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词条 Foreign relations of Iceland
释义

  1. Fishing rights

  2. Whaling

  3. Recognition of post-Soviet states

  4. Membership in international organizations

  5. International disputes

     Rockall  Deposit insurance 

  6. European Union application

  7. Agreed Minute

  8. Bilateral Relations

     Africa   Americas    Asia    Europe    Oceania  

  9. See also

  10. References

  11. Further reading

  12. External links

{{Short description|Overview of relations}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}{{Politics of Iceland}}Iceland established its foreign service in 1940 when Denmark became occupied by Nazi Germany and ties between the two countries were severed. The Republic of Iceland was founded in 1944. The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. Iceland's closest relations are with the Nordic states, the European Union and the United States.[1][2] Iceland has been a member of the United Nations since 1945 and NATO since 1949. In terms of European integration, Iceland is a member of EFTA, EEA and Schengen.[3]

From 1951 to 2006, there was an American military base and troop presence in Iceland.[4] During the Cold War, Iceland had a close but contentious relationship with the United States, leading some scholars to describe Iceland as a "rebellious ally" and "reluctant ally."[2][5] Iceland repeatedly threatened to leave NATO or cancel the US defence agreement during the Cold War.[6][2][1] As a consequence, the United States to provide Iceland with extensive economic assistance and diplomatic support.[6][2][1]

Iceland hosted the historic 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev summit in Reykjavík, which set the stage for the end of the Cold War.

Fishing rights

Iceland's principal historical international disputes involved disagreements over fishing rights. Conflict with the United Kingdom led to the so-called Cod Wars in 1952–56 because of the extension of the fishing zone from 3 to 4 nautical miles (6 to 7 km), 1958–61 because of extending the fishing zone to 12 nautical miles (22 km) in 1972–73 because of its further extension to 50 nautical miles (93 km) and in 1975–76 because of its extension to 200 nautical miles (370 km).[7][8] Disagreements with Norway and Russia over fishing rights in the Barents Sea were successfully resolved in 2000.

Whaling

Certain environmentalists are concerned that Iceland left the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in June 1992 in protest of an IWC decision to refuse to lift the ban on whaling, after the IWC Scientific Committee had determined that the taking of certain species could safely be resumed. That year, Iceland established a separate commission – along with Norway, Greenland and the Faroe Islands – for the conservation, management, and study of marine mammals. Since then, Iceland has resumed whaling for scientific purpose and has rejoined the IWC (in October 2002). The Icelandic Fisheries Ministry issued a permit to hunt 39 whales for commercial purposes on 17 October 2006.[9] 25 states delivered a formal diplomatic protest to the Icelandic government on 1 November concerning resumed commercial whaling. The protest was led by the United Kingdom and supported by others such as Finland and Sweden.[10]

Recognition of post-Soviet states

Iceland was the first country to recognize the regained independence of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan from the USSR in 1990–1991. Similarly, it was the first country to recognize Montenegro's independence from its former union with Serbia.[11] Iceland was also the first country to recognize Croatia, having done so on 19 December 1991.[12] Significantly, Iceland was also the first Western state to recognise Palestine when it did so in 2011.[13] Iceland also is the greatest Nordic contributor per capita to NATO-led troops in Bosnia and Kosovo, to the police in Bosnia and to Bosnian/Kosovan reconstruction, resettlement and relief efforts.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

Membership in international organizations

Iceland is a member of the following organisations: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe; International Criminal Court; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Development Association; International Finance Corporation; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; European Economic Area; European Free Trade Association; Council of Europe; International Criminal Police Organization; and the United Nations, since 19 November 1946, and most of its specialized agencies, including the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Labour Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Universal Postal Union, World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization and the International Whaling Commission. The Icelandic government currently finances two Programs of the United Nations University that are located in Iceland: the Geothermal Training Programme since 1979 and the Fisheries Training Programme since 1998.

