| 词条 | Eureka (ferryboat) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Eureka is a side-wheel paddle steamboat, built in 1890, which is now preserved at the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park in San Francisco, California. Originally named Ukiah to commemorate the railway's recent extension into the City of Ukiah, the boat was built by the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad Company at their Tiburon yard. Eureka has been designated a National Historic Landmark and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 24, 1973.[3] It is the largest existing wooden ship in the world. Early historyThe ship originally carried people between San Francisco and Tiburon during the day and hauled railroad freight cars at night. In 1907, Ukiah was re-routed to the Sausalito–San Francisco Ferry Building route by its new owners, Northwestern Pacific Railroad. As automobiles became more common, motorists wanted to "drive across the bay". Since there were no bridges on San Francisco Bay at the time, Ukiah was able to meet this demand via a refitted lower deck designed to handle vehicles. The deck above (also enclosed) was expanded for passengers. World War I and name changeDuring World War I, Ukiah carried munition-filled rail cars for the war effort. Overloading of the ship caused hull strains so severe that the government paid for complete rebuilding of the ship. Shipwrights at the Southern Pacific yard labored for two years—eventually replacing all of its structure above the waterline. This kind of reconstruction was called "jacking up the whistle and sliding a new boat underneath." The refurbished ferry was christened Eureka in honor of the Northern California city, which also happened to be the new northern termination of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. As a passenger ferry, she could carry 2,300 passengers and 120 automobiles. At that time, she was the biggest and the fastest double-ended passenger ferry boat in the world—{{convert|299|ft|6|in}} long, with an extreme width of {{convert|78|ft}} and gross tonnage of 2,420 tons.{{clarify |reason=What kind of tons? |date=October 2012}} 1920s through retirementBetween 1922 and 1941 Eureka was on the Sausalito commuter run. As the largest of the Northwestern boats, Eureka made the heaviest commuter trips - the 7:30 from Sausalito and the 5:15 from San Francisco. Each trip averaged 2,200 passengers. During this period the upper deck included seating areas, a magazine stand, and a restaurant that served full meals. Eureka was primarily a passenger boat, carrying very few cars. After 1929, though, she sometimes made an extra run from the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco, carrying autos on Sundays. Completion of the Golden Gate Bridge between San Francisco and Marin in 1937 doomed ferry service. Northwestern Pacific first cut service, then abandoned ferries altogether in 1941. During the war years, Eureka joined a number of bay ferries in the work of transporting troops from Camp Stoneman in Pittsburg, California, up the Sacramento River, to the Port of Embarkation piers in San Francisco.{{clarify |reason=Up river? |date=October 2012}} By the 1950s Eureka served by linking Southern Pacific's cross-country trains, which terminated at Oakland, with San Francisco until 1957, when she snapped an engine crank pin. That service was discontinued the following year. In 1958, Eureka joined the fleet of historic ships now at the National Historical Park. In the late 1990s she was used as a main filming location for the TV-show Nash Bridges. In October 1999, Eureka entered San Francisco Drydock for a $1 million restoration project focusing on the vessel's superstructure—the above-water portions of the vessel. A significant portion of that restoration was the replacement of the boat's "kingposts"--four large wooden structures that support the paddlewheels and upper decks. DesignAlthough a number of large ferryboats survive in the US, Eureka is the only one with a wooden hull. She is one of the most impressive remaining examples of traditional American wooden shipbuilding. Beneath her upperworks, the round-bottomed hull is {{convert|42|ft}} wide and {{convert|277|ft}} long. The house rests on a platform extending {{convert|18|ft}} from the hull on either side. Her walking beam engine was originally powered by coal-fired boilers that were converted to oil in 1905. The engine was built in 1890 by the Fulton Iron Works in San Francisco. It is the only walking beam engine in the United States preserved in a floating vessel. With the increased length of {{convert|5|ft}},{{clarify |reason=How and when did length increase? |date=October 2012}} Eureka became the largest wooden passenger ferry ever built. She was certified to carry 3,500 people. See also
References
1. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.nps.gov/safr/historyculture/eureka.htm |title=Eureka |work=San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=August 6, 2012}} 2. ^ {{cite web |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1312&ResourceType=Structure |title=Eureka (ferryboat) |accessdate=June 17, 2008 |work=National Historic Landmarks Program |publisher=National Park Service }} 3. ^1 {{NRISref|2006a}}
|url={{NRHP url|id=73000229}} |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form / Eureka |format=pdf |last=Welts |first=Allen W. |publisher=National Park Service |date=February 28, 1973 |accessdate=October 10, 2012 }}
|url={{NRHP url|id=73000229|photos=y}} |title=Accompanying Photos |format=pdf |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=October 10, 2012 }} External links{{Commons category|Eureka (ship, 1890)|Eureka (ferryboat)}}
9 : San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park|Ferries of California|Museum ships in San Francisco|National Historic Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area|Ships on the National Register of Historic Places in California|National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco|Steam ferries|Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco|1890 ships |
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