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词条 Instructions per second
释义

  1. Computing

     Instructions per cycle 

  2. Thousand instructions per second (TIPS/KIPS)

  3. {{anchor|MIPS}} Millions of instructions per second (MIPS)

  4. Timeline of instructions per second

  5. See also

  6. References

Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer's processor speed. For

CISC computers different instructions take different amounts of time, so the value measured depends on the instruction mix; even for comparing processors in the same family the IPS measurement can be problematic. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches and no cache contention, whereas realistic workloads typically lead to significantly lower IPS values. Memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance, an issue barely considered in IPS calculations. Because of these problems, synthetic benchmarks such as Dhrystone are now generally used to estimate computer performance in commonly used applications, and raw IPS has fallen into disuse.

The term is commonly used in association with a numeric value such as thousand/kilo instructions per second (TIPS/KIPS), million instructions per second (MIPS), and billion instructions per second (GIPS).

Computing

IPS can be calculated using this equation:[1]

However, the instructions/cycle measurement depends on the instruction sequence, the data and external factors.

Instructions per cycle

See "Instructions per cycle" (IPC for various processors).

Thousand instructions per second (TIPS/KIPS)

Before standard benchmarks were available, average speed rating of computers was based on calculations for a mix of instructions with the results given in kilo Instructions Per Second (kIPS). The most famous was the Gibson Mix,[2] produced by Jack Clark Gibson of IBM for scientific applications. Other ratings, such as the ADP mix which does not include floating point operations, were produced for commercial applications. The thousand instructions per second (kIPS) unit is rarely used today, as most current microprocessors can execute at least a million instructions per second.

{{anchor|MIPS}} Millions of instructions per second (MIPS)

{{distinguish|MIPS architecture}}

The speed of a given CPU depends on many factors, such as the type of instructions being executed, the execution order and the presence of branch instructions (problematic in CPU pipelines). CPU instruction rates are different from clock frequencies, usually reported in Hz, as each instruction may require several clock cycles to complete or the processor may be capable of executing multiple independent instructions simultaneously. MIPS can be useful when comparing performance between processors made with similar architecture (e.g. Microchip branded microcontrollers), but they are difficult to compare between differing CPU architectures.[3] This led to the term "Meaningless Indices of Performance" being popular amongst technical people by the mid-1980s.[4]

For this reason, MIPS has become not a measure of instruction execution speed, but task performance speed compared to a reference. In the late 1970s, minicomputer performance was compared using VAX MIPS, where computers were measured on a task and their performance rated against the VAX 11/780 that was marketed as a 1 MIPS machine. (The measure was also known as the VAX Unit of Performance or VUP.) This was chosen because the 11/780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System/370 model 158-3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS.

Many minicomputer performance claims were based on the Fortran version of the Whetstone benchmark, giving Millions of Whetstone Instructions Per Second (MWIPS). The VAX 11/780 with FPA (1977) runs at 1.02 MWIPS.

Effective MIPS speeds are highly dependent on the programming language used. The Whetstone Report has a table showing MWIPS speeds of PCs via early interpreters and compilers up to modern languages. The first PC compiler was for BASIC (1982) when a 4.8 MHz 8088/87 CPU obtained 0.01 MWIPS. Results on a 2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (1 CPU 2007) vary from 9.7 MWIPS using BASIC Interpreter, 59 MWIPS via BASIC Compiler, 347 MWIPS using 1987 Fortran, 1,534 MWIPS through HTML/Java to 2,403 MWIPS using a modern C/C++ compiler.

For the most early 8-bit and 16-bit microprocessors, performance was measured in thousand instructions per second (1000 KIPS = 1 MIPS).

zMIPS refers to the MIPS measure used internally by IBM to rate its mainframe servers (zSeries, IBM System z9, and IBM System z10).

Weighted million operations per second (WMOPS) is a similar measurement, used for audio codecs.

