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词条 1885
释义

  1. Events

      January–March    April–June    July–September    October–December    Date unknown  

  2. Births

      January–March    April–June    July–September    October–December  

  3. Deaths

      January–June    July–December    Date unknown  

  4. In fiction

  5. References

  6. Further reading

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}{{Year dab|1885|M-1885|Model 1885}}{{Year nav|1885}}{{C19 year in topic}}{{Year article header|1885}}{{TOC limit|2}}

Events

January–March

  • January 3–4 – Sino-French War – Battle of Núi Bop: French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam.
  • January 4 – The first successful appendectomy is performed by Dr. William W. Grant, on Mary Gartside.
  • January 17 – Mahdist War in Sudan – Battle of Abu Klea: British troops defeat Mahdist forces.
  • January 20 – American inventor LaMarcus Adna Thompson patents a roller coaster.
  • January 24 – Irish terrorists damage Westminster Hall and the Tower of London with dynamite.[1]
  • January 26 – Mahdist War in Sudan: Troops loyal to Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad conquer Khartoum; British commander Charles George Gordon is killed.[2]
  • February 5 – King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State, as a personal possession.
  • February 7 – The play La vida alegre y muerte triste by dramatist José Echegaray opens.
  • February 9 – The first Japanese arrive in Hawaii.
  • February 16 – Charles Dow publishes the first edition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The index stood at a level of 62.76, and represented the dollar average of 14 stocks: 12 railroads and two leading American industries.[3]
  • February 21 – United States President Chester A. Arthur dedicates the Washington Monument.
  • February 23
    • Sino-French War – Battle of Đồng Đăng: France gains an important victory over China, in the Tonkin region of modern-day Vietnam.
    • An English executioner fails after several attempts to hang John Babbacombe Lee, sentenced for the murder of his employer Emma Keyse; Lee's sentence is commuted to life imprisonment.
  • February 26 – The final act of the Berlin Conference regulates European colonization and trade, in the scramble for Africa.[2]
  • February 28 – February concludes without having a full moon.
  • March 3 – A subsidiary of the American Bell Telephone Company, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), is incorporated in New York.
  • March 4 – Grover Cleveland is sworn in, as the 22nd President of the United States.
  • March 7 – The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid is founded.
  • March 14 – Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Mikado opens, at the Savoy Theatre in London.[4]
  • March 26
    • Prussian deportations: The Prussian government, motivated by Otto von Bismarck, expels all ethnic Poles and Jews without German citizenship from Prussia.
    • The North-West Rebellion in Canada by the Métis people, led by Louis Riel, begins with the Battle of Duck Lake.
    • First legal cremation in England: Mrs Jeannette C. Pickersgill of London, "well known in literary and scientific circles",[5] is cremated by the Cremation Society at Woking, Surrey.
  • March 30 – The Battle for Kushka triggers the Panjdeh Incident, which nearly gives rise to war between the British Empire and Russian Empire.
  • March 31 – The United Kingdom establishes the Bechuanaland Protectorate.[6]

April–June

  • April 2 – Frog Lake Massacre: Cree warriors led by Wandering Spirit kill 9 settlers at Frog Lake in the Northwest Territories.
  • April 3 – Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent, for his single-cylinder water-cooled engine design.
  • April 11 – Luton Town Football Club is created by the merger of (Luton) Wanderers F.C. and Luton Excelsior F.C. in England.
  • April 14 – Sino-French War: A French victory at Kép causes China to withdraw its forces from Tonkin, in the final engagement of the conflict.
  • April 30 – A bill is signed in the New York State legislature, forming the Niagara Falls State Park.
  • May 2
    • Good Housekeeping magazine goes on sale for the first time in the United States.
    • North-West Rebellion – Battle of Cut Knife: Cree and Assiniboine warriors win their largest victory over Canadian forces.
    • The Congo Free State is established, by King Leopold II of Belgium.
  • May 9–12 – North-West Rebellion – Battle of Batoche: Canadian government forces inflict a decisive defeat on Métis rebels, bringing an end to their part in the rebellion.
  • May 19 – After a three-month legislative battle in the Illinois General Assembly, John A. Logan is re-elected to the United States Senate.
  • May 20 – The first public train departs Swanage railway station, on the newly built Swanage Railway in England.
  • June 3 – Battle of Loon Lake: The Canadian North-West Mounted Police and allies force a party of Plains Cree warriors to surrender in the last skirmish of the North-West Rebellion, and the last battle fought on Canadian soil.
  • June 17 – The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York Harbor.
  • June 23 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
  • June 24 – Randolph Churchill becomes Secretary of State for India.