Iceland was given the opportunity to join the League of Nations after becoming sovereign in 1918, but opted not to, primarily due to limited administrative resources.[14] Iceland joined the UN in 1945 but took until 1965 to establish a permanent mission.[15]

International disputes

Rockall

{{main|Rockall}}

Iceland has an ongoing dispute with Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) on the one hand and with the UK and Ireland on the other hand, concerning claims to the continental shelf in the Hatton–Rockall area of the North Atlantic under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).[16] Iceland's claim covers virtually the entire area claimed by the other three countries, except for a small portion in the south-east corner of the Irish claim,[17] while the Faroes claim most of the area claimed by the UK and Ireland.[18] Negotiations continue between the four countries in the hope of making a joint proposal to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf by May 2009.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

Deposit insurance

{{main|Icesave dispute}}

Following the collapse of Icesave sparking the 2008–2012 Icelandic financial crisis, the U.K. and the Netherlands offered to insure the deposits of the bank's customers. They then sought repayment from Iceland, which held a referendum on the issue in 2010 and 2011, both of which failed. The two governments then said they would take the issue to European courts to seek redress they alleged is owed to them. In January 2013 the EFTA court cleared Iceland of all charges.

European Union application

{{main|Accession of Iceland to the European Union|Enlargement of the European Union}}

Iceland has had a close relationship with the European Union (EU) throughout its development, but has remained outside (instead, joining the European Free Trade Area or EFTA). In 1972, the two sides signed a free trade agreement and in 1994 Iceland joined the European Economic Area which let itself and other non-EU states have access to the EU's internal market in exchange for Iceland contributing funds and applying EU law in relevant areas. The EU is Iceland's most important trading partner with a strong trade surplus in 2008/9 in terms of goods, services and foreign direct investment. Iceland also participates in the Schengen Area (as well as relevant police and judicial cooperation) and has non-voting representation in some EU agencies.[19][20]

However, after Iceland's financial crash in 2008, it has sought membership of the EU and the euro. Iceland applied on 16 July 2009 and negotiations formally began 17 June 2011.[21] After an agreement is concluded, the accession treaty must be ratified by every EU state and be subject to a national referendum in Iceland.[22] Since the application was submitted, popular support has declined and contentious issues around Icelandic fisheries may derail negotiations. However the Icelandic government is confident an agreement can be reached based on the flexibility shown by the EU in its previous negotiations with Norway.[23]

In 2014, Iceland froze their application to join the European Union.[24]

Agreed Minute

{{main|Agreed Minute}}

The Agreed Minute was a statute governing the nature of the U.S. military presence in Iceland. The Agreed Minute was last renegotiated in 2001. At the time, the U.S. Air Force committed itself to maintaining four to six interceptors at the Keflavík base, supported by a helicopter rescue squad. The Air Force, in order to cut costs, announced plans to remove the four remaining jets in 2003. The removal was then delayed to address Icelandic demands for continued presence of the jets. After an unfruitful series of negotiations and two reshuffles of the Icelandic government the issue lay dormant until early 2006 when the U.S. Air Force issued an official statement that withdrawal of the aircraft was already being prepared. U.S. officials have since then argued that Iceland is in no need of a military presence.

NATO allies since then conduct air policing after the U.S. Air Force withdrawal.

Bilateral Relations

Iceland's first embassy was established in Copenhagen in 1920. The second and third embassies were opened in London and Sweden in 1940. That same year, a consulate-general was installed in New York (a year later, an embassy was opened in Washington D.C.). The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly (both in terms of missions and staff) in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. The Icelandic foreign service is vastly smaller than those of its Nordic neighbors.[15]

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Djibouti}}
  • Djibouti is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Iceland is accredited to Djibouti from its embassy in Kampala, Uganda.
Kenya }}
  • Iceland is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Kampala, Uganda
  • Kenya is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Malawi}}
  • Iceland has an embassy in Lilongwe.
  • Malawi is accredited to Iceland from its high commission in London.
Mozambique}}
  • Iceland is accredited to Mozambique from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavik and maintains an honorary consulate in Maputo.
  • Mozambique is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
South Africa}}
  • Iceland is accredited to South Africa from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavik.
  • South Africa is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
Uganda}}
  • Iceland has an embassy in Kampala.
  • Uganda is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Americas

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina}}1952
  • Argentina is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
  • Iceland is accredited to Argentina from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavik and maintains an honorary consulate Buenos Aires.
Barbados}}1979

Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 9, 1979.[25]

Belize}}2004

Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 7 July 2004.[26][34]