Timeline of instructions per second

Processor / SystemDhrystone MIPS or MIPS, and frequencyInstructions per clock cycle (IPS / clock cycles per second)Instructions per clock cycle per core (IPS / clock cycles per second / cores)YearSource
UNIVAC I0.002 MIPS at 2.25 MHz0.00080.00081951[5]
IBM 7030 ("Stretch")1.200 MIPS at 3.30 MHz0.3640.3641961[6][7]
CDC 660010.00 MIPS at 10.00 MHz111965[8][9]
Intel 40040.092 MIPS at 0.740 MHz
(Not Dhrystone)		0.1240.1241971[10]
IBM System/370 Model 1580.640 MIPS at 8.696 MHz0.07360.07361972[11]
Intel 80800.290 MIPS at 2.000 MHz0.1450.1451974[12]
Cray 1160.0 MIPS at 80.00 MHz221975[13]
MOS Technology 65020.430 MIPS at 1.000 MHz0.430.431975[14]
Intel 8080A0.435 MIPS at 3.000 MHz0.1450.1451976[12]
Zilog Z800.580 MIPS at 4.000 MHz0.1450.1451976[14]
Motorola 68090.420 MIPS at 1.000 MHz0.420.421977[14]
Motorola 68020.500 MIPS at 1.000 MHz0.50.51977[15]
IBM System/370 Model 158-30.730 MIPS at 8.696 MHz0.08390.08391977[11]
VAX-11/7801.000 MIPS at 5.000 MHz0.20.21977[11]
Intel 80860.330 MIPS at 5.000 MHz0.0660.0661978[12]
Fujitsu MB88432.000 MIPS at 2.000 MHz
(Not Dhrystone)		111978[16]
Intel 80880.750 MIPS at 10.00 MHz0.0750.0751979[12]
Motorola 680001.400 MIPS at 8.000 MHz0.1750.1751979[14]
Zilog Z8001/Z80021.5 MIPS at 6 MHz0.250.251979[17]
Intel 8035/8039/80486 MIPS at 6 MHz
(Not Dhrystone)		111980[18]
Fujitsu MB8843/MB88446 MIPS at 6 MHz
(Not Dhrystone)		111980[16]
Zilog Z80/Z80H1.16 MIPS at 8 MHz0.1450.1451981[14][19]
Motorola 68021.79 MIPS at 3.58 MHz0.50.51981[15][20]
Zilog Z8001/Z8002B2.5 MIPS at 10 MHz0.250.251981[17]
MOS Technology 65022.522 MIPS at 5.865 MHz0.430.431981[14][20]
Intel 2861.28 MIPS at 12 MHz0.1070.1071982[11]
Motorola 680002.188 MIPS at 12.5 MHz0.1750.1751982[14]
Motorola 680102.407 MIPS at 12.5 MHz0.1930.1931982[21]
NEC V204 MIPS at 8 MHz0.50.51982[22]
LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System (257-processor)642.5 MIPS at 10 MHz2.50.251982[23]
Texas Instruments TMS320105 MIPS at 20 MHz0.250.251983[24]
NEC V305 MIPS at 10 MHz0.50.51983[22]
Motorola 680103.209 MIPS at 16.67 MHz0.1930.1931984[21]
Motorola 680204.848 MIPS at 16 MHz0.3030.3031984[43]
Hitachi HD637052 MIPS at 2 MHz111985[25][26]
Intel i386DX2.15 MIPS at 16 MHz0.1340.1341985[11]
Hitachi-Motorola 68HC0003.5 MIPS at 20 MHz0.1750.1751985[14]
Intel 87511 MIPS at 12 MHz0.0830.0831985[27]
Sega System 16 (4-processor)16.33 MIPS at 10 MHz4.0831.0201985[28]
ARM24 MIPS at 8 MHz0.50.51986[29]
Texas Instruments TMS340106 MIPS at 50 MHz0.120.121986[30]
NEC V706.6 MIPS at 20 MHz0.330.331987[31]
Motorola 680309 MIPS at 25 MHz0.360.361987[32][54]
Gmicro/20010 MIPS at 20 MHz0.50.51987[33]
Texas Instruments TMS320C2012.5 MIPS at 25 MHz0.50.51987[34]
Analog Devices ADSP-210012.5 MIPS at 12.5 MHz111987[35]
Texas Instruments TMS320C2525 MIPS at 50 MHz0.50.51987[34]
