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词条 Glans penis
释义

  1. In humans

     Structure  Clinical significance 

  2. Other animals

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{short description|End of the penis}}{{redirects|Bellend|the English village|Bell End}}{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Glans penis
| synonyms = Glans
| pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|g|l|æ||n|z|}}[1]
| Latin = Glans penis
| Image = Glans Penis of A Human.jpg
| Caption = Glans penis (dorsal view)
| Width = 200
| Image2 = Anat09IMG 0034.jpg
| Caption2 = Glans penis (ventral view)
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery = Urethral artery
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
}}

The glans penis is a structure at the distal end of the penis in male mammals. It is the sensitive bulbous structure at the end of the human penis, and is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the human female. The glans penis may be smooth, spiny, elongated, or divided in other mammals.

Typically, the glans is completely or partially covered by the foreskin in humans, except in men who have been circumcised. The foreskin can generally be retracted over and past the glans, and may automatically retract during an erection. The glans is more commonly known as the "head" or the "tip" of the penis. The medical name comes from the Latin words glans ('acorn') and penis ('of the penis') – the Latin genitive of this word has the same form as the nominative.

In humans

Structure

The glans penis is the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum. It is moulded on the rounded ends of the corpora cavernosa penis, extending farther on their upper than on their lower surfaces. At the summit of the glans is the slit-like vertical external urethral orifice. The circumference of the base of the glans forms a rounded projecting border, the corona glandis, overhanging a deep retroglandular sulcus (the coronal sulcus), behind which is the neck of the penis. The proportional size of the glans penis can vary greatly. On some penises it is much wider in circumference than the shaft, giving the penis a mushroom-like appearance, and on others it is narrower and more akin to a probe in shape.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} The soft cushiony texture of the glans is intended to absorb impact during rigorous instances of copulation.[2]

The foreskin maintains the mucosa in a moist environment.[3] In males who have been circumcised, the glans is permanently exposed and dry. Several studies have suggested that the glans is equally sensitive in circumcised and uncircumcised males,[4][5][6] while others have reported that it is more sensitive in males who are not circumcised.[7][8]

Halata & Munger (1986) report that the density of genital corpuscles is greatest in the corona glandis,[9] while Yang & Bradley (1998) report that their study "showed no areas in the glans to be more densely innervated than others."[10]

Halata & Spathe (1997) reported that "the glans penis contains a predominance of free nerve endings, numerous genital end bulbs and rarely Pacinian and Ruffinian corpuscles. Merkel nerve endings and Meissner's corpuscles are not present."[11]

Yang & Bradley argue that "the distinct pattern of innervation of the glans emphasizes the role of the glans as a sensory structure".[10] Some researchers have suggested that the glans has evolved to become acorn, mushroom or cone shaped so that during copulation it acts as a semen-removal device in the vagina of previous sex partners but this is not supported when looking at primate relatives that have different mating behaviors.[11][12]

Clinical significance

The meatus (opening) of the urethra is located at the tip of the glans penis.

The epithelium of the glans penis is mucocutaneous tissue.[13] Birley et al. report that excessive washing with soap may dry the mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and cause non-specific dermatitis.[14]

Inflammation of the glans penis is known as balanitis. It occurs in 3–11% of males, and up to 35% of diabetic males. Edwards reported that it is generally more common in males who have poor hygiene habits or have not been circumcised.[15] It has many causes, including irritation, or infection with a wide variety of pathogens. Careful identification of the cause with the aid of patient history, physical examination, swabs and cultures, and biopsy are essential in order to determine the proper treatment.[15]

Meatal stenosis is a late complication of circumcision, which occurs in about 2 to 20 percent of circumcised boys.[16][17]

Other animals

Male felids are able to urinate backwards by curving the tip of the glans penis backward.[21][18] In cats, the glans penis is covered with spines, but in dogs, the glans is smooth. Penile spines also occur on the glans of male and female spotted hyenas.[19]

In male dogs, the glans penis consists of two parts called the bulbus glandis and pars longa glandis.[20] The glans of a fossa's penis extends about halfway down the shaft and is spiny except at the tip. In comparison, the glans of felids is short and spiny, while that of viverrids is smooth and long.[21]

The shape of the glans varies among different marsupial species.[22][23][24] In most marsupials, the glans is divided, but male macropods have an undivided glans penis.[25] The glans penis is also divided into two parts in platypuses and echidnas.[26][27]