Brazil}}1952
  • Brazil is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavik.
  • Iceland is accredited to Brazil from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavik and maintains honorary consulates in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
Canada }}1947See Canada–Iceland relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Reykjavik.[27]
  • Iceland has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Winnipeg.[28]
Chile }}
  • Chile is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
  • Iceland is accredited to Chile from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavik.
Colombia }}
  • Colombia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Iceland is accredited to Colombia from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavik.
Cuba }}
  • Cuba is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Iceland is accredited to Cuba from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.
Dominica}}2004
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2004.[29]
  • Iceland is represented in Dominica through its embassy in New York, United States. Both countries have an agreement on cooperation on geothermal energy.[30]
Guyana}}2005

Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 10 March 2005.[31][29]

Mexico }}24 March 1964See Iceland–Mexico relations
  • Iceland is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington D.C., United States and maintains honorary consulates in Campeche City and in Mexico City.[32]
  • Mexico is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[33]
Panama}}4 June 1999

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1999.[34][35]

Paraguay}}
  • Iceland is represented in Paraguay by its embassy in Washington, United States.[36]
  • Paraguay is represented in Iceland by its embassy in London, United Kingdom.[37]
Peru }}
  • Iceland is accredited to Peru from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavik and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima.
  • Peru is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines }}27 May 2004
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 27, 2004.[38]
  • Iceland is represented in Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines by its Mission to the United Nations in New York, United States.[39]
Saint Kitts and Nevis }}

Iceland is represented in Saint Kitts and Nevis by its Mission to the United Nations in New York, United States.[39]

United States }}17 June 1944See Iceland–United States relations

Iceland and the U.S. are NATO allies. The United States prides itself on being the first country to recognize the regained independence of Iceland.

  • Iceland has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and a consulate-general in New York City.[32]
  • United States has an embassy in Reykjavik.[40]
Uruguay }}
  • Iceland is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in London, United Kingdom and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.

Asia

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Armenia}}{{dts>1995}}
  • Iceland is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
China }}See China–Iceland relations
  • In May 1972, China assigned the first resident ambassador to Iceland.
  • In January 1995, Iceland set up its embassy in Beijing and assigned its first resident ambassador to China.
  • In December 1995, China resumed the practice of sending resident ambassadors to Iceland (between 1983 and 1995, the Chinese ambassador to Copenhagen, Denmark was also accredited to Iceland).
  • In April 2013 Iceland entered into a free trade agreement with China.[41]
Georgia}}21 September 1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations on September 21, 1992.

Hong Kong }}
  • Iceland is represented through its honorary consulate within Hong Kong. The honorary consulate also is delegated to Macao.[42]
India }}See Iceland–India relations

Historically, Indo-Icelandic bilateral relations have been friendly but lacked substantive content.[43]

Indonesia}}1983

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1983.[44]

Iran }}
  • Iceland is accredited to Iran from its embassy in Oslo.[45]
  • Iran is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo.[46]
Israel }}May 1948See Iceland–Israel relations
  • Iceland is accredited to Israel directly from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and maintains an honorary consulate in Tel Aviv.[47]
  • Israel is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[48]
Japan }}8 December 1956See Iceland–Japan relations
  • Both countries find common interest on the matter of whaling.
  • Iceland has an embassy in Tokyo and 3 honorary consulates in Kyoto, Nagano-shi, Tokyo.[49]
  • Japan has an embassy in Reykjavík.
  • Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Iceland
Mongolia }}1974

Both countries established diplomatic relations on June 4, 1974.[50]

Nepal }}1981

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 25, 1981.[51]

Pakistan}}

Pakistan maintain cordinal diplomatic relations with Iceland.[52]

Palestine }}See Iceland–Palestine relations

On 29 November 2011, the parliament of Iceland passed a resolution that authorized the government to officially recognize the state of Palestine within the 1967 borders.

As of 15 July 2013, Iceland is the first and only Western European country to recognise the independence of Palestine. Full diplomatic relations exist between the two states. Iceland's representative to Palestine is a non-resident based at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík, while Palestine's ambassador to Iceland is also a non-resident based in Oslo, Norway.[53]

Philippines}}24 February 1999Iceland–Philippines relations}}

Iceland has its representation in the Philippines through its embassy in Tokyo, Japan, and the Philippines' ambassador in Oslo, Norway is also accredited to Iceland; although both countries established honorary consulates in Reykjavík[54] and Makati City, Metro Manila,[55] respectively.