July–September

  • July 6 – Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux successfully test their rabies vaccine. The patient is Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog.
  • July 14 – Sarah E. Goode is the first African-American woman to apply for and receive a patent, for the invention of the hideaway bed.
  • July 15 – The Reservation at Niagara Falls opens, enabling access to all for free. Thomas V. Welch is the first Superintendent of the Park.
  • July 20 – Professional football is legalized in Britain.
  • July 28 – Louis Riel's trial for treason begins in Regina.
  • August 19 – S Andromedae, the only supernova seen in the Andromeda Galaxy so far by astronomers, and the first ever noted outside the Milky Way, is discovered.
  • August 29 – Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for the Daimler Reitwagen, regarded as the first motorcycle, which he has produced with Wilhelm Maybach.[7][8][9]
  • September 2 – The Rock Springs massacre occurs in Rock Springs, Wyoming; 150 white miners attack their Chinese coworkers, killing 28, wounding 15, and forcing several hundred more out of town.
  • September 6 – Eastern Rumelia declares its union with Bulgaria, completing the Unification of Bulgaria.
  • September 8 – Saint Thomas Academy is founded in Minnesota.
  • September 12 – Arbroath FC defeats Bon Accord FC, 36-0, in the highest score ever in professional football.
  • September 15 – A train wreck of the P. T. Barnum Circus kills giant elephant Jumbo, at St. Thomas, Ontario.
  • September 18 – The union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is proclaimed at Plovdiv.
  • September 30 – A British force abolishes the Boer republic of Stellaland, and adds it to British Bechuanaland.

October–December

  • October 3 – Millwall F.C. is founded by workers on the Isle of Dogs in London, as Millwall Rovers.
  • October 12 – The city of Fresno, California is incorporated.
  • October 13 – The Georgia Institute of Technology is established in Atlanta, as the Georgia School of Technology.
  • October 25 – Symphony No. 4 (Brahms) is premiered in Meiningen, Germany, with Johannes Brahms himself conducting it.
  • November – The Third Anglo-Burmese War begins.
  • November 7 – Canadian Pacific Railway: In Craigellachie, British Columbia, construction ends on a railway extending across Canada. Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald considers the project to be vital to Canada, due to the exponentially greater potential for military mobility.
  • November 14–28 – Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares war against Bulgaria, but is defeated in the Battle of Slivnitsa on November 17–19.
  • November 16 – Louis Riel, Canadian rebel leader of the Métis, is executed for high treason.
  • December 1 – The U.S. Patent Office acknowledges this date as the day Dr Pepper is served for the very first time; the exact date of Dr. Pepper's invention is unknown.
  • December 28 – 72 Indian lawyers, academics and journalists gather in Bombay, to form the Congress Party.

Date unknown

  • Karl Benz produces the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, regarded as the first automobile (patented and publicly launched the following year).[10]
  • John Kemp Starley demonstrates the Rover safety bicycle, regarded as the first practical modern bicycle.[11]
  • Chile's Matrimony and Civil Registry laws come into effect.
  • A cholera outbreak occurs in Spain.
  • The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, designed by William Le Baron Jenney, is completed. With ten floors and a fireproof weight-bearing metal frame, it is regarded as the first skyscraper.[12]
  • Bicycle Playing Cards are first produced.
  • The Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association is established in the United Kingdom, to provide charitable assistance.
  • Camp Dudley, the oldest continually running boys' camp in the United States, is founded.
  • John Ormsby publishes his new English translation of Don Quixote, acclaimed as the most scholarly made up to that time. It will remain in print through the 20th Century.
  • Michigan Technological University (originally Michigan Mining School) opens its doors for the first time, in the future Houghton County Fire Hall.