Motorola 6802010 MIPS at 33 MHz0.3030.3031988[36]
Motorola 6803018 MIPS at 50 MHz0.360.361988[37]
Namco System 21 (10-processor)73.927 MIPS at 25 MHz2.9570.2961988[38]
Intel i386DX4.3 MIPS at 33 MHz0.130.131989[11]
Intel i486DX8.7 MIPS at 25 MHz0.3480.3481989[11]
NEC V8016.5 MIPS at 33 MHz0.50.51989[31]
Intel i86025 MIPS at 25 MHz111989[39]
Atari Hard Drivin' (7-processor)33.573 MIPS at 50 MHz0.6710.09591989[40]
NEC SX-3 (4-processor)680 MIPS at 400 MHz1.70.4251989[41]
ARM312 MIPS at 25 MHz0.50.51989[42]
Motorola 6804044 MIPS at 40 MHz1.11.11990[43]
Namco System 21 (Galaxian³) (96-processor)1,660.386 MIPS at 40 MHz41.510.4321990[44]
AMD Am3869 MIPS at 40 MHz0.2250.2251991[45]
Intel i486DX11.1 MIPS at 33 MHz0.3360.3361991[11]
Intel i86050 MIPS at 50 MHz111991[39]
Intel i486DX225.6 MIPS at 66 MHz0.3880.3881992[11]
Alpha 2106486 MIPS at 150 MHz0.5730.5731992[11]
Alpha 21064135 MIPS at 200 MHz0.6750.6751993[11][46]
MIPS R440085 MIPS at 150 MHz0.5670.5671993[78]
Gmicro/500132 MIPS at 66 MHz221993[47]
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 601157.7 MIPS at 80 MHz1.9711.9711993[48]
SGI Onyx RealityEngine2 (36-processor)2,640 MIPS at 150 MHz17.60.4891993[49]
Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator (36-processor)2,880 MIPS at 150 MHz19.20.5331993[50]
ARM740 MIPS at 45 MHz0.8890.8891994[51]
Intel DX470 MIPS at 100 MHz0.70.71994[12]
Motorola 68060110 MIPS at 75 MHz1.331.331994
Intel Pentium188 MIPS at 100 MHz1.881.881994[52]
Microchip PIC16F5 MIPS at 20 MHz0.250.251995[53]
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603e188 MIPS at 133 MHz1.4141.4141995[54]
ARM 7500FE35.9 MIPS at 40 MHz0.90.91996
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603ev423 MIPS at 300 MHz1.411.411996[54]
Intel Pentium Pro541 MIPS at 200 MHz2.72.71996[55]
Hitachi SH-4360 MIPS at 200 MHz1.81.81997[56][57]
IBM-Motorola PowerPC 750525 MIPS at 233 MHz2.32.31997
Zilog eZ8080 MIPS at 50 MHz1.61.61999[58]
Intel Pentium III2,054 MIPS at 600 MHz3.43.41999[52]
Sega Naomi Multiboard (32-processor)6,400 MIPS at 200 MHz3211999[59]
Freescale MPC8272760 MIPS at 400 MHz1.91.92000[60]
AMD Athlon3,561 MIPS at 1.2 GHz3.03.02000
Silicon Recognition ZISC 788,600 MIPS at 33 MHz260.6260.62000[61]
ARM11515 MIPS at 412 MHz1.251.252002[62]
AMD Athlon XP 2500+7,527 MIPS at 1.83 GHz4.14.12003[52]
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition9,726 MIPS at 3.2 GHz3.03.02003
Microchip PIC10F1 MIPS at 4 MHz0.250.252004[63][64]
ARM Cortex-M3125 MIPS at 100 MHz1.251.252004[65]
Nios II190 MIPS at 165 MHz1.131.132004[66]
MIPS32 4KEc356 MIPS at 233 MHz1.51.52004[67]
VIA C71,799 MIPS at 1.3 GHz1.41.42005[68]
ARM Cortex-A82,000 MIPS at 1.0 GHz2.02.02005[69]
AMD Athlon FX-5712,000 MIPS at 2.8 GHz4.34.32005
AMD Athlon 64 3800+ X2 (2-core)14,564 MIPS at 2.0 GHz7.33.62005[70]
