| 词条 | George Edmund Street |
| 释义 |
|name=George Edmund Street |image=George E Street by Samuel A Walker.png |birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1824|6|20}} |birth_place=Woodford, Essex |death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1881|12|18|1824|6|20}} |death_place=London |practice= |significant_buildings=Royal Courts of Justice, The Strand, London |significant_projects= |awards=Royal Gold Medal (1874) }} George Edmund Street {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|RA}} (20 June 1824 – 18 December 1881), also known as G. E. Street, was an English architect, born at Woodford in Essex. Stylistically, Street was a leading practitioner of the Victorian Gothic revival. Though mainly an ecclesiastical architect, he is perhaps best known as the designer of the Royal Courts of Justice, on the Strand in London. Early lifeStreet was the third son of Thomas Street, a solicitor, by his second wife, Mary Anne Millington. He went to school at Mitcham in about 1830, and later to the Camberwell Collegiate School, which he left in 1839. For a few months he worked in his father's business in Philpot Lane, but on his father's death he went to live with his mother and sister at Exeter. There his thoughts first turned to architecture, and in 1841 his mother obtained a place for him as pupil in the office of Owen Browne Carter at Winchester. Afterwards he worked for five years as an "improver" with George Gilbert Scott in London. His first commission – undertaken while still working for Scott – was for the design of Biscovey Church, Cornwall. In 1849 he set up in practice in an office of his own. Much of his earliest work, which included many church restorations, was in Cornwall.[1] CareerIn November 1850, having been appointed architect to the diocese of Oxford he left London, and moved to Wantage, where he had already designed a vicarage, and was working on some schools. In May 1852 he went to live in Beaumont Street, Oxford.[2] He designed the parish church of SS Philip and James in the city, and another at Summertown, as well as restoring many others, but his only work for the university was the reordering of Jesus College Chapel. His son Arthur Edmund Street suggested that: Possibly my father's very decided adherence to the earlier phase of Gothic, and the eagerness with which he argued that Oxford had already enough of debased types, and should revert to the purity of the early forms, may have frightened the authorities.[1]During this period he developed his use of constructional polychromy, in churches such as All Saints, Boyne Hill. Maidenhead .[3] Early in his career, he advocated the idea that architects should have a practical involvement with the decoration of their buildings, and painted murals at Boyne Hill church himself. However, with his increasing amount of business, he soon realised the difficulties of such an approach.[4] He remained in Oxford until late in 1855, when he moved back to London, taking a house in Montagu Place, Bloomsbury.[5] At around this time he entered the competition to design the new cathedral at Lille, winning second prize, behind a design by Henry Clutton and William Burges.[6] He came second to Burges in another competition, to design the Crimea Memorial Church in Constantinople, but eventually received the commission.[7] He also submitted, unsuccessfully, Gothic schemes for the new Foreign Office in Whitehall, and for a projected rebuilding of the National Gallery.[8] Gothic RevivalStreet was an active member of the Ecclesiological Society.[9] From an early age he had been interested in the principles of Gothic architecture, and made frequent tours to study and draw Gothic architecture across Europe.[10] He was an exceptional draughtsman, and in 1855 he published a very careful and well illustrated work on The Brick and Marble Architecture of Northern Italy, and in 1865 a book on The Gothic Architecture of Spain. These works inspired the wider use of constructional polychromy by British architects, sometimes mocked as "The Streaky Bacon Style". At St James the Less, in Thorndike Street, Westminster (1858–61), Street used red brick, with black brick decoration both inside and out, and gave the church a tall, square campanile-like tower, its roof based on a Genoese model.[11] Charles Locke Eastlake, writing in 1872, saw this as a prime example of the "revolt from [English] national style" that was occurring amongst Gothic Revival architects at this time,[12] at least in part inspired by John Ruskin's enthusiasm for the medieval architecture of Northern Italy, and by the publication of Viollet-le-Duc's exhaustive Dictionnaire raisonné de l'Architecture Française du XIe au XVIe Siècle:[13] Here the whole character of the building, whether we regard its plan, its distinctive features, its external or internal decoration is eminently un-English. Even the materials used in its construction and the mode by which it is lighted were novelties. The detached tower with its picturesquely modelled spire, its belfry stage rich in ornamental brick-work and marble bosses, the semicircular apse and quasi-transepts, the plate tracery, the dormers inserted in the clerestory, the quaint treatment of the nave arcade, the bold vigour of the carving, the chromatic decoration of the roof—all bear evidence of a thirst for change which Mr. Street could satisfy without danger, but which betrayed many of his contemporaries into intemperance.[12] Two features Street was particularly fond of using were the round apse and the louvred belfry windows.