Births

January–March

  • January 6 – Florence Turner, American actress (d. 1946)
  • January 8 – John Curtin, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1945)
  • January 11
    • Jack Hoxie, American actor, rodeo performer (d. 1965)
    • Alice Paul, American women's rights activist (d. 1977)
  • January 12
    • Harry Benjamin, American endocrinologist, sexologist (d. 1986)
    • Claude Fuess, 10th Headmaster of Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts (d. 1963)
  • January 14 – Constantin Sănătescu, 44th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1947)
  • January 16 – Zhou Zuoren, Chinese writer (d. 1967)
  • January 21 – Umberto Nobile, Italian aviator and explorer (d. 1978)
  • January 25 – Roy Geiger, American general (d. 1947)
  • January 26
    • Michael Considine, Australian politician (d. 1959)
    • Harry Ricardo, English mechanical engineer, engine pioneer (d. 1974)
  • January 27
    • Jerome Kern, American composer (d. 1945)
    • Eduard Künneke, German composer (d. 1953)
    • Harry Ruby, American musician, composer, and writer (d. 1974)
  • January 28 – Władysław Raczkiewicz, former President of Poland (d. 1947)
  • January 30 – John Henry Towers, U. S. Admiral and naval aviation pioneer (d. 1955)
  • February 1 – Friedrich Kellner, German diarist, (d. 1970)
  • February 7
    • Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1951)
    • Hugo Sperrle, German field marshal (d. 1953)
  • February 9 – Alban Berg, Austrian composer (d. 1935)
  • February 10 – Rupert Downes, Australian general (d. 1945)
  • February 13
    • Bess Truman, First Lady of the United States (d. 1982)
    • George Fitzmaurice, French-American motion picture director (d. 1940)
  • February 14
    • Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian-born Muslim philosopher (d. 1949)
    • Zengo Yoshida, Japanese admiral (d. 1966)
  • February 15 – Princess Alice of Battenberg (d. 1969)
  • February 18 – Richard S. Edwards, American admiral (d. 1956)
  • February 21 – Sacha Guitry, Russian-born dramatist, writer, director, and actor (d. 1957)
  • February 22 – Pat Sullivan, Australian-born director, animated film producer (d. 1933)
  • February 24
    • Chester W. Nimitz, American admiral (d. 1966)
    • Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish writer, painter (d. 1939)
  • February 26 – Aleksandras Stulginskis, President of Lithuania (d. 1969)
  • March 6 – Ring Lardner, American writer (d. 1933)
  • March 7 – John Tovey, British admiral of the fleet (d. 1971)
  • March 11 – Sir Malcolm Campbell, English land, water racer (d. 1948)
  • March 14 – Raoul Lufbery, American World War I pilot (d. 1918)
  • March 27 – Julio Lozano Díaz, President of Honduras (d. 1957)
  • March 31 – Pascin, Bulgarian painter (d. 1930)