ARM Cortex-R4450 MIPS at 270 MHz1.661.662006[71]
MIPS32 24K604 MIPS at 400 MHz1.511.512006[72]
PS3 Cell BE (PPE only)10,240 MIPS at 3.2 GHz3.23.22006
IBM Xenon CPU (3-core)19,200 MIPS at 3.2 GHz6.02.02005
AMD Athlon FX-60 (2-core)18,938 MIPS at 2.6 GHz7.33.62006[70]
Intel Core 2 Extreme X6800 (2-core)27,079 MIPS at 2.93 GHz9.24.62006[70]
Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6700 (4-core)49,161 MIPS at 2.66 GHz18.44.62006[73]
MIPS64 20Kc1,370 MIPS at 600 MHz2.32.32007[74]
P.A. Semi PA6T-1682M8,800 MIPS at 1.8 GHz4.44.42007[75]
Qualcomm Scorpion (Cortex A8-like)2,100 MIPS at 1 GHz2.12.12008[62]
Intel Atom N2703,846 MIPS at 1.6 GHz2.42.42008[76]
Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9770 (4-core)59,455 MIPS at 3.2 GHz18.64.62008[73]
Intel Core i7 920 (4-core)82,300 MIPS at 2.93 GHz28.0897.0222008[77]
ARM Cortex-M045 MIPS at 50 MHz0.90.92009[78]
ARM Cortex-A9 (2-core)7,500 MIPS at 1.5 GHz5.02.52009[79]
AMD Phenom II X4 940 Black Edition42,820 MIPS at 3.0 GHz14.33.52009[80]
AMD Phenom II X6 1100T78,440 MIPS at 3.3 GHz23.73.92010[77]
Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 980X (6-core)147,600 MIPS at 3.33 GHz44.77.462010[82]
ARM Cortex A51,256 MIPS at 800 MHz1.571.572011[69]
ARM Cortex A72,850 MIPS at 1.5 GHz1.91.92011[62]
Qualcomm Krait (Cortex A15-like, 2-core)9,900 MIPS at 1.5 GHz6.63.32011[62]
AMD E-350 (2-core)10,000 MIPS at 1.6 GHz6.253.1252011[83]
Nvidia Tegra 3 (Quad core Cortex-A9)13,800 MIPS at 1.5 GHz9.22.52011
Samsung Exynos 5250 (Cortex-A15-like 2-core14,000 MIPS at 2.0 GHz7.03.52011[84]
Intel Core i5-2500K 4-core83,000 MIPS at 3.3 GHz25.1526.2882011[85]
Intel Core i7 875K92,100 MIPS at 2.93 GHz31.47.852011[77]
AMD FX-8150 (8-core)90,749 MIPS at 3.6 GHz25.23.152011[86]
Intel Core i7 2600K117,160 MIPS at 3.4 GHz34.458.612011[87]
Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 3960X (6-core)176,170 MIPS at 3.3 GHz53.388.892011[88]
AMD FX-835097,125 MIPS at 4.2 GHz23.12.92012[86][89]
AMD FX-9590115,625 MIPS at 5.0 GHz23.12.92012[77]
Intel Core i7 3770K106,924 MIPS at 3.9 GHz27.46.92012[86]
Intel Core i7 3630QM113,093 MIPS at 3.2 GHz35.38.832012[90]
Intel Core i7 4770K133,740 MIPS at 3.9 GHz34.298.572013[86][89][91]
Intel Core i7 5960X238,310 MIPS at 3.0 GHz79.49.922014[92]
Raspberry Pi 24,744 MIPS at 1.0 GHz 4.744 1.186 2014[93]
Intel Core i7 6950X317,900 MIPS at 3.0 GHz10610.62016[94]
Intel Core i5 7300U53,840 MIPS at 2.6 GHz20.710.42016[95]
Intel Core i7 7500U49,360 MIPS at 2.7 GHz18.39.12016[96]
ARM Cortex A7371,120 MIPS at 2.8 GHz25.46.352016
ARM Cortex A75???2017
ARM Cortex A76???2018
Intel Core i5 8250U65,770 MIPS at 1.6 GHz41.110.32017[97]
AMD Ryzen 7 1800X304,510 MIPS at 3.6 GHz 84.6 10.6 2017[98]
Processor / SystemDhrystone MIPS / MIPSD IPS / clock cycles per secondD IPS / clock cycles per second / cores per dieYearSource