The glans penis of the marsh rice rat is long and robust,[28] averaging 7.3 mm (0.29 in) long and 4.6 mm (0.18 in) broad.[29]

In Thomasomys ucucha the glans penis is rounded, short, and small and is superficially divided into left and right halves by a trough at the top and a ridge at the bottom. Most of the glans is covered with spines, except for an area near the tip.[30]

Winkelmann's mouse can most readily be distinguished from its close relatives by its partially corrugated glans penis.[31]

When erect, the glans of a horse's penis increases by 3 to {{nowrap|4 times}}. The urethra opens within the urethral fossa, a small pouch at the distal end of the glans.[32] Unlike the human glans, the glans of a horse's penis extends backwards on its shaft.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]

Males of Racey's pipistrelle bat have a narrow, egg-shaped glans penis.[42]

The glans penis of a male cape ground squirrel is large with a prominent baculum.[43]

See also

  • Clitoris
  • Corona of glans penis
  • Corpus cavernosum penis
  • Foreskin
  • Frenulum of prepuce of penis
  • Hirsuties papillaris genitalis

References

1. ^OED 2nd edition, 1989.
2. ^HSU, G‐L., et al. "The distribution of elastic fibrous elements within the human penis." BJU International 73.5 (1994): 566-571.
3. ^{{cite journal | last = Prakash | first = Satya |author2=Raghuram Rao |author3=K. Venkatesan |author4=S. Ramakrishnan |date=July 1982 | title = Sub-Preputial Wetness--Its Nature | journal = Annals of National Medical Science (India) | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 109–112 | url =http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/prakash/}}
4. ^{{cite journal | last = Bleustein | first = Clifford B. |author2=James D. Fogarty |author3=Haftan Eckholdt |author4=Joseph C. Arezzo |author5=Arnold Melman |date=April 2005 | title = Effect of neonatal circumcision on penile neurologic sensation | journal = Urology | volume = 65 | issue = 4 | pages = 773–7 | doi = 10.1016/j.urology.2004.11.007 | pmid = 15833526 }}
5. ^{{cite conference|last=Bleustein |first=Clifford B. |author2=Haftan Eckholdt |author3=Joseph C. Arezzo |author4=Arnold Melman |title=Effects of Circumcision on Male Penile Sensitivity |booktitle=American Urological Association 98th Annual Meeting |place=Chicago, Illinois |date=April 26 – May 1, 2003 |url=http://www.circs.org/library/bleustein/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207115328/http://www.circs.org/library/bleustein/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=February 7, 2005 |df= }}
6. ^{{cite journal | last = Payne | first = Kimberley |author2=Thaler, Lea |author3=Kukkonen, Tuuli |author4=Carrier, Serge |author5=Binik, Yitzchak |date=May 2007 | title = Sensation and Sexual Arousal in Circumcised and Uncircumcised Men | journal = Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 667–674 | pmid = 17419812 | doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x}}
7. ^{{cite journal | last = Sorrells |date=April 2007 | title = Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis| journal = British Journal of Urology International | volume = 99 | issue = 4 | pages = 864–869 | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118508429/PDFSTART | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x | first1 = Morris L. | last2 = Snyder | first2 = James L. | last3 = Reiss | first3 = Mark D. | last4 = Eden | first4 = Christopher | last5 = Milos | first5 = Marilyn F. | last6 = Wilcox | first6 = Norma | last7 = Van Howe | first7 = Robert S. | pmid=17378847}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
8. ^{{cite journal | last = Yang | first = DM |author2=Lin H |author3=Zhang B |author4=Guo W |date=April 2008 | title = Circumcision affects glans penis vibration perception threshold | journal = Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 328–330 | pmid = 18481425 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | last = Halata | first = Zdenek |author2=Bryce L. Munger |date=April 1986 | title = The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis | journal = Brain Research | volume = 371 | issue = 2 | pages = 205–30 | doi =10.1016/0006-8993(86)90357-4 | pmid = 3697758 }}
10. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Yang | first = C. C. |author2=W.E. Bradley |date=July 1998 | title = Neuroanatomy of the penile portion of the human dorsal nerve of the penis | journal = British Journal of Urology | volume = 82 | issue = 1 | pages = 109–13 | doi =10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00669.x | pmid = 9698671 }}
11. ^Gallup, Gordon G., et al. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebecca_Burch2/publication/225573839_Semen_displacement_as_a_sperm_competition_strategy/links/560c1d6508aea68653d354bd.pdf The human penis as a semen displacement device]." Evolution and Human Behavior 24.4 (2003): 277-289