April–June

  • April 1
    • Wallace Beery, American actor (d. 1949)
    • Clementine Churchill, wife of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (d. 1977)
  • April 3
    • Allan Dwan, Canadian-born film director (d. 1981)
    • St John Philby, Ceylonese-born British Arabist (d. 1960)
  • April 4 – Bee Ho Gray, American Wild West star, silent film actor and vaudeville performer (d. 1951)
  • April 7 – Walther Schwieger, German U-boat commander of U-20, which sank the Lusitania (d. 1917)
  • April 12 – Hermann Hoth, German general (d. 1971)
  • April 13
    • John Cunningham, British admiral (d. 1962)
    • Otto Plath, American father of poet Sylvia Plath, entomologist (d. 1940)
    • Vean Gregg, American baseball player (d. 1964)
  • April 16 – Charles Debbas, 1st President, 5th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1935)
  • April 17 – Karen Blixen, Danish author (d. 1962)
  • April 29 – Frank Jack Fletcher, American admiral (d. 1973)
  • May 2
    • Hedda Hopper, American columnist (d. 1966)
    • Lee W. Stanley, American cartoonist (d. 1970)
  • May 5 – Agustín Pío Barrios, Paraguayan guitarist, composer (d. 1944)
  • May 7 – George "Gabby" Hayes, American actor (d. 1969)
  • May 9 – Eduard C. Lindeman, American social worker, author (d. 1953)
  • May 12 – Paltiel Daykan, Russian-born Israeli jurist (d. 1969)
  • May 14 – Otto Klemperer, German conductor (d. 1973)
  • May 15 – Robert James Hudson, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d. 1963)
  • May 20 – Faisal I of Iraq (d. 1933)
  • May 21
    • Oscar A. C. Lund, Swedish film actor, director, and writer (d. 1963)
    • Princess Sophie of Schönburg-Waldenburg, consort of William of Wied, Prince of Albania (d. 1936)
  • May 22 – Toyoda Soemu, Japanese admiral (d. 1957)
  • May 24 – Susan Sutherland Isaacs, English educational psychologist, psychoanalyst (d. 1948)
  • May 27 – Richmond K. Turner, American admiral (d. 1961)
  • May 30 – Arthur E. Andersen, American accountant (d. 1947)
  • June 2 – Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt, German neuropathologist (d. 1964)
  • June 4 – Arturo Rawson, President of Argentina (d. 1952)
  • June 5 – Georges Mandel, French politician, World War II hero (d. 1944)
  • June 9
    • John Edensor Littlewood, British mathematician (d. 1977)
    • Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1962)
    • Harry Gribbon, American comedy actor (d. 1961)
  • June 14 – E. L. Grant Watson, English writer, anthropologist, and biologist (d. 1970)
  • June 13 – John Palm, Curaçao-born composer (d. 1925)
  • June 21 – Harry A. Marmer, Ukrainian-born American mathematician, oceanographer (d. 1953)
  • June 22 – Milan Vidmar, Slovenian electrical engineer, chess player (d. 1962)
  • June 23 – Elaine Bellew-Bryan, Baroness Bellew, South African-Irish nurse (d. 1973)
  • June 24
    • Olaf Holtedahl, Norwegian geologist (d. 1975)
    • Hugues Laurent, French set designer (d. 1990)
  • June 28
    • Marino Capicchioni, Italian musical instrument maker (d. 1977)
    • Camille Clifford, Belgian actress (d. 1971)
  • June 29 – Andrew Tombes, American comedian and character actor (d. 1976)

July–September

  • July 4 – Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (d. 1957)
  • July 6
    • Charles Wisner Barrell, American writer (d. 1974)
    • Ernst Busch, German field marshal (d. 1945)
  • July 8
    • Ann Jemimia Flower, Dutch supercentenarian (d. 1995)
    • Paul Leni, German film director (The Cat and the Canary) (d. 1929)
  • July 9 – Luo Meizhen, Chinese supercentenarian (d. 2013)
  • July 10 – Mary O'Hara, American author and screenwriter (d. 1980)
  • July 14 – King Sisavang Vong of Laos (d. 1959)
  • July 15
    • Tom Kennedy, American actor (d. 1965)
    • Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, 1st Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 1959)
  • July 16 – Hakuun Yasutani, Sōtō rōshi (d. 1973)
  • July 18 – Marino Moretti, Italian poet and author (d. 1979)
  • July 19 – Aristides de Sousa Mendes, Portuguese diplomat, humanitarian (d. 1954)
  • July 22 – John Thomas Kennedy, American lieutenant general (d. 1969)
  • July 28 – Monte Attell, American boxer (d. 1960)
  • July 29 – Theda Bara, American silent film actress (d. 1955)
  • August 1 – George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966)
  • August 18 – Bede Fanning, Australian public servant (d. 1970)
  • September 7 – Eleonore Baur, German Nazi, only woman to participate in Munich Beer Hall Putsch (d. 1981)
  • September 11
    • D. H. Lawrence, English novelist (d. 1930)
    • Julian C. Smith, American general (d. 1975)
  • September 15 – James P. Boyle, American politician (d. 1939)
  • September 20 – Enrico Mizzi, 6th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1950)
  • September 21 – Thomas de Hartmann, Russian composer (d. 1956)
  • September 22
    • Ben Chifley, Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1951)
    • George Gaul, American actor (d. 1939)
    • Erich von Stroheim, Austrian-born motion picture actor, director (d. 1957)
  • September 25 – Mineichi Koga, Japanese admiral (d. 1944)
  • September 27 – Harry Blackstone Sr., American magician and illusionist (d. 1965)