See also

{{Portal|Computer Science}}
  • TOP500
  • FLOPS - floating-point operations per second
  • SUPS
  • Benchmark (computing)
  • BogoMips (measurement of CPU speed made by the Linux kernel)
  • Instructions per cycle
  • Cycles per instruction
  • Dhrystone (benchmark) - DMIPS integer benchmark
  • Whetstone (benchmark) - floating-point benchmark
  • Million service units (MSU)
  • Orders of magnitude (computing)
  • Performance per watt

References

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2. ^{{cite techreport |last=Gibson |first=J.C. |year=1970 |title=The Gibson Mix |type=Technical Report TR 00.2043 |institution=IBM Systems Development Division |location=Poughkeepsie, N.Y.}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibmsystemsmag.com/mainframe/enewsletterexclusive/9806p1.aspx|title=Don't be Misled by MIPS|author=Ted MacNeil|publisher=IBM magazine}}
4. ^{{cite magazine| url = https://archive.org/stream/PC-Mag-1987-11-24#page/n105/mode/2up| title = The Best of Both Worlds: Mac II vs. IBM PS/2 Model 80| page = 105| date = November 24, 1987| publisher = PC Magazine}}
5. ^{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |title=US Steel News |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2RMAQAAIAAJ |accessdate= |volume=15-20 |year=1950–1955 |publisher=Industrial Relations Department of The United States Steel Corporation of Delaware |location= |isbn= |page=29 }}
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10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cpushack.com/chippics/Intel/MCS4/IntelP4004.html|title=MCS4 > IntelP4004|publisher=}}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web|url=http://www.jcmit.com/cpu-performance.htm|title=Cost of CPU Performance Through Time 1944-2003|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009144357/http://www.jcmit.com/cpu-performance.htm|archivedate=2014-10-09|df=}}
12. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.depi.itch.edu.mx/apacheco/asm/Intel_cpus.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231244/http://www.depi.itch.edu.mx/apacheco/asm/Intel_cpus.htm |archivedate=2012-04-24|title=Intel Processors|date=24 April 2012|publisher=}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Electronic/Cray.html|title=History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, Electronic computer, Cray computers of Seymour Cray|website=history-computer.com|access-date=2017-05-25}}
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=http://www.drolez.com/retro/|title=Lud's Open Source Corner|first=Ludovic|last=Drolez|publisher=}}
15. ^1 2 cycles per instruction  
16. ^1 1 instruction per cycle [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111132/http://www.datasheetarchive.com/dlmain/Datasheets-112/DSAP0049295.pdf]
17. ^1 4 cycles per instruction   {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609205112/http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/zilog/z8000/Zilog%20Z8000%20reference%20manual.pdf|date=2015-06-09}} = 0.25 instructions per cycle
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_inteldataSngleComponent8BitMicrocomputerDataSheet1_846962/8048_8035_HMOS_Single_Component_8-Bit_Microcomputer_DataSheet_1980|title=intel :: dataSheets :: 8048 8035 HMOS Single Component 8-Bit Microcomputer DataSheet 1980|publisher=}}
19. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219195401/http://www.cityofberwyn.com/simulation/gameHardware/G80ref1.20.txt |url=http://www.cityofberwyn.com/simulation/gameHardware/G80ref1.20.txt|archivedate=2012-02-19|title=Sega G80 Hardware Reference|date=25 October 1997}}
20. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=735|title=System 16 - Irem M27 Hardware (Irem)|publisher=}}
21. ^1 10% faster   than 68000 (0.175 MIPS per MHz  )
22. ^1 NEC V20/V30: 250 nanoseconds per instruction @ 8 MHz
23. ^LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System: 257× Zilog Z8001   at 10 MHz   (2.5 MIPS   {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609205112/http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/zilog/z8000/Zilog%20Z8000%20reference%20manual.pdf|date=2015-06-09}}) each
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tms320ss16.pdf|title=TMS320C1x DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111247/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tms320ss16.pdf|archivedate=2014-10-06|df=}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/pdf/1985/08/1985_08_05.pdf|title=ZTAT (ZeroTurnAroundTime) Microcomputers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006164550/http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/pdf/1985/08/1985_08_05.pdf |archivedate=October 6, 2014}}
26. ^http://www.datasheetarchive.com/dlmain/Datasheets-13/DSA-246134.pdf{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
27. ^1 instruction per cycle  
28. ^Sega System 16: Hitachi-Motorola 68000 @ 10 MHz (1.75 MIPS), NEC-Zilog Z80 @ 4 MHz (0.58 MIPS)    , Intel 8751 @ 8 MHz   (8 MIPS  ), Intel 8048 @ 6 MHz {{cite web|url=http://cgfm2.emuviews.com/txt/p16tech.txt|title=Archived copy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125154636/http://cgfm2.emuviews.com/txt/p16tech.txt|archivedate=2016-01-25|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2016-08-08|df=}} (6 MIPS [https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_inteldataSngleComponent8BitMicrocomputerDataSheet1_846962/8048_8035_HMOS_Single_Component_8-Bit_Microcomputer_DataSheet_1980])
