“Emperor Kanmu”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Kammu's personal name (imina) was {{Nihongo|Yamabe|山部}}.^[4] He was the eldest son of Prince Shirakabe (later known as Emperor Kōnin), and was born prior to Shirakabe's ascension to the throne.^[5] According to the {{Nihongo|Shoku Nihongi|続日本紀}}, Yamabe's mother, Yamato no Niigasa (later called Takano no Niigasa), was a 10th generation descendant of Muryeong of Baekje.^[6]

After his father became emperor, Kammu's half-brother, Prince Osabe was appointed to the rank of crown prince. His mother was Princess Inoe, a daughter of Emperor Shōmu; but instead of Osabe, it was Kammu who was later named to succeed their father. After Inoe and Prince Osabe were confined and then died in 775, Osabe's sister – Kammu's half-sister Princess Sakahito – became Kammu's wife. Later, when he ascended to the throne in 781, Kammu appointed his young brother, Prince Sawara, whose mother was Takano no Niigasa, as crown prince. Hikami no Kawatsugu, a son of Emperor Tenmu's grandson Prince Shioyaki and Shōmu's daughter Fuwa, attempted to carry out a coup d'état in 782, but it failed and Kawatsugu and his mother were sent into exile. In 785 Sawara was expelled and died in exile.

Kammu had 16 empresses and consorts, and 32 imperial sons and daughters.^[4] Among them, three sons would eventually ascend to the imperial throne: Emperor Heizei, Emperor Saga and Emperor Junna. Some of his descendants (known as the Kammu Taira or Kammu Heishi) took the Taira hereditary clan title, and in later generations became prominent warriors. Examples include Taira no Masakado, Taira no Kiyomori, and (with a further surname expansion) the Hōjō clan. The waka poet Ariwara no Narihira was one of his grandsons.

Kammu is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates {{Nihongo3|Kashiwabara Imperial Mausoleum|柏原陵|Kashiwabara no Misasagi}}, in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, as the location of Kammu's mausoleum.^[1]

Events of Kammu's life

Kammu was an active emperor who attempted to consolidate government hierarchies and functions. Kammu appointed Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811) to lead a military expedition against the Emishi.^[7]

Eras of Kammu's reign

The years of Kammu's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name (nengō).^[14]

Politics

Earlier Imperial sponsorship of Buddhism, beginning with Prince Shōtoku (574–622), had led to a general politicization of the clergy, along with an increase in intrigue and corruption. In 784 Kammu shifted his capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō in a move that was said to be designed to edge the powerful Nara Buddhist establishments out of state politics—while the capital moved, the major Buddhist temples, and their officials, stayed put. Indeed, there was a steady stream of edicts issued from 771 right through the period of Kūkai's studies which, for instance, sought to limit the number of Buddhist priests, and the building of temples. However the move was to prove disastrous and was followed by a series of natural disasters including the flooding of half the city. In 785 the principal architect of the new capital, and royal favourite, Fujiwara no Tanetsugu, was assassinated.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Meanwhile, Kammu's armies were pushing back the boundaries of his empire. This led to an uprising, and in 789 a substantial defeat for Kammu's troops. Also in 789 there was a severe drought and famine—the streets of the capital were clogged with the sick, and people avoiding being drafted into the military, or into forced labour. Many disguised themselves as Buddhist priests for the same reason. Then in 794 Kammu suddenly shifted the capital again, this time to Heian-kyō, which is modern day Kyoto. The new capital was started early the previous year, but the change was abrupt and led to even more confusion amongst the populace.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Politically Kammu shored up his rule by changing the syllabus of the university. Confucian ideology still provided the raison d'être for the Imperial government. In 784 Kammu authorised the teaching of a new course based on the Spring and Autumn Annals based on two newly imported commentaries: Kung-yang and Ku-liang. These commentaries used political rhetoric to promote a state in which the Emperor, as "Son of Heaven," should extend his sphere of influence to barbarous lands, thereby gladdening the people. In 798 the two commentaries became required reading at the government university.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Kammu also sponsored the travels of the monks Saichō and Kūkai to China, from where they returned to found the Japanese branches of, respectively, Tendai and Shingon Buddhism.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Kugyō