12. ^{{cite book|last1=Dixson|first1=Alan F.|title=Sexual Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems|date=2009|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191569739|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRTniKE2liYC&pg=PA68|language=en}}
13. ^1 {{Cite book | last = Halata | first = Zdenek |author2=A. Spaethe | year = 1997 | title =Sensory innervation of the human penis | issue = | pages = 265–6 | pmid = 9361804 | url =http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/halata2/ | accessdate = 2006-07-07 | volume = 424 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4615-5913-9_48 | series = Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology | isbn = 978-0-306-45696-1 }}
14. ^{{cite journal | last = Birley | first = H. D. |author2=M .M. Walker |author3=G. A. Luzzi |author4=R. Bell |author5=D. Taylor-Robinson |author6=M. Byrne |author7=A. M. Renton |date=October 1993 | title = Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing | journal = Genitourinary Medicine | volume = 69 | issue = 5 | pages = 400–3 | pmid = 8244363 | url =http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/birley/ | pmc = 1195128 | doi=10.1136/sti.69.5.400}}
15. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Edwards | first = Sarah |date=June 1996 | title =Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review | journal = Genitourinary Medicine | volume = 72 | issue = 3 | pages = 155–9 | pmid = 8707315 | url =http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/edwards1/ | pmc = 1195642 | doi=10.1136/sti.72.3.155}}
16. ^{{vcite web | author=Sorokan SK, Finlay JC, Jefferies AL | home= Canadian Paediatric Society | title= Newborn male circumcision | url=http://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision | date=2015 | accessdate=20 October 2017}}
17. ^{{vcite web | author= Koenig JF | home=EMedicine | title=Meatal stenosis | url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1016016-overview | date=22 September 2016 | accessdate=2 October 2017}}
18. ^{{cite book|author=Reena Mathur|title=Animal Behaviour 3/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKXOCgoI6D8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=curved%20backward&f=false|accessdate=10 February 2013|year=2010|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=978-81-7133-747-7}}
19. ^1 {{cite book|author=R. F. Ewer|title=The Carnivores|url=https://books.google.com/?id=IETMd3-lSlkC&pg=PA116&dq=glans#v=onepage&q=glans&f=false|accessdate=8 February 2013|year=1973|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8493-3|pages=116–}}
20. ^{{cite book|author1=Howard E. Evans|author2=Alexander de Lahunta|title=Miller's Anatomy of the Dog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eBOAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=(%22glans%22%20OR%20%22bulbus%20glandis%22%20OR%20%22pars%20longa%20glandis%22)&f=false|date=7 August 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-26623-9}}
21. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Köhncke | first1 = M. | last2 = Leonhardt | first2 = K. | title = Cryptoprocta ferox | journal = Mammalian Species | issue = 254 | pages = 1–5 | year = 1986 | url = http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-254-01-0001.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 19 May 2010}}
22. ^{{cite book|author=Australian Mammal Society|title=Australian Mammal Society|url=https://books.google.com/?id=N_ifwszrgFsC&pg=PA73&dq=marsupial+%22glans%22#v=onepage&q=marsupial%20%22glans%22&f=false|accessdate=25 December 2012|date=December 1978|publisher=Australian Mammal Society|pages=73–}}
23. ^{{cite book|author1=Wilfred Hudson Osgood|author2=Charles Judson Herrick|title=A monographic study of the American marsupial, Caēnolestes …|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8Ag9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=marsupial+%22glans%22#v=onepage&q=marsupial%20%22glans%22&f=false|accessdate=25 December 2012|year=1921|publisher=University of Chicago|pages=64–}}
24. ^{{cite book|title=The Urologic and Cutaneous Review|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nApEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA677&dq=marsupial+%22glans%22#v=onepage&q=marsupial%20%22glans%22&f=false|accessdate=25 December 2012|year=1920|publisher=Urologic & Cutaneous Press|pages=677–}}
25. ^{{cite book|last=Renfree|first=Marilyn|title=Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C|accessdate=5 May 2013|date=1987-01-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521337922|author2=Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe}}
26. ^{{cite book|author=Mervyn Griffiths|title=The Biology of the Monotremes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7nu16_DkTgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans&f=false|date=2 December 2012|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-323-15331-7}}