Singapore}}1999

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 4, 1999.[56]

South Korea}} 10 October 1962[57]See Iceland–South Korea relations
  • The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea began on 10 October 1962.
  • The Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea relations are primarily based on cooperation over maritime issues such as whaling and bottom trawling and on bi-lateral trade in technology and fish products although there are various other ways in which the two countries interact.
Turkey}}

Turkish Embassy in Oslo is accredited to Iceland, while the Icelandic Embassy in Copenhagen is accredited to Turkey.[58]

Turkmenistan}}13 February 1997

Both countries established diplomatic relations on February 13, 1997.[59]

Uzbekistan }}25 September 1997

Both countries established diplomatic relations on September 25, 1997.[60]

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Albania}}
  • Iceland is represented in Albania through its embassy in Stockholm and an honorary consulate in Tirana.[61]
Andorra}}1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on August 3, 1995.[62]

Austria }}1928
  • Austria is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
  • Iceland is accredited to Austria from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavik.
  • Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iceland (in German only)
Belarus}}
  • Iceland is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow and an honorary consulate in Minsk.
Belgium}}
  • Belgium is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[63]
  • Iceland has an embassy in Brussels.[64]
Bulgaria}}
  • Iceland is represented in Bulgaria through its embassy in Copenhagen and an honorary consulate in Sofia.
Croatia }}1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations on June 6, 1992.[65][66]

Cyprus }}
  • Cyprus is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.[67]
  • Iceland is represented in Cyprus by its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[68]
Czech Republic }}1993-01-01See Czech Republic–Iceland relations
  • The Czech Republic is represented in Iceland through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
  • Iceland is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy in Vienna (Austria) and through an honorary consulate in Prague.
Denmark }}1918See Denmark–Iceland relations

Iceland was a part of the Kingdom of Denmark from 1814 to 1918 and a separate kingdom in a personal union with Denmark until 1944, when Iceland declared independence.

  • Denmark has an embassy in Reykjavík.[69]
  • Iceland has an embassy in Copenhagen and consulates-general in the Danish territories of Nuuk, Greenland and in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.[70]
Estonia }}
  • Iceland is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki and an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
  • Iceland was the first country to recognize Estonia's independence in 1991.
Finland }}See Finland–Iceland relations
  • Finland has an embassy in Reykjavík.[71]
  • Iceland has an embassy in Helsinki.[72]
France }}See France–Iceland relations
  • France has an embassy in Reykjavík.[73]
  • Iceland has an embassy in Paris.[74]
Germany }}See Foreign relations of Germany
  • Iceland has an embassy in Berlin.[75]
  • Germany has an embassy in Reykjavík.[76]
  • Both countries are NATO members.
Greece }}See Greece–Iceland relations
  • Greece is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is represented in Greece through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Athens.
Hungary}}

Hungary is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.[77]

Ireland }}11 March 1948See Iceland–Ireland relations
  • Iceland is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and through an honorary consulate in Dublin.[78]
  • Ireland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark) and through an honorary consulate in Garðabær.[79]
  • Both countries are full members of Council of Europe.
Italy }}1945
  • Iceland is accredited to Italy from its embassy in Paris.[80]
  • Italy is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[81]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of NATO and of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Latvia }}1991-08-22See Iceland–Latvia relations
  • Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Latvia in August 1991.
  • Iceland is represented in Latvia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland).
  • Latvia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.
Lithuania }}1991-08-05
  • Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Lithuania in February 1991.[82]
  • Iceland is represented in Lithuania through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland).[83]
  • Lithuania is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark ) and 2 honorary consulates (in Mosfellsbær and Reykjavík).[84]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of NATO, and of the Council of Europe. There was 1.652 Lithuanians living in Iceland 2015.[85]
  • Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iceland (in Lithuanian only)
Malta }}3 July 1998

Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 3, 1998.[86]

Moldova}}1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 17, 1995.[87]

Montenegro}}2006

Both countries established diplomatic relations on September 26, 2006.[88]