[14] Street was commissioned by Alexander Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford in 1867 to design several aspects of the extension work undertaken at Dunecht House, Aberdeenshire. These included the Library and a Chapel.[15] In 1868 Street was made Diocesan Architect of Ripon, in addition to the similar posts which he already held in the dioceses of York and Oxford, and to which Winchester was subsequently added. He was also appointed Architect to York Minster at around this time, and, later on, to Salisbury and Carlisle Cathedrals.[16] WorksStreet's most recognisable building is probably the Law Courts (now the Royal Courts of Justice) in the Strand in London. The competition for this was prolonged, and much diversity of opinion was expressed. The judges wanted Street to make the exterior arrangements and Charles Barry the interior, while a special committee of lawyers recommended the designs of Alfred Waterhouse. In June 1868, however, Street was appointed sole architect; but the building was not complete at the time of his death in December 1881.Apart from the Law Courts, by far the majority of Street's output was for ecclesiastical uses, the largest being the nave of Bristol Cathedral and the restoration of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin. Chief amongst his complete works include St Margaret's convent, East Grinstead, and the theological college at Cuddesdon. Other churches of which he was the architect include All Saints' (Church of England) and St Paul's Within The Walls (American Episcopal) in Rome. His work was not exclusively in the Gothic revival manner, as is demonstrated by Ralli's dramatic Lycian-Byzantine temple at Norwood Cemetery, the Romanesque reworking of the nearby church of St Luke and the rebuilding of All Saints' at Roydon, in West Norfolk, in a style to match its two Norman doorways. Street also designed the family chapel at Gwrych Castle in Abergele. Denbighshire. IrelandStreet carried out a number of new works in Ireland, including the small clifftop church of St. John the Evangelist at Ardamine, Co. Wexford, and Piltown Church, Co. Kilkenny. His most significant work was the controversial re-edification of the historic Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin, in the course of which he was responsible for demolishing the choir which he considered to be of "no historic significance". He also restored St. Brigid's Cathedral, Kildare Town, Ireland, which was a roofless ruin when he started work. The Cathedral reopened in 1896. He succeeded in rebuilding the lost walls to match the remnants which remained of the original walls and square tower. Societies and honoursStreet was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1866, and a fellow in 1871; at the time of his death he was professor of architecture to the Royal Academy, where he had delivered a course of lectures on the development of medieval architecture. He was also president of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He was a member of the Royal Academy of Vienna, and in 1878, in reward for drawings sent to the Paris Exhibition, he was made a knight of the Legion of Honour. PupilsIn 1856–7, Philip Webb was Street's senior clerk and the young William Morris one of his apprentices. These two designers worked together on the Red House that became a memorial to William Morris's design principles and includes work by many of his now-famous friends. Another apprentice in the early 1870s was the Canadian architect Frank Darling. Personal lifeStreet was twice married, first on 17 June 1852 to Mariquita, second daughter of Robert Proctor, who died in 1874 aged 44, and secondly on 11 January 1876 to Jessie, second daughter of William Holland, who died in the same year. Street's death, on 18 December 1881, was hastened by overwork and professional worries connected with the building of the law courts. He was buried on 29 December 1881 in the nave of Westminster Abbey. Street was an adherent of the high church tradition of the Church of England.[17] For many years he was a churchwarden of All Saints, Margaret Street in London,[16] built in the 1850s as a "model church" under the supervision of the Ecclesiological Society.[18] He was particularly insistent that all seats in churches should be free of charge, rather than subject to pew rent.[17] See also
References1. ^1 Street (1888), p.11 2. ^Street (1888), p.19 3. ^Hitchcock (1977), p .250. Hitchcock describes All Saints as "[Street's] first important church". 4. ^Davey (1995){{page needed|date=July 2015}} 5. ^Street (1888), p.22 6. ^Street (1888), pp.22–8 7. ^Street (1888), p.32 8. ^Street (1888), pp.52–58 9. ^Street (1888), p.17 10. ^Street (1888){{page needed|date=July 2015}} 11. ^Hitchcock (1977), p .254. 12. ^1 Eastlake (1872), p.321 13. ^Eastlake (1872), p.317–8 14. ^Eastlake (1872), p.325 15. ^{{harv|Historic Environment Scotland|LB3133}} 16. ^1 Street (1888), p.196 17. ^1 Street (1888), p.67 18. ^Eastlake (1872), p.251–3 Sources
Further reading
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13 : 1824 births|1881 deaths|Architects of cathedrals|Burials at Westminster Abbey|English ecclesiastical architects|Gothic Revival architects|People educated at Camberwell Collegiate School|People from Woodford, London|Presidents of the Royal Institute of British Architects|Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal|19th-century English architects|Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur|Royal Academicians |
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