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Kammu's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

When the daughter of a chūnagon became the favored consort of the Crown Prince Ate (later known as Heizei-tennō), her father's power and position in court was affected. Kammu disapproved of {{Nihongo|Fujiwara no Kusuko|藤原薬子||d. 810}}, daughter of Fujiwara no Tadanushi; and Kammu had her removed from his son's household.^[17]

Consorts and children

Empress (Kōgō): Fujiwara no Otomuro (藤原乙牟漏), Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu’s daughter

Bunin: Fujiwara no Yoshiko (藤原吉子; d.807), Fujiwara no Korekimi’s daughter

Bunin: Tajihi no Mamune (多治比真宗; 769–823), Tajihi no Nagano's daughter

Nyōgo: Kudarao no Kyōhō (百済王教法; d.840), Kudara no Shuntetsu's daughter

Nyōgo: Tachibana no Miiko (橘御井子), daughter of Tachibana no Irii (橘入居)

Court lady: Tachibana no Tsuneko (橘常子; 788–817), Tachibana no Shimadamaro's daughter

Court lady: Sakanoue no Matako (坂上全子, d.790), Sakanoue no Karitamaro's daughter

Court lady: Sakanoue no Haruko (坂上春子, d.834), Sakanoue no Tamuramaro's daughter

Court lady: Fujiwara no Kawako (藤原河子, d.838), Fujiwara no Ōtsugu's daughter

Court lady: Fujiwara no Azumako (藤原東子, d.816), Fujiwara no Tanetsugu's daughter

Court lady: Fujiwara no Heishi/Nanshi (藤原平子/南子, d.833), Fujiwara no Takatoshi's daughter

Court lady (Nyoju): Tajihi no Toyotsugu (多治比豊継), Tajihi no Hironari's daughter

Ancestry

Legacy

In 2001, Japan's emperor Akihito told reporters "I, on my part, feel a certain kinship with Korea, given the fact that it is recorded in the Chronicles of Japan that the mother of Emperor Kammu was of the line of King Muryong of Baekje." It was the first time that a Japanese emperor publicly acknowledged Korean blood in the imperial line.^[20] According to the Shoku Nihongi, Emperor Kammu's mother, Takano no Niigasa, is a descendant of Prince Junda, son of Muryeong, who died in Japan in 513 (Nihon Shoki, Chapter 17).

See also

Notes

1. ^¹Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 桓武天皇 (50); retrieved 2013-8-22.
2. ^Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA464&dq= "Etchū"] in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 464; Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 61–62.
3. ^Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 86–95|page=86}}; Brown, Delmer M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA277&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Gukanshō, pp. 277–279]; Varley, H. Paul. Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 148–150.
4. ^¹²³⁴[https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA277&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Brown, p. 277].
5. ^Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 86|page=86}}; Varley, p. 149.
6. ^Watts, Jonathan. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/28/japan.worlddispatch "The emperor's new roots: The Japanese emperor has finally laid to rest rumours that he has Korean blood, by admitting that it is true,"] The Guardian (London). December 28, 2001.
7. ^Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|pp. 91–2|page=91}}; [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA278&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Brown, pp. 278–79]; Varley, p. 272.
8. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA34&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Brown, p. 34].
9. ^Julian dates derived from NengoCalc
10. ^Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ| pp. 85–6|page=85}}; [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA277&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Brown, p. 277].
11. ^Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|p. 86|page=86}}; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
12. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷[https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA278&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Brown, 278].
13. ^¹²³[https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA279&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Brown, 279].
14. ^¹²³Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ| p. 86|page=86}}.
15. ^Varley, p. 150.
16. ^– kugyō of Kammu-tennō
17. ^¹Ponsonby-Fane, p. 318.
18. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 62.
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp050|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|access-date=28 January 2018}} {{Ja icon}}
20. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/japan/story/0,7369,625426,00.html Guardian.co.uk]

Traditional narrative