| 词条 | Hede Massing |
| 释义 |
|name =Hede Massing |nickname = |image = |caption = |allegiance ={{flag|Soviet Union|23px}} |service =Soviet Intelligence |serviceyears = |rank = |operation = |award = |codename1 =Redhead |codename2 =Hede Eisler |codename3 =Hede Gumperz |codename4 = |codename5 = |codename6 = |codename7 = |codename8 = |codename9 = |other = |birth_name =Hedwig Tune |birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1900|01|06}} |birth_place =Vienna |death_date ={{Death date and age|df=yes|1981|03|08|1900|01|06}} |death_place =New York City |death_cause =Emphysema |nationality =Austrian |religion = |residence = |parents = |spouse =Gerhart Eisler Julian Gumperz Paul Massing |children = |occupation =Spy |alma_mater = |signature = }}Hede Massing, née "Hedwig Tune" (also "Hede Eisler," "Hede Gumperz," and "Redhead") (6 January 1900 – 8 March 1981), was an Austrian actress in Vienna and Berlin, communist, and Soviet intelligence operative in Europe and the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. After World War II, she defected from the Soviet underground. She came to prominence by testifying in the second case of Alger Hiss in 1949; later, she published accounts about the underground.[1] LifeVienna: Massing was born in 1900 to a Polish father and Austrian mother in Vienna. Her parents' unhappy marriage (caused in large part by her father's constant philandering) alienated her from her family. She had a brother, Walter, seven years younger, and sister, Elli, nine years younger. After finishing high school, she apprenticed unhappily and unsuccessfully in a millinery shop. Attendance of summer public lectures by Karl Kraus rekindled her interest in literature. She applied for and received a scholarship for dramatic literature at the Burgtheater that eventually led to her external career as an actress. Entering the cafe, literary scene (her Stammtisch was at Cafe Herrenhof), she met Peter Altenberg, Elizabeth Bergner, Franz Werfel, Albert Ehrenstein—and her first husband, Gerhart Eisler. Eisler invited her to join his Communist-committed life by leaving her family and coming to live with him at his parents' home in a party marriage. In 1920, when Eisler received an invitation to work in Berlin, the two got a civil marriage in December 1920.[1]In January 1921, Gerhart Eisler became associate editor of the Die Rote Fahne. It was Germany's leading left-wing newspaper. He moved to Berlin and joined the German Communist Party. [2] Hede became more involved in politics and spent hours discussing politics with her husband and sister-in-law, Ruth Fischer. "I read about the Russian Revolution, about Lenin and Vera Figner, who became my idol; and I learned to love the idea of socialism the idea of a better life for everyone. True, I never faced the reality of everyday work within the movement. I moved only among the upper crust of the Communists... I was imbued with the rather snobbish attitude of Gerhart to people who were not as bright as he was." [3] New York: Massing and Gumperz traveled to the United States in August 1926. Arriving in New York City, they socialized with their American communist counterparts. They met Kenneth Durant, Mike Gold, and Helen Black (representative of the Soviet Photo Agency and in 1931 contributing editor to the New Masses when Whittaker Chambers began submitting short stories).{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} They traveled to Mill Valley, CA, then traveled to Los Angeles and Pasadena (where Gumperz met Upton Sinclair) before returning to New York. Money began running out. Mike Gold got Massing a job in Pleasantville, NY, at an orphanage; there, Massing first became interested in Freud and human behavior. Meantime, Gumperz decided to return to Germany to write his doctorate at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main. Before doing so, the two married in December 1927—US citizenship would save her life in Moscow in 1938.[1]Moscow: Hede and Paul Massing became disillusioned with life in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. [4] "In 1930 and 1931 everybody was hungry, had no clothes, no decent beds, no decent linen... True, there were some exceptions - the GPU (today the MVD) and the foreigners. It was also about this time when children were called upon to spy on their parents; to report negativism, derogatory remarks, religious inclinations, or religious services attended; to tell whether their mother really had been sick or had really just washed her clothes, cleaned her miserable dwelling, or even relaxed, instead of attending those endless, ludicrous meetings." [5]New York: Both Massings later were members of the NKVD apparatus and in the USA worked under the direction of a Soviet officer, Fred (Boris Bazarov), based in New York. Hede Massing was assigned several duties, including that of a courier between the United States and Europe.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} Whittaker Chambers reported to Valentin Markin separately from Massing. Alger Hiss was reporting to Chambers when Hiss and Massing met over dinner to discuss the recruitment of Noel Field.[1][7]Massing died of emphysema in her home on Washington Square in New York City on Sunday, 8 March 1981.[8] DefectionRedhead groupThe cover name "Redhead" appears in Venona as an unidentified person in a context that suggests that it was Hede Massing, and she was identified as Massing.[9] Members of the Redhead group in the Gorsky Memo:{{cn|date=August 2018}}
MiscellaneousRichard SorgeAmtorgMassing was an employee of the Amtorg Trading Corporation.[10] Works
See also{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book | last = Massing | first = Hede | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = This Deception | publisher = Duell, Sloan and Pearce | year = 1951 | location = New York | pages = 335 total | url = http://lccn.loc.gov/51002483 | doi = | id = | isbn = }} 2. ^http://spartacus-educational.com/Gerhart_Eisler.htm 3. ^Hede Massing, This Deception: KBG Targets America (1951) page 29 4. ^http://spartacus-educational.com/Hede_Massing.htm 5. ^Hede Massing, This Deception: KBG Targets America (1951) page 44 6. ^ {{cite web | title = Studies Archive, Vol. 44, No. 5: "The Alger Hiss Case" | publisher = CIA | date = 8 May 2007 [posted] | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol44no5/html/v44i5a01p.htm | accessdate = 29 January 2011}} 7. ^ {{Cite book | last = Chambers | first = Whittaker | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Witness | publisher = Random House | year = 1952 | location = New York | pages = 30, 266, 334, 354, 366, 381–382, 392, 510 | url = http://lccn.loc.gov/52005149 | doi = | id = |lccn = 52005149 }} 8. ^ {{cite news | last = | first = | title = Hede Massing, 81, Ex-Soviet Spy Who Was Witness Against Hiss | publisher = New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/09/obituaries/hede-massing-81-ex-soviet-spy-who-was-witness-against-hiss.html | date = 9 March 1981 | accessdate = 3 September 2010}} 9. ^*Benson, Robert L. The Venona Story (Ft. Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2001), p.36. 10. ^{{cite book| first = Raymond W. | last = Leonard| title = Secret Soldiers of the Revolution: Soviet Military Intelligence, 1918-1933| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=buS6T33wrioC| pages = 109–110| date = 1999| accessdate = 22 January 2017}} External sources
| last = Massing | first = Hede | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = This Deception | publisher = Duell, Sloan and Pearce | year = 1951 | location = New York | pages = 335 total | url = http://lccn.loc.gov/51002483 | doi = | id = | isbn = }}
| last = Massing | first = Hede | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Die große Täuschung. Geschichte einer Sowjetagentin | publisher = Herder | year = 1967 | location = Freiburg im Breisgau | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}
| last = Vassiliev | first = Alexander | title = Alexander Vassiliev’s Notes on Anatoly Gorsky’s December 1948 Memo on Compromised American Sources and Networks | work = | publisher = | year = 2003 | url = http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/alexander-vassilievs-notebooks-and-the-documentation-soviet-intelligence-operations-the-unit-0 | accessdate = 2012-04-21 }}
9 : Austrian journalists|German journalists|Austrian spies for the Soviet Union|Admitted Soviet spies|Soviet spies against the United States|Venona project|Writers from Vienna|1900 births|1981 deaths |
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