Netherlands}}
  • Iceland is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.[89]
  • The Netherlands is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.[90]
North Macedonia}}
  • Iceland is represented in North Macedonia through its embassy in Vienna, Austria.[91]
  • North Macedonia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom,[92] and an honorary consulate in Reykjavik.[93]
Norway }}See Iceland–Norway relations
  • Iceland has an embassy in Oslo.[94]
  • Norway has an embassy in Reykjavík.[95]
Poland }}January 1946See Iceland–Poland relations
  • Iceland is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.[96]
  • Poland has an embassy in Reykjavík.[97]
Romania }}
  • Iceland is represented in Romania through its embassy in Copenhagen and an honorary consulate in Bucharest.
Russia }}See Iceland–Russia relations
  • Iceland has an embassy in Moscow.[98]
  • Russia has an embassy in Reykjavík.[99]
  • Both countries have close ties in financing, which has strengthened the relations between the two.[100] Iceland also called Russia as its "new friend" after having been turned down by its traditional allies for an emergency loan to boost the balance sheet of its second largest commercial bank.[101]
Serbia}}2000
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000.[102]
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[103]
Spain }}
  • Iceland is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
Sweden }}See Iceland–Sweden relations
  • The governments of Iceland and Sweden signed on 23 March 1921 a joint declaration for the protection of trade marks.[104]
  • Iceland has an embassy in Stockholm.[105]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Reykjavík.[106]
Switzerland}}
  • Iceland has an embassy in Geneva (which is accredited to Switzerland and to the United Nations).
  • Switzerland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík
  • Both countries are members of Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association.
Ukraine }}1992
  • Iceland is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland).[83]
  • Ukraine is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[107]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
United Kingdom }}See Iceland–United Kingdom relations
  • Iceland has an embassy in London.[108]
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Reykjavík.[109]

Oceania

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia}}
  • Australia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Iceland is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
Marshall Islands}}25 January 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on January 25, 1993.[110]

Micronesia}}2004

Both countries established diplomatic relations on September 27, 2004.[111]

New Zealand }}
  • Iceland is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Beijing, China and maintains honorary consulates in Auckland and Nelson.[112]
  • New Zealand is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.
Samoa}}2004

Both countries established diplomatic relations on October 15, 2004.[113]

See also

  • List of diplomatic missions in Iceland
  • List of diplomatic missions of Iceland
  • Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Iceland)

