| 词条 | Ixtab |
| 释义 |
At the time of the Spanish conquest of Yucatán (1527-1546), Ix Tab, or Ixtab ([iʃˈtaɓ], 'Woman whose work involves the use of a rope'), was the indigenous Mayan goddess of suicide by hanging. Playing the role of a psychopomp, she would accompany such suicides to heaven. No certain depictions of Ixtab are known. SourcesThe only description of the goddess occurs in the so-called 'Relación' of the 16th-century Spanish inquisitor, Diego de Landa:[1] {{quote|They said also and held it as absolutely certain that those who hanged themselves went to this heaven of theirs; and on this account, there were many persons who on slight occasions of sorrows, troubles or sickness, hanged themselves in order to escape these things and to go and rest in their heaven [gloria], where they said that the goddess of the gallows [la diosa de la horca], whom they called Ix Tab, would bring them.”[2]}}Beyond this description, there is only a very brief and somewhat obscure mention of Ix Tab in the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin and in the Pérez Codex, in a context of chaos, suffering, and hangings: “They suspended Ix Tab from their hands,” or, alternatively, “Ix Tab suspended them from her hands.”[3] ComparisonsIx Tab is the female form of ah tab 'hangman'.[4] The function of Ix Tab as a benevolent 'hangwoman' could derive from a basic association with snares.[5] Landa (Tozzer 1941: 155) mentions the hunting deity [Ah] Tabay ('Ensnarer' or 'Deceiver'), possibly a patron of hunting with snares, including such that hoist the prey into the air. Animals hoisted by such snares are found depicted in the Dresden and Madrid codices, the Madrid codex (MC45c) personifying one of these traps by a male hunting deity. Ix Tab could be understood as a specialized, female form of such a deity, luring the human quarry into the hanging rope personified by her. Suicides freely putting their heads into this 'snare' (prompted, perhaps, by a dream) could then be seen to consecrate themselves to her. On the other hand, the Xtabay of contemporary folklore is a seductive female demon 'ensnaring' or 'deceiving' her male human preys so as to madden and destroy them.[6]Dresden CodexThe Dresden Codex picture (DC53b) of a dead woman with a rope around the neck, suspended from a celestial bar, is often, and without further proof, taken to represent Ix Tab. However, since the picture occurs in a section devoted to eclipses of sun and moon,[7] it may rather have been used to symbolize a lunar eclipse and its dire consequences for women, who were intimately associated with the moon goddess. As possible fabricationIt has been claimed that the Pre-Spanish Maya did not have a suicide goddess, or a significant narrative of suicide by hanging.[8] Originally, Ix Tab may only have been a hunting goddess (see above, 'Comparisons').[9] Today, the sensationalist idea of a 'cult of Ix Tab' appears to be invoked by popular Yucatecan media to portray suicide as an indigenous problem, given that Yucatán has a suicide rate more than double that of Mexico at large.[10] See also
References1. ^Tozzer 1941: 132, slightly adapted 2. ^Landa: "los venía a llevar," Tozzer: "came to fetch them." 3. ^Reyes-Foster and Kangas 2016: 9 4. ^Ciudad Real 2001: 55 5. ^cf. Reyes-Foster and Kangas 2016: 19-20 6. ^Thompson 1970: 309 7. ^Thompson 1972: 71-77 8. ^Reyes-Foster and Kangas 2016 9. ^Reyes-Foster and Kangas 2016: 19 10. ^Reyes-Foster and Kangas 2016: 5-6 Bibliography
6 : Maya goddesses|Hunting goddesses|Maya mythology and religion|Suicide|Religion and suicide|Death goddesses |
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