| 词条 | Hamburger Flugzeugbau HFB 320 Hansa Jet | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The HFB 320 Hansa Jet is a twin-engine, ten-seat business jet that was built by German aircraft manufacturer Hamburger Flugzeugbau between 1964 and 1973. The most notable feature of the aircraft is its forward-swept wing. DesignThe HFB 320 is a mid-wing monoplane of conventional layout, with rear-mounted twin jet engines beneath a T-tail. Constructed entirely of metal, it has a 10-seat passenger cabin and retractable tricycle undercarriage. An unusual feature of the aircraft is its forward-swept wing, which is mid-mounted in the fuselage. This arrangement allows the main wing spar to pass through the fuselage behind the passenger cabin, allowing a longer cabin with more seats while maintaining adequate headroom in the small-diameter fuselage. Hans Wocke, head of the engineering team, had previously designed the Junkers Ju 287 forward-swept experimental jet bomber of World War II.[2] {{As of|2017}}, the HFB 320 remains the only civilian jet ever to have a forward-swept wing. Operational historyThe prototype first flew on 21 April 1964 and was exhibited at the May 1964 Hanover Air Show. A second prototype was flown on 19 October 1964.[3] After a year of certification flight testing, the first prototype crashed on 12 May 1965, due to a design fault with the T-tail.[4] Hamburger Flugzeugbau's chief test pilot perished in the crash. As a result of the accident, modifications were made to improve the aircraft's stall performance, including a stick pusher. Assembly of the first ten production aircraft began in May 1965, with the first flying on 2 February 1966. German type certification was achieved on 23 February 1967, with American certification following on 7 April 1967. Italcementi of Italy took first customer delivery on 26 September 1967.[5] Other corporate purchasers of the HFB 320 included the Argentinian state-owned Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales oil company. The German Air Force had ordered 13 HFB 320s in 1963.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} As part of the evaluation of the type, two preproduction aircraft were delivered to the ErpSt 61 test wing at Oberpfaffenhoffen in 1966.[1][6] This resulted in six aircraft being ordered for VIP use by the German Air Force.[1] Production deliveries for use as VIP transports commenced in 1969. A further eight Hansa jets were purchased by the German Air Force for ECM training, these being delivered between August 1976 and April 1982. The German Air Force replaced its VIP Hansas with Canadair Challengers in 1987, but the ECM aircraft remained in service until 1994.[7] Increased competition from newer executive jet models and a comparatively poor safety record led to dwindling orders, with production ceasing in 1973. The Aviation Safety Network lists a total of nine accidents (six fatal) for the type,[8] a 20 percent hull-loss rate, but only the crash of the prototype was directly attributable to the aircraft's design. Pilot error was blamed in a majority of the accidents. OperatorsCivilian operators
Military operators
Specifications (HFB 320){{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=jet |ref=[9] |crew=two |capacity=7, 11 or 15 passenger configurations |length main=16.61 m |length alt=54 ft 6 in |span main=14.48 m |span alt=47 ft 6 in |height main=4.92 m |height alt=16 ft 2 in |area main=30.14 m² |area alt=324.4 ft² |airfoil= |empty weight main=5,511 kg |empty weight alt=12,125 lb |max takeoff weight main=9,218 kg |max takeoff weight alt=20,280 lb |engine (jet)=General Electric CJ610-5[10] |type of jet=turbojet engines |number of jets=2 |thrust main=13.15 kN |thrust alt=2,950 lbf |max speed main= |max speed alt= |cruise speed main=825 km/h |cruise speed alt=445 knots, 513 mph |cruise speed more=at 25,000 feet (7,620 m) |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |range main=2,413 km |range alt=1,303 nm, 1,500 mi |ceiling main=11,433 m |ceiling alt=37,500 ft |climb rate main=21.6 m/s |climb rate alt=4,250 ft/min |loading main= |loading alt= }} See also{{aircontent||related= |similar aircraft=
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|see also= }} References{{Commons category|HFB-320 Hansa Jet}}Notes1. ^1 2 Sloot 1994, p. 234. 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/cit-heppenheimer.html|title=Wrong Turns |last=Heppenheimer|first=T.A. |date=March 1, 2003|publisher=Air & Space/Smithsonian|accessdate=10 November 2011}} 3. ^Taylor 1965, p. 74. 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19650512-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident MBB HFB-320 Hansa Jet D-CHFB Madrid-Torrejon AFB (TOJ)|first=Harro|last=Ranter|website=aviation-safety.net}} 5. ^Taylor 1969, p. 97. 6. ^"HFB 320 HANSA JET" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326002351/http://www.hansajet.de/indexeng.htm |date=2012-03-26 }}. hansajet.de. Retrieved 22 June 2011. 7. ^Sloot 1994, pp. 234–235. 8. ^ HFB 320 Hansa Accident Summary 9. ^Green, William, The Observers Book of Aircraft, Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd, 1970. {{ISBN|0-7232-0087-4}} 10. ^The first 15 production units used General Electric CJ610-1 engines; the next 20 units used the more powerful CJ610-5; subsequent units used the CJ610-9. Bibliography
External links{{Commons category inline|HFB-320 Hansa Jet}}{{Blohm & Voss aircraft}}{{DEFAULTSORT:HFB 320 Hansa Jet}} 7 : Blohm & Voss aircraft|German business aircraft 1960–1969|German military utility aircraft 1960–1969|Twinjets|Forward-swept-wing aircraft|T-tail aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1964 |
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