| 词条 | African oystercatcher |
| 释义 |
| name = African oystercatcher | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = African Black Oystercatcher (2).JPG | image_caption=African oystercatcher in Betty's Bay | genus = Haematopus | species = moquini | authority = (Bonaparte, 1856) | range_map = Population and breeding range of the African Black Oystercatcher Haematopus moquini.jpg | range_map_caption = African oystercatcher Population and Breeding Range. Orange = Breeding Range, Pale Orange = Population Range. |synonyms=Metanibyx africana ? Haematopus niger Moquin, 1820[2] Ostralega capensis Lichtenstein, 1823[3] Haematopus capensis Gray, 1847[4] Melanibyx moquini Reichenbach, 1851[5] Haematopus unicolor Lichtenstein, 1854[6] Melanibyx capensis Heine, 1890[7] Haematopus ostralegus moquini Peters, 1934[8] }} The African oystercatcher or African black oystercatcher (Haematopus moquini), is a large charismatic wader resident to the mainland coasts and offshore islands of southern Africa. This near-threatened oystercatcher has a population of over 6,000 adults, which breed between November and April.[9] The scientific name moquini commemorates the French naturalist Alfred Moquin-Tandon who discovered and named this species before Bonaparte.[10] DescriptionThe African oystercatcher is a large, noisy wader, with completely black plumage, red legs and a strong broad red bill. The sexes are similar in appearance, however, females are larger and have a slightly longer beak than males. Juveniles have soft grey plumage and do not express the characteristic red legs and beak until after they fledged. The call is a distinctive loud piping, very similar to Eurasian oystercatchers. As the Eurasian oystercatcher is a migratory species they only occur as a vagrant in southern Africa, and its black-and-white plumage makes confusion impossible.[9] Average MeasurementsBody Length: {{convert|42|–|45|cm|in|sp=us|abbr = on}}Wingspan: {{convert|80|and|88|cm|in|abbr=on}} Mass: ♂ {{convert|665|g|lb|abbr=on}} ♀ {{convert|730|g|lb|abbr=on}} Tarsus: {{convert|50.6|to|60.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} Culmen: {{convert|57.7|to|79.1|cm|in|abbr=on}}[9] Distribution and HabitatThe African oystercatcher is native to the mainland coasts and offshore islands of Southern Africa sometimes occurring as a vagrant in Angola and Mozambique. Its breeding range extends from Lüderitz, Namibia to Mazeppa Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa. There are estimated to be over 6,000 adult birds in total.[1][9] Typically sedentary African oystercatchers rarely leave their territories, which include a nesting site and feeding grounds. These will usually be located on or near rocky shores where they can feed. EcologyFeedingAfrican oystercatchers predominantly feed on molluscs such as mussels and limpets, although are known to also feed on polychaetes, insects[11] and potentially even fish.[12] They are adapted to pry open mussels and loosen limpets off the rocks but have been recorded picking through sand to locate other food items. BreedingThe nest is a bare scrape on pebbles, sand or shingle within about {{convert|30|m}} of the high-water mark. On rock ledges there may be a rim of shells to keep the eggs in place. The female generally lays two eggs, but there may be one or three, which are incubated by both adults. The incubation period varies between 27 and 39 days and the young take a further 38 or so days to fledge. Breeding success is greater on offshore islands where there are few predators and less disturbance than mainland sites.[13] The eggs average about {{convert|65|mm|in|sp=us|abbr = on}} long, ranging from {{convert|45|to|73|mm|in|abbr=on}}, and have a breadth of {{convert|41|mm|in|sp=us|abbr = on}}, ranging from {{convert|34|to|45|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Longevity and mortalityThe lifespan of an African oystercatcher is about 35 years, of which they are known to pair up for 25 years. Although adults are rarely predated most mainland egg and chick fatalities are due to disturbance by people, off-road vehicles, dog attacks and predation by the kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) and other avian predators.[1] Off shore pairs experience similar avian predation although most chicks perish due to starvation. StatusAs of December 2017 the global IUCN assessment of the African oystercatcher's status is "Least Concern". The population trend seems to be upward as the local community becomes more involved in adopting conservation measures.[1] In South Africa, the species has also been downlisted to Least Concern.[14] A long-term program by the South African Ringing Scheme is tracking the dispersal of ringed birds to keep conservation assessments in South Africa and Namibia up to date.[15] GalleryReferences1. ^1 2 3 {{IUCN|id=22693627 |title=Haematopus moquini |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2017.2 |year=2017 |accessdate=26 December 2017}} 2. ^Parzudaki, Émile (1856). Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe offerts, en 1856, aux ornithologistes. Paris: E. Parzudaki. 3. ^Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischer Museums hiesiger Königl.Universität...nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren,Vögeln,Amphibien und Fischen...,p.73. 4. ^The Genera of Birds, 1844-49, Pt.42, Haematopodinae (Dec.), no.2. bound vol.3,p. 547. 5. ^Die vollständigste Naturgeschichte der Sumpfvögel:Aves Grallatores. (= Novitiae ad Synopsin Avium...II.Grallatories (III Rasores) No.: V, pl.168, figs.1042-43. 6. ^Nomenclator avium Musei Zoologici Berolinensis.Namenverzeichniss,p.93. (Kaffernland). Not Haematopus unicolor Wagler,1832. 7. ^Nomenclator Musei Heineani Ornithologici,p.337. 8. ^Checklist of Birds of the World, 2, p.233. 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Hockey|first=P. A. R.|title=Roberts birds of southern Africa|year=2005|publisher=Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund|location=Cape Town}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Parzudaki|first=Émile|title=Catalogue des oiseaux d'Europe offerts, en 1856, aux ornithologistes|year=1856|publisher=E. Parzudaki|location=Paris}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last=Ryan|first=P. G.|author2=Visagie, J.|title=African Black Oystercatchers feeding in a terrestrial habitat|journal=Ostrich|year=2008|volume=79|page=243|doi=10.2989/ostrich.2008.79.2.18.592}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last=Paijmans|first=D. M.|title=Piscivory in the African Black Oystercatcher|journal=Promerops|year=2013|volume=294|page=15}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3090 |title=Species factsheet: African Oystercatcher Haematopus moquini |publisher=BirdLife International |accessdate=2013-12-11}} 14. ^{{cite book|chapter=African Black Oystercatcher|title=The Eskom red data book of birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland|editor=Barnes, KN|pages=142|publisher=BirdLife South Africa|location=Johannesburg}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fitzpatrick.uct.ac.za/fitz/research/programmes/longterm/|title=Oystercatcher Conservation Programme (OCP)|publisher=Percy Fitzpatrick Institute - University of Cape Town}} External links{{Commons category|Haematopus moquini}}
4 : Haematopus|Birds of Africa|Birds of Southern Africa|Birds described in 1856 |
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