October–December

  • October 3 – Sophie Treadwell, American playwright, journalist (d. 1970)
  • October 7 – Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
  • October 9 – Raymond DeWalt, American inventor, businessman (d. 1961)
  • October 11 – François Mauriac, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
  • October 19 – Charles E. Merrill, American banker, co-founder of Merrill Lynch (d. 1956)
  • October 24 – Rachel Katznelson-Shazar, Zionist political figure, wife of third President of Israel (d. 1975)
  • October 28 – Per Albin Hansson, 2-time Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1946)
  • October 30 – Ezra Pound, American poet (d. 1972)
  • November 1 – Anton Flettner, German aviation engineer, inventor (d. 1961)
  • November 2 – Harlow Shapley, American astronomer (d. 1972)
  • November 5 – Will Durant, American philosopher, writer (d. 1981)
  • November 8
    • Eva Morris, last surviving person documented as born in 1885 (d. 2000)
    • Tomoyuki Yamashita, Japanese general (d. 1946)
  • November 9 (October 28 (O.S.)) – Velimir Khlebnikov, Russian poet (d. 1922)
  • November 11
    • George Patton, American general (d. 1945)
    • Edgar J. Kaufmann, American merchant and patron of Fallingwater (d. 1955)
  • November 15 – Frederick Handley-Page, British aviation pioneer, aircraft company founder (d. 1962)
  • November 26 – Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany 1930-1932 (d. 1970)
  • November 28 – John Willard, American playwright, actor (d. 1942)
  • November 30
    • Albert Kesselring, German field marshal (d. 1960)
    • Ma Zhanshan, Chinese general (d. 1950)
  • December 2 – George Minot, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1950)
  • December 6 – Ernest Palmer, American cinematographer (d. 1978)
  • December 10 – Elizabeth Baker, American economist and academic (d. 1973)
  • December 13 – Mario Talavera, Mexican songwriter (d. 1960)
  • December 19
    • John Lavarack, Australian general, Governor of Queensland (1946-1957) (d. 1957)
    • Joe "King" Oliver, American jazz musician (d. 1938)

Unknown birth month: Otto Orkin(died February 11, 1968), pesticide founder, though some birth years are given for 1887 and 1888. His grave marker lists 1885.[13]

Deaths

January–June

  • January 11 – Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, President of Colombia (b. 1805)
  • January 13 – Schuyler Colfax, 17th Vice President of the United States (b. 1823)
  • January 26 – Charles "Chinese" Gordon, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1833)
  • February 1 – Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, British inventor (b. 1850)
  • February 8 – Nikolai Severtzov, Russian explorer, naturalist (b. 1827)
  • February 19 – José María Pinedo, Argentinian naval commander (b. 1795)
  • March 12 – Próspero Fernández Oreamuno, President of Costa Rica (b. 1834)
  • March 13 – Giorgio Mitrovich, Maltese politician (b. 1795)[14]
  • April 2 – Justo Rufino Barrios, Central American leader (b. 1835)
  • April 25 – Queen Emma of Hawaii (b. 1836)
  • May 2 – Terézia Zakoucs, Hungarian Slovene author (b. 1817)
  • May 4 – Irvin McDowell, American general (b. 1818)
  • May 17 – Jonathan Young, United States Navy commodore (b. 1826)
  • May 19 – Robert Emmet Odlum, American swimming instructor (died as result of becoming the first person to jump from the Brooklyn Bridge) (b. 1851)
  • May 20 – Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, 29th United States Secretary of State (b. 1817)
  • May 22 – Victor Hugo, French author (b. 1802)
  • June 11 – Amédée Courbet, French admiral (b. 1827)
  • June 17 – Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel, German field marshal (b. 1809)
  • June 22 – Muhammad Ahmad, Sudanese Mahdi (b. 1844)