References

1. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Small-States-and-Shelter-Theory-Icelands-External-Affairs-1st-Edition/Thorhallsson/p/book/9781138615373|title=Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland's External Affairs|last=|first=|date=2018|editor-last=Thorhallsson|editor-first=Baldur|website=|publisher=Routledge|language=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
2. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=r6irpwAACAAJ|title=The Rebellious Ally: Iceland, the United States, and the Politics of Empire 1945-2006|last=Ingimundarson|first=Valur|date=2011|publisher=Republic of Letters|isbn=9789089790699|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Iceland-and-European-Integration-On-the-Edge-1st-Edition/BALDUR-THORHALLSSON/p/book/9780415406666|title=Iceland and European Integration: On the Edge|last=|first=|date=2004|editor-last=Thorhallsson|editor-first=Baldur|website=|publisher=Routledge|language=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-02-24/return-keflavik-station|title=Return to Keflavik Station|last=Petursson|first=Gustav|date=2016-02-24|work=Foreign Affairs|access-date=2018-12-24|last2=Winger|first2=Gregory|language=en-US|issn=0015-7120}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=G.|date=1956|title=Iceland: Reluctant Ally|journal=The World Today|volume=12|issue=8|pages=321–330|jstor=40392924}}
6. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Steinsson|first=Sverrir|date=2017-07-01|title=Neoclassical Realism in the North Atlantic: Explaining Behaviors and Outcomes in the Cod Wars|journal=Foreign Policy Analysis|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=599–617|doi=10.1093/fpa/orw062|issn=1743-8586}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=GuÐmundsson|first=GuÐmundur J.|date=2006-06-01|title=The Cod and the Cold War|journal=Scandinavian Journal of History|volume=31|issue=2|pages=97–118|doi=10.1080/03468750600604184|issn=0346-8755}}
8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Steinsson|first=Sverrir|date=2016-03-22|title=The Cod Wars: a re-analysis|journal=European Security|volume=0|issue=2|pages=256–275|doi=10.1080/09662839.2016.1160376|issn=0966-2839}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://oceans.greenpeace.org/en/the-expedition/news/iceland-resumes-commercial-wha|title=Iceland resumes commercial whaling|publisher=Greenpeace International|accessdate=17 October 2006}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6107074.stm|title=Iceland rapped over whale hunting|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2 November 2006 | date=1 November 2006}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.me/naslovna?akcija=vijesti&id=13905|title=Vlada Crne Gore|author=|date=|website=gov.me}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=1769&sec=461|title=Važniji datumi iz povijesti saborovanja|publisher=Hrvatski Sabor|accessdate=23 April 2008}}
13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/30/iceland-recognises-palestinian-state|title=Iceland recognises Palestinian state|last=Press|first=Associated|date=2011-11-30|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-05-01}}
14. ^{{Cite book|title=Fyrstu forsetarnir|last=Jóhannesson|first=Guðni Th.|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
15. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Small-States-and-Shelter-Theory-Icelands-External-Affairs-1st-Edition/Thorhallsson/p/book/9781138615373|title=Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland's External Affairs|last=|first=|date=2018|editor-last=Thorhallsson|editor-first=Baldur|website=|publisher=Routledge|pages=108–113|language=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
16. ^{{cite news | first = John | last = Ross | title = Why a barren rock in the Atlantic is the focus of an international battle of wills | url = http://news.scotsman.com/scotland.cfm?id=1543182007 | publisher = The Scotsman | date = 27 September 2007 | accessdate = 27 September 2007}}
17. ^Regulation 196/1985. {{is icon}}
18. ^Source: Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
19. ^Iceland, European Commission
20. ^Iceland, EEAS
21. ^Timeline of events – Iceland's application for membership of the EU, Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs
22. ^National Referendum – Iceland's application for membership of the EU, Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/9/32555|title=Iceland: EU membership depends on fishery 'superpowers'|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
24. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/12/iceland-drops-european-union-membership-bid|title=Iceland drops EU membership bid: 'interests better served outside' union|last=AFP|date=12 March 2015|publisher=|via=www.theguardian.com|newspaper=The Guardian}}
25. ^[https://www.foreign.gov.bb/documents/foreign-policy/22-countries-with-diplomaic-relations-with-barbados/file]
26. ^ 
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/iceland-islande/index.aspx?lang=eng|title=Embassy of Canada|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015|date=2011-11-24}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/ca|title=Canada - Ottawa > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
29. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/un/nyc/embassy|title=Embassy|author=|date=|website=iceland.is}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mfa.is/news-and-publications/nr/4938 Iceland Foreign ministry|title=Government Offices of Iceland | Government.is}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.minfor.gov.gy/docs/other/diplomatic_relations_list.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307101008/http://www.minfor.gov.gy/docs/other/diplomatic_relations_list.pdf |archivedate=7 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}
32. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/|title=United States - Washington DC > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://embamex2.sre.gob.mx/dinamarca/index.php/es/|title=BIENVENIDOS|publisher=|accessdate=12 November 2016}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/ca/about-the-embassy/jurisdiction/|title=Jurisdiction - Embassy of Iceland in Ottawa|author=|date=|website=iceland.is}}
35. ^ 
36. ^[https://www.government.is/diplomatic-missions/embassy-of-iceland-in-washington-d.c/embassys-jurisdiction/#Tab3]
37. ^ 
38. ^ 
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41. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/business/global/16iht-iceland16.html Iceland and China Enter a Free Trade Agreement] 15 April 2013 New York Times
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/cn/english/news-and-events/a-new-honorary-consul-in-hong-kong/8816/ |publisher=Embassy of Iceland |date=4 April 2012}}
43. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014431200.htm|title=My background helps me: Kalam |first=K.V. |last=Prasad |date=30 May 2005|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=28 September 2008}}
44. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.kemlu.go.id/oslo/lc/berita-agenda/berita-perwakilan/Pages/Indonesian-Ambassador-Presented-Credentials-to-the-President-of-Iceland.aspx | title=KBRI Oslo - Indonesian Ambassador Presented Credentials to the President of Iceland}}
45. ^Akkrediteringsland. Iceland.is
46. ^{{Cite web | url=http://oslo.mfa.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=148&pageid=2623&newsview=304487 | title=بروز خطا در صفحه}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.mfa.is/diplomatic-missions/icelandic-missions|title=Government Offices of Iceland - Government.is|author=|date=|website=mfa.is}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://embassies.gov.il/oslo/Pages/default.aspx|title=Embassy of Israel in Norway|author=|date=|website=embassies.gov.il}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.org/jp/english/|title=English > Japan > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722215952/http://www.mfat.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=83&lang=en|title=LIST OF STATES WITH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS|author=|date=22 July 2011|website=web.archive.org}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://mofa.gov.np/foreign-policy/diplomatic-relations/|title=Diplomatic Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA|author=|date=|website=mofa.gov.np}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pid.gov.pk/press16-06-09.htm |title=Press Information Department (Government of Pakistan) |publisher=Pid.gov.pk |date= |accessdate=2012-11-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014546/http://www.pid.gov.pk/press16-06-09.htm |archivedate=2012-03-06 |df= }}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.utanrikisraduneyti.is/frettir/nr/6846|title=Ísland viðurkennir sjálfstæði Palestínu|work=Utanríkisráðuneyti|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.philembassy.no/contact|publisher=Embassy of the Philippines, Oslo|accessdate=24 March 2013}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Listi yfir alla kjörræðismenn Íslands|url=http://www.utanrikisraduneyti.is/media/utn-pdf-skjol/Listi-kjorraedismanna-2012.pdf|work=Utanríkisráðuneytið Íslands|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iceland|accessdate=24 March 2013}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=https://www1.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Missions/Foreign-Representative-to-Singapore|title=Foreign Representative to Singapore|author=|date=|website=mfa.gov.sg}}