29. ^{{cite web |url=https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/acorn/microarchitectures/arm2 |website=Wikichip.org |accessdate=17 October 2018}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzoEAAAAMBAJ|title=InfoWorld|first=InfoWorld Media Group|last=Inc|date=23 January 1989|publisher=InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.|via=Google Books}}
31. ^1 http://ipsj.ixsq.nii.ac.jp/ej/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=59745&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=8
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU7dCBpP7fsC|title=PC Mag|first=Ziff Davis|last=Inc|date=24 November 1987|publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc.|via=Google Books}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/tronvlsicpu.html|title=TRON VLSI CPU Introduction|publisher=}}
34. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://historyofracinggames.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/060-1987-drivers-eyes-1989-winning-run.pdf|title=060 1987 Drivers Eyes + 1989 Winning Run|work=The history of racing games|date=June 2007}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://pdf.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheet/analogdevices/ADSP-2100KG.pdf|title=Analog Devices - datasheet pdf|publisher=}}
36. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/prod_summary.jsp?code=MC68020|title=32-Bit Microprocessor-NXP|publisher=}}
37. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/prod_summary.jsp?code=MC68030|title=Enhanced 32-Bit Processor-NXP|publisher=}}
38. ^Namco System 21 hardware: 5× Texas Instruments TMS320C20 @ 25 MHz (62.5 MIPS  ), 2× Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz   (4.301 MIPS  ), Motorola 68020   @ 12.5 MHz (3.788 MIPS  ), Hitachi HD63705 @ 2.048 MHz [https://archive.is/20141121115057/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/namcos21.c] (2.048 MIPS [https://web.archive.org/web/20140918053051/http://www.datasheetarchive.com/dlmain/Datasheets-13/DSA-246134.pdf]), Motorola 6809 @ 3.072 MHz [https://archive.is/20141121115057/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/namcos21.c] (1.29 MIPS  )
39. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://alacron.com/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=Inteli860_basedBusBoardsFT_200_VME&category=news|title=Intel i860-based Bus Boards|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130625223553/http://alacron.com/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=Inteli860_basedBusBoardsFT_200_VME&category=news|archivedate=2013-06-25|df=}}
40. ^Atari Hard Drivin' hardware:   Motorola 68000 @ 7 MHz (1.225 MIPS  ), Motorola 68010 @ 7 MHz (1.348 MIPS  ), 3× Texas Instruments TMS34010 @ 50 MHz (18 MIPS [https://books.google.com/books?id=KzoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT22]), Analog Devices ADSP-2100 @ 8 MHz (8 MIPS  ), Texas Instruments TMS32010 @ 20 MHz (5 MIPS {{cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tms320ss16.pdf|title=Archived copy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111247/http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tms320ss16.pdf|archivedate=2014-10-06|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2014-09-17|df=}})
41. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle/j$002fpiko.1990.13.issue-4$002fpiko.1990.13.4.205$002fpiko.1990.13.4.205.xml;jsessionid=2928071D864D5E4F9045C8A209E7AA94|title=SUPERCOMPUTER|journal=Pik - Praxis der Informationsverarbeitung und Kommunikation|publisher=|volume=13|issue=4|doi=10.1515/piko.1990.13.4.205|year=1990}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/acorn/microarchitectures/arm3 |website=Wikichip.org |accessdate=17 October 2018}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/prod_summary.jsp?code=MC68040|title=(Including EC, LC, and V)-NXP|publisher=}}
44. ^Namco System 21 (Galaxian³) hardware: [https://archive.is/20141121115053/https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/gal3.c] 80× Texas Instruments TMS320C25 @ 40 MHz (1600 MIPS  ), 5× Motorola 68020 @ 24.576 MHz (37.236 MIPS  ) Motorola 68000 @ 12.288 MHz (2.15 MIPS  ), 10× Motorola 68000 @ 12 MHz (21 MIPS  )
45. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sc0wyeolS8cC|title=Computerworld|first=I. D. G.|last=Enterprise|date=25 March 1991|publisher=IDG Enterprise|via=Google Books}}
46. ^Digital's 21064 Microprocessor, Digital Equipment Corporation{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (c1992) accessdate=2009-08-29
47. ^{{cite journal|title=The Gmicro/500 Superscalar Microprocessor with Branch Buffers|journal = IEEE Micro|first1=Kunio|last1=Uchiyama|first2=Fumio|last2=Arakawa|first3=Susumu|last3=Narita|first4=Hirokazu|last4=Aoki|first5=Ikuya|last5=Kawasaki|first6=Shigezumi|last6=Matsui|first7=Mitsuyoshi|last7=Yamamoto|first8=Norio|last8=Nakagawa|first9=Ikuo|last9=Kudo|date=1 September 1993|publisher=|volume=13|issue=5|pages=12–22|doi=10.1109/40.237998}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.netlib.org/performance/html/dhrystone.data.col0.html|title=dhrystone|publisher=}}
49. ^24× MIPS R4400 (2040 MIPS),   12× Intel i860 (600 MIPS) {{cite web|url=http://alacron.com/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=Inteli860_basedBusBoardsFT_200_VME&category=news|title=Archived copy|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130625223553/http://alacron.com/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=Inteli860_basedBusBoardsFT_200_VME&category=news|archivedate=2013-06-25|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2014-09-17|df=}}
50. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=832|title=System 16 - Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator Hardware (Namco)|publisher=}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.segatech.com/technical/saturnspecs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030301001846/http://www.segatech.com/technical/saturnspecs/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2003-03-01 |title=DCTP - Saturn Specifications |publisher= }}
52. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/charts/cpu-charts-2004/Sandra-CPU-Dhrystone,449.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130205075133/http://www.tomshardware.com/charts/cpu-charts-2004/Sandra-CPU-Dhrystone,449.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-02-05|title=Charts, benchmarks CPU Charts 2004, Sandra - CPU Dhrystone|publisher=}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.microchip.com/wwwproducts/Devices.aspx?dDocName=en010230|title=PIC16F84A - 8-bit PIC Microcontrollers|publisher=}}
54. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.fermimn.gov.it/inform/materiali/evarchi/motorola/603e_fs.pdf|title=MOTOROLA P OWER PC 603 E ™ MICROPROCESSOR}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sisoftware.co.uk/|title=SiSoftware – Windows, GPGPU, Android, iOS analysers, diagnostic and benchmarking apps|publisher=}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.segatech.com/technical/cpu/|title=DCTP - Hitachi's 200 MHz SH-4|publisher=}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.segatech.com/archives/january1998.html |title=DCTP - January 1998 News Archives |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063757/http://www.segatech.com/archives/january1998.html |archivedate=2016-03-05 |df= }}
58. ^{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CGN/is_3751/ai_55817127 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120525013958/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CGN/is_3751/ai_55817127 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-05-25 |work=Computergram International |title=Zilog Sees New Lease of Life for Z80 in Internet Appliances |year=1999 }}
59. ^Sega Naomi Multiboard hardware:     16× Hitachi SH-4 at 200 MHz (5760 MIPS  ), 16× ARM7 at 45 MHz (640 MIPS [https://web.archive.org/web/20030301001846/http://www.segatech.com/technical/saturnspecs/])
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freescale.com/files/netcomm/doc/fact_sheet/MPC8272FAMFS.pdf|title=Freescale Semiconductor - MPC8272 PowerQUICC II Processor Family|publisher=}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.datasheetarchive.com/ZISC78-datasheet.html|title=ZISC78 datasheet & application note - Datasheet Archive|publisher=}}
62. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/4991/arms-cortex-a7-bringing-cheaper-dualcore-more-power-efficient-highend-devices|title=ARM's Cortex A7: Bringing Cheaper Dual-Core & More Power Efficient High-End Devices|first=Anand Lal|last=Shimpi|publisher=}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.microchip.com/wwwproducts/Devices.aspx?dDocName=en019863|title=PIC10F200 - 8-bit PIC Microcontrollers|publisher=}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=2018&mcparam=en020144|title=Microchip Redirect|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121958/http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=2018&mcparam=en020144|archivedate=2014-10-06|df=}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-m/cortex-m3.php|title=Cortex-M3 Processor - ARM|publisher=}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.altera.com/literature/ds/ds_nios2_perf.pdf|title=Nios II Performance Benchmarks|publisher=}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.design-reuse.com/news/8544/mips-architecture-enabling-list-mobile-processors.html|title=MIPS Architecture Enabling Growing List of Mobile Application Processors|publisher=}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mini-itx.com/reviews/pico-itx/default.asp?page=6|title=mini-itx.com - epia px 10000 review|publisher=}}
69. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-a/index.php?tab=Compare%20Processors|title=Cortex-A Series - ARM|publisher=}}
70. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/charts/cpu-charts-2007/Synthetic-SiSoft-Sandra-XI-CPU,333.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130204130212/http://www.tomshardware.com/charts/cpu-charts-2007/Synthetic-SiSoft-Sandra-XI-CPU,333.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-02-04|title=Charts, benchmarks CPU Charts 2007, Synthetic SiSoft Sandra XI CPU|publisher=}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-r/cortex-r4.php|title=Cortex-R4 Processor - ARM|publisher=}}
72. ^24K{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
73. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/articles/|title=Tom's Hardware Articles - Find and Filter Our Latest Articles|publisher=}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.design-reuse.com/sip/view.php?id=3049|title=Semiconductor IP Cores Companies|publisher=}}
75. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4069313/Startup-takes-PowerPC-to-25-W |title=Startup takes PowerPC to 25 W |author=Merritt, Rick |publisher=UBM Tech |work=EE Times |date=5 February 2007 |accessdate=20 November 2012}}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ocworkbench.com/2008/ecs/ECS_945GCT-D_Atom_board/b1.htm|title=Benchmarks of ECS 945GCT-D with Intel Atom 1.6GHz|publisher=}}
77. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/charts/desktop-cpu-charts-2010/ALU-Performance-SiSoftware-Sandra-2010-Pro-ALU,2408.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130204153332/http://www.tomshardware.com/charts/desktop-cpu-charts-2010/ALU-Performance-SiSoftware-Sandra-2010-Pro-ALU,2408.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-02-04|title=Charts, benchmarks Desktop CPU Charts 2010, ALU Performance: SiSoftware Sandra 2010 Pro (ALU)|publisher=}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-m/cortex-m0.php|title=Cortex-M0 Processor - ARM|publisher=}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eeejournal.com/2009/12/arm11-vs-cortex-a8-vs-cortex-a9.html|title=EEE Journal: ARM11 vs Cortex A8 vs Cortex A9 - Netbooks processors EEE PC, MSI Wind, HP, Acer Aspire, ARM Cortex vs Intel Atom|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719103301/http://www.eeejournal.com/2009/12/arm11-vs-cortex-a8-vs-cortex-a9.html|archivedate=2011-07-19|df=}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.xtremesystems.org/forums/showpost.php?p=3579940&postcount=513|title=The Phenom II List of Overclocks - Page 21|publisher=}}
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-a/cortex-a15.php|title=Cortex-A15 Processor - ARM|publisher=}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.overclock3d.net/reviews/cpu_mainboard/intel_980x_gulftown/4|title=OC3D :: Review :: Intel 980x Gulftown :: Synthetic Benchmarks|publisher=}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/asrock-e350m1-amd-brazos-zacate-apu,2840-10.html|title=Benchmark Results: Sandra 2011 - ASRock's E350M1: AMD's Brazos Platform Hits The Desktop First|date=14 January 2011|publisher=}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/global/business/semiconductor/minisite/Exynos/news_11.html|title=Samsung Semiconductor Global Official Website|publisher=}}
85. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.guru3d.com/articles-pages/core-i5-2500k-and-core-i7-2600k-review,13.html|title=Core i5 2500K and Core i7 2600K review|publisher=}}
86. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.cpu-world.com/benchmarks/browse/910_80,965_61,993_80,1035_96/?c_test=6&PROCESS=Show%20Selected|title=Test: Sandra Dhrystone (MIPS) for i7-4770K, i7-3770K, FX-8350, FX-8150|publisher=}}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/core-i7-990x-extreme-edition-gulftown,2874-6.html|title=Benchmark Results: SiSoftware Sandra 2011 - The Intel Core i7-990X Extreme Edition Processor Review|date=25 February 2011|publisher=}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://hardocp.com/article/2011/11/14/intel_core_i73960x_sandy_bridge_e_processor_review/4|title=HardOCP - Synthetic Benchmarks|publisher=}}
89. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://versus.com/en/amd-fx-8350-black-edition-vs-intel-core-i7-4770k|title=AMD FX-8350 Black Edition vs Intel Core i7-4770K - Compare CPUs|publisher=}}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.notebookcheck.net/Intel-Core-i7-3630QM-Notebook-Processor.80051.0.html|title=Intel Core i7 3630QM Notebook Processor|publisher=}}
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.notebookcheck.net/Intel-Core-i7-Desktop-4770K-Notebook-Processor.93553.0.html|title=Intel Core i7-4770K Desktop Processor|publisher=}}
92. ^{{cite web|url=http://techgage.com/print/core-i7-5960x-extreme-edition-review-intels-overdue-desktop-8-core-is-here/|title=Core i7-5960X Extreme Edition Review: Intel's Overdue Desktop 8-Core Is Here|date=August 29, 2014|author=Rob Williams|work=Techgage}}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://hackaday.com/2015/02/05/benchmarking-the-raspberry-pi-2/|title=Benchmarking The Raspberry Pi 2|last=By|publisher=hackaday.com|date=2015-02-05}}
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cpubenchmark.net/cpu.php?cpu=Intel+Core+i7-6950X+%40+3.00GHz/|title=Core i7-6950X Extreme Edition Deca Core benchmarks. About 6% IPC gains over Haswell-E|date=October 16, 2016|author=Intel InGaAs FTW|work=cpubenchmark, passmark, cpuboss,geekbench,cinebench}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
95. ^{{cite web|url=http://ranker.sisoftware.net/show_device.php?q=c9a598d1bfcbaec2e2a1cebcd9f990a588bf8cbc8cd9ff98a595b3c1fcccea83be8caac2ffcfe991ac9dbbdebb86b690e3deee&l=en|title=Core i5-7300U benchmarks|date=November 1, 2017|author=Espinozahg|work=dhrysfone}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://ranker.sisoftware.net/show_device.php?q=c9a598d1bfcbaec2e2a1cebcd9f990a78abd88b888ddfb9ca191b7c5f8c8ee87ba88aec6fbcbed95a899bfdabf82b294e7daea&l=en|title=Core i7-7500U benchmarks|date=November 1, 2017|author=Espinozahg|work=dhrysfone}}
97. ^{{cite web|url=http://ranker.sisoftware.net/show_device.php?q=c9a598d1bfcbaec2e2a1cebcd9f990a588b082b787d2f493ae9eb8caf7c7e188b587a1c9f4c4e29aa796b0d5b08dbd9be8d5e5&l=en|title=Core i5-8250U benchmarks|date=November 1, 2017|author=Espinozahg|work=dhrysfone}}
98. ^{{cite web|url=http://hothardware.com/gallery/Article/2588?image=big_ryzen-1800x-san-cpu.jpg&tag=popup|title=AMD Ryzen 7 1800X, 1700X, And 1700 Review And Benchmarks: Zen Brings The Fight Back To Intel|first=Marco|last=Chiappetta|publisher=HotHardware|date=2017-03-02}}
{{CPU technologies}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Instructions Per Second}}

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