July–December

  • July 21 – Karolina Sobańska, Polish noble, agent (b. 1795)
  • July 23 – Ulysses S. Grant, American Civil War general, 18th President of the United States (b. 1822)
  • August – Aga Khan II, Iranian religious leader (b. 1830)
  • August 6 – Emil Zsigmondy, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1861)
  • August 10 – James W. Marshall, American contractor, builder of Sutter's Mill (b. 1810)
  • August 29 – Moriz Ludassy, Hungarian journalist (b. 1825)
  • September 2 – Giuseppe Bonavia, Maltese architect (b. 1821)
  • September 5 – Zuo Zongtang, Chinese general and politician (b. 1812)
  • September 6 – Narcís Monturiol, Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer, inventor of the first combustion engine-driven submarine, which was propelled by an early form of air-independent propulsion (b. 1819)
  • September 15
    • Jumbo, African elephant, star attraction in P. T. Barnum's circus (train accident) (b. 1861)
    • Carl Spitzweg, German romanticist painter (b. 1808)
  • October 1 – Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, British politician and philanthropist (b.1801)
  • October 5 – Thomas C. Durant, American railroad financier (b. 1820)
  • October 29 – George B. McClellan, American Civil War general, politician (b. 1826)
  • November 16 – Louis Riel, Canadian-American leader (executed) (b. 1844)
  • November 24 – Nicolás Avellaneda, Argentine president (b. 1837)
  • November 25
    • King Alfonso XII of Spain (b. 1857)
    • Thomas Hendricks, 21st Vice President of the United States (b. 1819)
  • November 26 – Thomas Andrews, Irish chemist (b. 1813)
  • December 8 – William Henry Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (b. 1821)
  • December 13 – Benjamin Gratz Brown, American politician (b. 1826)
  • December 15 – Ferdinand II of Portugal, consort of Queen Maria II (b. 1816)

Date unknown

  • Eugenia Kisimova, Bulgarian feminist, philanthropist and women's rights activist (b. 1831)

In fiction

  • September 2–September 7 – The film Back to the Future Part III takes place during this time. Dr. Emmett Brown is initially murdered by Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen in Hill Valley, California (1885); however, Marty McFly later prevents this murder.
  • The stage "Bury My Shell at Wounded Knee", in the 1992 video game Turtles in Time, is set in this year.
  • The Nickelodeon TV movie, Lost in the West, takes place in this year.

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=310–311|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}
2. ^1 {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=438–440}}
3. ^Dow Record Book Adds Another First. Philly.com. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
4. ^{{cite book|title=The Hutchinson Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Cremation|newspaper=The Times|location=London|date=1885-03-27|page=10|issue= 31405}}
6. ^{{cite book | publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington via World Digital Library | last=Mackenzie | first=John | title=Austral Africa: Losing It or Ruling It; Being Incidents and Experiences in Bechuanaland, Cape Colony, and England | location=London | access-date=April 10, 2018 | date=1887 | url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2525 }}
7. ^{{cite book|title=Classic motorcycles|first=Mark|last=Gardiner|publisher=MetroBooks|year=1997|isbn=1-56799-460-1|page=16}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Roland|year=2005|title=The Ultimate History of Fast Motorcycles|publisher=Parragon|isbn=1-4054-5466-0|location=Bath|page=6}}
9. ^{{cite book|title=The Ultimate Motorcycle Book|first=Hugo|last=Wilson|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|year=1993|isbn=1-56458-303-1|pages=8–9}}
10. ^{{cite book|last=Benz|first=Carl Friedrich|year=1925|title=Lebensfahrt eines deutschen erfinders; erinnerungen eines achtzigjahrigen|location=Leipzig|publisher=Koehler & Amelang}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/icons_of_invention/technology/1880-1939/IC.025/|work=Making the Modern World|title=Icons of Invention: Rover safety bicycle, 1885|publisher=Science Museum (London)|accessdate=2011-06-27| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522112647/http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/icons_of_invention/technology/1880-1939/IC.025/ |archivedate=May 22, 2011|deadurl=no}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Home Insurance Building|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=10370|work=SkyscraperPage|accessdate=2011-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092831/http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=10370 |archivedate=June 29, 2011|deadurl=no}}
13. ^[https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=orkin&GSfn=otto&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=18743895&db=all& Otto Orkin, findagrave listing] Retrieved July 9, 2017
14. ^{{cite news |last1=Mangion |first1=Fabian |title=Recalling a brave, sincere patriot forgotten by Malta |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150308/life-features/Recalling-a-brave-sincere-patriot-forgotten-by-Malta.559170 |work=Times of Malta |date=8 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/74ucOhfRp?url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150308/life-features/Recalling-a-brave-sincere-patriot-forgotten-by-Malta.559170 |archivedate=December 24, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|title=Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1885 |volume=25 |year=1887 |publisher=D. Appleton and Co. |location=New York |url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hb0r95 |via=Hathi Trust}}
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