57. ^"Countries and Regions > Europe > List of the Countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-iceland.en.mfa|title=From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|author=|date=|website=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}
59. ^[https://www.mfa.gov.tm/en/articles/55?breadcrumbs=no]
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://mfa.uz/en/cooperation/country/?sphrase_id=2004455|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan — States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations|author=|date=|website=mfa.uz}}
61. ^Icelandic representation in Albania
62. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.exteriors.ad/en/bilateral-and-consular-affairs/bilateral-affairs|title=Bilateral Affairs|author=|date=|website=exteriors.ad}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/services/embassies_and_consulates/belgian_embassies_and_consulates_abroad/|title=Addresses of Belgian Embassies and Consulates abroad|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/be|title=Belgium > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/|title=MVEP • Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|author=|date=|website=mvep.hr}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/overview-by-country/iceland,51.html|title=MVEP • Overview of Bilateral Treaties of the Republic of Croatia by Country|author=|date=|website=mvep.hr}}
67. ^ 
68. ^ 
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://island.um.dk|title=Danmark i Island|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/dk/english/|title=English > Denmark > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.finland.is/Public/Default.aspx|title=Suomen suurlähetystö, Reykjavik|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/fi/english/|title=English > Finland > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-is.org|title=Ambassade de France en Islande - Franska sendiráðið á Íslandi|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/fr/english/|title=English > France > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/de/english/|title=English > Germany > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.reykjavik.diplo.de|title=Deutsche Botschaft Reykjavik - Startseite|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
77. ^[https://oslo.mfa.gov.hu/eng]
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.org/uk|title=United Kingdom > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522160744/http://www.iceland.org/uk/|archivedate=22 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyofireland.dk/|title=Denmark - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|author=Department of Foreign Affairs|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.org/fr/english/|title=English > France > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
81. ^{{cite web|url=https://amboslo.esteri.it/ambasciata_oslo/it/|title=Ambasciata d'Italia - Oslo|author=|date=|website=amboslo.esteri.it}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/2853c1a630013b44802566c8005899c8?Opendocument|title=unhchr.ch|author=|date=|website=unhchr.ch}}
83. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.org/fi/english/|title=English > Finland > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525081504/http://www.iceland.org/fi/english/|archivedate=25 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://dk.mfa.lt/index.php?-292129989|title=Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija - Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija|author=Dizaino Kryptis|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
85. ^{{Cite web|url=http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__3_bakgrunnur__Rikisfang/MAN04203.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=33e22554-ffb8-4640-94d7-413317b6e96d|title=http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__3_bakgrunnur__Rikisfang/MAN04203.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=33e22554-ffb8-4640-94d7-413317b6e96d|website=px.hagstofa.is|access-date=2016-08-06}}
86. ^{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.gov.mt/en/Treaties+Series/Pages/Treaties+Documents/Iceland---Attached-press-release-on-the-Establushment-of-Diplomatic-Relations-between-the-Government-of-the-Republic-of-Mal.aspx|title=Sorry. The page you are looking for does not exist|author=|date=|website=foreignaffairs.gov.mt}}
87. ^ 
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mvp.gov.me/rubrike/bilateralni-odnosi/Tabela-priznanja-i-uspostavljanja-diplomatskih-odn|title=Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa|author=|date=|website=mvp.gov.me}}
89. ^[https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/your-country-and-the-netherlands/iceland]
90. ^[https://www.government.is/diplomatic-missions/embassy-of-iceland-in-brussels/embassys-jurisdiction/#Tab3]
91. ^ 
92. ^[https://www.government.is/library/01-Ministries/Ministry-for-Foreign-Affairs/Myndir/Diplomatic%20list%20-%20December%202018.pdf]
93. ^ 
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/no/|title=Norway > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
95. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.noregur.is|title=Norge - det offisielle nettstedet på Island|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/de/english/|title=Embassy of Iceland in Berlin|author=|date=|website=iceland.is}}
97. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.reykjavik.msz.gov.pl/en/root|title=Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Reykjavik|author=|date=|website=reykjavik.msz.gov.pl}}
98. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/ru/english/|title=English > Russia > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
99. ^Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Iceland (in English)
100. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Iceland seeks Russian comfort |url=http://www.mnweekly.ru/columnists/20081010/55350499.html |quote=Russia received a similar official request late on Tuesday and the country's Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin was quoted by Interfax as saying: "We will consider it. Iceland has a reputation for strict budget discipline and has a high credit rating. We're looking favorably at the request." Negotiations on the loan are supposed to start on October 14. |work=The Moscow News |date= |accessdate=26 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531021947/http://www.mnweekly.ru/columnists/20081010/55350499.html |archivedate=31 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
101. ^{{cite news |first= Rowena|last= Mason|authorlink= |title=Iceland nationalises bank and seeks Russian loan |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/3154116/Financial-crisis-Iceland-nationalises-bank-and-seeks-Russian-loan.html |quote=Prime Minister Geir Haarde rushed emergency measures through the Nordic nation's parliament to nationalise Landsbanki and give the country's largest bank, Kaupthing, a £400m loan to bolster its balance sheet. |work=The Daily Telegraph |date= 7 October 2008|accessdate=26 June 2009 | location=London}}
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-issues/96-bilateral-issues/12291-iceland|title=Iceland|author=|date=|website=mfa.gov.rs}}
103. ^ 
104. ^Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 4, pp. 138–140.
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/se/|title=Sweden > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
106. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.swedenabroad.com/en-GB/Embassies/Reykjavik/|title=Reykjavik - SwedenAbroad|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/finland/en/|title=Посольство України в Фінляндській Республіці та Республіці Iсландія (за сумісництвом)|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
108. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/uk/|title=United Kingdom > The Icelandic Foreign Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
109. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-embassy-reykjavik|title=British Embassy Reykjavik - GOV.UK|publisher=|accessdate=20 February 2015}}
110. ^[https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/RMIDipRelations.pdf]
111. ^[https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/oia/islands/upload/FSMDipRelations.pdf]
112. ^Embassies New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
113. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mfat.gov.ws/embassies/countries-with-established-diplomatic-relations-with-samoa/|title=Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa - Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade|author=|date=|website=mfat.gov.ws}}

