcho, Cape Valentine and Cape Lookout at the northeastern and southern extremes, and Point Wild, a spit on the north coast. The Endurance Glacier is the main discharge glacier. Due to slow recoveries and illegal whaling by Soviet Union with support from Japan, numbers of southern right whales visiting Elephant island are still on low level.[2] The island supports no significant flora or native fauna although migratory gentoo penguins and seals may be found, and chinstrap penguins nest in season. A lack of safe anchorage has prevented any permanent human settlement, despite the island being well placed to support scientific, fishing and whaling activities. Elephant Island's name can be attributed to both its elephant head-like appearance and the sighting of elephant seals by Captain George Powell in 1821, one of the earliest sightings. The weather is normally foggy with much snow, and winds can reach {{convert|100|mph|km/h|order=flip|abbr=on}}. HistoryFirst Russian Antarctic expeditionThe First Russian Antarctic expedition led by Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on the 985-ton sloop-of-war Vostok ("East") and the 530-ton support vessel Mirny ("Peaceful") discovered the Island on 29 January 1821 and named it "Остров Мордвинова" (Mordvinov Island) in honour of {{ill|Semyon Mordvinov|ru|Мордвинов, Семён Иванович|lt=Admiral Mordvinov}}. Endurance expedition{{main|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition}}The island is most famous as the desolate refuge of British explorer Ernest Shackleton and his crew in 1916. Following the loss of their ship Endurance in Weddell Sea ice, the 28 exhausted men reached Cape Valentine on Elephant Island after a harrowing ordeal on drifting ice floes. The first of Shackleton's crew to set foot here, and presumably the first person ever to make landfall, was Perce Blackborow, originally a stowaway on Endurance. Since Blackborow was the youngest crew member, Shackleton commanded that he make the first landfall on the island.[3] After camping at Cape Valentine for two nights, Shackleton and his crew moved {{convert|7|mi|km|order=flip}} westwards to a location which offered better protection from rockfalls and from the sea, and which they called Point Wild. Realizing that there was no chance of passive rescue, Shackleton decided to sail to South Georgia where he knew there were several whaling stations. Shackleton sailed with five other men on a {{convert|800|mi|km|adj=on|order=flip|abbr=on}} voyage in the open lifeboat James Caird beginning on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916 and arriving at South Georgia 16 days later. His second-in-command, Frank Wild, was left in charge of the men on Elephant Island, waiting for Shackleton's return with a rescue ship.[4] There was much work for the stranded men. Because the island had no natural source of shelter, they constructed a shack and wind blocks from their remaining two lifeboats and pieces of canvas tents. Blubber lamps were used for lighting. Expedition physicist Reginald James composed the following verses out of gratitude for Wild's leadership:[5][6] {{Quotation|My name is Frankie Wild-o. Me hut's on Elephant Isle. The wall's without a single brick And the roof's without a tile. Nevertheless I must confess, By many and many a mile, It's the most palatial dwelling place You'll find on Elephant Isle. They hunted for penguins and seals, neither of which were plentiful in autumn or winter. Many of the crew were already ill and frostbitten, and they were now also in danger of starvation. After four and a half months, one of the men spotted a ship on August 30, 1916. The ship, with Shackleton on board, was the tug Yelcho, from Punta Arenas, Chile, commanded by Luis Pardo, which rescued all the men who had set out on the original expedition. It was the fourth attempt to rescue the men. The first three attempts were turned back due to a heavy ice pack surrounding the island. According to Frank Worsley, Shackleton's captain, the men pronounced the island's name with an 'H' prefixed and a silent 't', "Hell-of-an-Island".[7] Joint Services Elephant Island Expeditions 1970–71A Joint Services Expedition led by Commander Malcolm Burley was dropped off on Elephant Island by HMS Endurance. The party then spent six months carrying out a survey of the island and other scientific research for the British Antarctic Survey and climbing some of the peaks on the island.[8] The expedition visited Point Wild but found no trace of the Endurance expedition; it found the wreckage of the large sailing vessel, which is likely the remains of the schooner, "Charles Shearer" from Stonington, New London, Connecticut, Captain William Henry Appelman; referred to below, and also landed on and climbed the highest peak on Clarence Island. [9]Historic sitesPoint Wild contains the Endurance Memorial Site, an Antarctic Historic Site (HSM 53), with a bust of Captain Pardo and several plaques. Hampson Cove on the south-west coast of the island, including the foreshore and intertidal area, contains the wreckage of a large wooden sailing vessel; it has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 74), following a proposal by the United Kingdom to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[10]Maps
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vivabrazil.com/vivabrazil/proantar.htm |title=The Brazilian Antarctic Program |publisher=Vivabrazil.com |date=1984-02-06 |accessdate=2011-04-22}} 2. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnDVAMQ2lJQ 3. ^Shackleton, Earnest South. The Endurance Expedition Penguin Books, London, 1999, p157 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/shackleton/ |title=Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition |publisher=Amnh.org |date= |accessdate=2011-04-22}} 5. ^Sweet, Leonard, Summoned to Lead, Zondervan, 2004. 6. ^Obituary of Leonard Hussey 7. ^Worsley, Frank, Shackleton's Boat Journey, 1933, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998, p. 34? 8. ^Joint Services Expedition to Elephant Island by M Burley Geographical Journal 1972 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1795437?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents 9. ^http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1972_files/AJ%201972%20204-210%20Agnew%20Elephant.pdf#search=%22elephant island%22 10. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM35/WW/atcm35_ww003_e.pdf|title= List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)|accessdate=2014-01-06 |website= |first= |last= |publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat |year=2012}} Bibliography{{commons category|Elephant Island}}
External links{{portalbar|Islands|Geography}}{{South Shetlands}}{{Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition}}{{Antarctica navbox}} 4 : Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition|Elephant Island|Uninhabited islands|Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica |
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