27. ^{{cite book|author=Libbie Henrietta Hyman|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans&f=false|date=15 September 1992|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7}}
28. ^Hooper and Musser, 1964, p. 13
29. ^Hooper and Musser, 1964, table 1
30. ^Voss, 2003, p. 11
31. ^{{cite journal |author1=Bradley, R.D. |author2=Schmidley, D.J. | year = 1987 | title = The glans penes and bacula in Latin American taxa of the Peromyscus boylii group | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 595–615 | jstor=1381595 | doi=10.2307/1381595}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=The Stallion: Breeding Soundness Examination & Reproductive Anatomy|publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison|url=http://www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/101equinelab/reproduction/stallion_exam.html|accessdate=7 July 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716140038/http://www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/101equinelab/reproduction/stallion_exam.html|archivedate=2007-07-16}}
33. ^{{cite book|title=Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEgy1tHA7b0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans%20stallion&f=false|accessdate=5 May 2013|date=30 June 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00001-8}}
34. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-YhIvDgfJoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans&f=false |title=McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians - Joanna M Bassert, Dennis M McCurnin - Google Boeken |accessdate=2013-08-16|isbn=9781455728848 |last1=Bassert |first1=Joanna M |last2=McCurnin |first2=Dennis M |date=2013-04-01 }}
35. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXhcr53lkbwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans&f=false |title=Horseman's Veterinary Encyclopedia, Revised and Updated - Equine Research - Google Boeken |date=2005-07-01 |accessdate=2013-08-16|isbn=9780762794515 |last1=Research |first1=Equine }}
36. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu-XUjVS85QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans&f=false |title=Equine Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction - Graham Munroe BVSc (Hons) PhD Cert EO DESM Dip ECVS FRCVS, Scott Weese DVM DVSc DipACVIM - Google Boeken |date=2011-03-15 |accessdate=2013-08-16|isbn=9781840766080 |last1=Weese |first1=Scott |last2=Graham Munroe |first2=Dr |last3=Munroe |first3=Graham }}
37. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoXiBjSp368C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans&f=false |title=Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals: Textbook and Colour Atlas - Google Boeken |accessdate=2013-08-16|isbn=9783794524853 |last1=König |first1=Horst Erich |last2=Hans-Georg |first2=Hans-Georg |last3=Bragulla |first3=H |year=2007 }}
38. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krD1bAEqypcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans&f=false |title=Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness, and Performance - Equine Research - Google Boeken |accessdate=2013-08-16|isbn=9781592284870 |last1=Hedge |first1=Juliet |year=2004 }}
39. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyHr4hVs0m0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans&f=false |title=The Horse - Google Boeken |accessdate=2013-08-16|isbn=9780716718116 |last1=Evans |first1=Warren J |last2=Borton |first2=Anthony |last3=Hintz |first3=Harold |last4=Dale Van Vleck |first4=L |date=1990-02-15 }}
40. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNdSk7gPf4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans%20horse&f=false |title=Comparative Reproductive Biology - Heide Schatten, Gheorghe M. Constantinescu - Google Boeken |date=2008-03-21 |accessdate=2013-08-16|isbn=9780470390252 |last1=Schatten |first1=Heide |last2=Constantinescu |first2=Gheorghe M }}
41. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPJQT6-g-YMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=glans&f=false |title=Equine Reproduction - Google Boeken |accessdate=2013-08-16|isbn=9780470961872 |last1=McKinnon |first1=Angus O |last2=Squires |first2=Edward L |last3=Vaala |first3=Wendy E |last4=Varner |first4=Dickson D |date=2011-07-05 }}
42. ^Bates et al., 2006, pp. 306–307
43. ^Skurski, D., J. Waterman. 2005. "Xerus inauris", Mammalian Species 781:1-4.

External links

{{Commons category|Human glans penis}}
  • {{SUNYAnatomyLabs|42|07|01|02}} - "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Corpus Spongiosum and Corpora Cavernosa"
  • {{SUNYAnatomyLabs|44|06|01|01}} - "The Male Pelvis: The Urethra"
{{Male reproductive system}}{{Authority control}}

3 : Mammal male reproductive system|Human penis anatomy|Human male reproductive system
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