Further reading

  • [https://www.routledge.com/Small-States-and-Shelter-Theory-Icelands-External-Affairs/Thorhallsson/p/book/9781138615373 Baldur Thorhallson (ed.). 2018. Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs. Routledge.]
  • [https://www.routledge.com/Iceland-and-European-Integration-On-the-Edge/THORHALLSSON/p/book/9780415406666 Baldur Thorhallsson (ed.). 2004. Iceland and European Integration: On the Edge. Routledge.]
  • Pétur J. Thorsteinsson. 1992. Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: Sögulegt Yfirlit. Rekjavík: Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag.
  • Valur Ingimundarson. 2011. The Rebellious Ally: Iceland, the United States, and the Politics of Empire 1945-2006. Dordrecht Publishing.
  • Valur Ingimundarson. 2002. Uppgjör við umheiminn. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.
  • Valur Ingimundarson. 1996. Í eldlínu kalda stríðsins. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208022139/http://www.iceland.org/ Icelandic Foreign Service] Iceland's embassies and missions abroad
  • Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312233708/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/iceland/intro/index.htm European Commission > The EU's relations with Iceland]
    • {{Is icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607180520/http://www.evropa.is/ The Icelandic European Movement (favours Icelandic EU membership)]
    • {{Is icon}} Heimssýn, the cross-political organisation of Icelandic eurosceptics
Foreign representations in Iceland
  • Canadian Embassy in Iceland
  • United States Embassy in Reykjavík
{{Foreign relations of Iceland}}{{Foreign relations of Europe}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Relations Of Iceland}}

1 : Foreign relations of Iceland
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