| 词条 | 2002 Costa Rican general election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| election_name = Costa Rican general election, 2002 | country = Costa Rica | type = presidential | ongoing = no | previous_election = Costa Rican general election, 1998 | previous_year = 1998 | election_date = {{nowrap|{{Start date|2002|02|03|df=y}} (first round)}} {{Start date|2002|04|07|df=y}} (second round) | next_election = Costa Rican general election, 2006 | next_year = 2006 | opinion_polls = | turnout = | image1 = | nominee1 = Abel Pacheco | party1 = Social Christian Unity Party | home_state1 = San José | popular_vote1 = 776,278 | percentage1 = 58.0% | image2 = | nominee2 = Rolando Araya | party2 = National Liberation Party (Costa Rica) | home_state2 = Alajuela | popular_vote2 = 563,202 | percentage2 = 42.0% | map_image = Costa_Rica_general_election_2002_-_Legislative_%26_Presidential_Election_Results.svg | map_size = 300 | map_alt = | map = | map_caption = Map on the left shows the seats won by each party by province. The map on the right shows which party won the plurality in each province in both rounds of the Presidential election. | title = President | before_election = Miguel Ángel Rodríguez | before_party = Social Christian Unity Party | posttitle = | after_election = Abel Pacheco | after_party = Social Christian Unity Party }}{{Politics of Costa Rica}}General elections were held in Costa Rica on 3 February 2002.[1] For the first time in the country's history, no candidate in the presidential election passed the 40% threshold.[2] This meant a second round of voting had to be held on 7 April which saw Abel Pacheco of the Social Christian Unity Party defeat the National Liberation Party's Rolando Araya Monge.[3] Many analysts consider this election the beginning of the end of Costa Rica’s decades-long two party system.[4][5][6] For the first time in many years alternative political forces become really relevant in the Parliament and the plenary had three large party groups; PUSC (19), PLN (17) and PAC (14).[7] While PUSC won the presidential election and the majority in Congress, PLN became the primal opposition force in Parliament. Centre-left PAC with a progressive proposal seem to had gravely affected traditional third forces at the left of the spectrum like Democratic Force that fail to win any seat on that election even when for some years was Costa Rica’s main third party.[7] Right-wing Libertarian Movement also increases its representation from one to six deputies[7] while conservative[8] Costa Rican Renewal Party won one seat as usual.[7] Despite the close contest, voter turnout was only 68.8% on 3 February the lowest since the 1958 elections. For the second round of the presidential elections it fell to 60.2%, the lowest since 1949.[9] BackgroundBefore the election, the country's Supreme Electoral Tribinal attempted to make several reforms to the electoral system. These included allowing independents to run in local elections, using electronic voting machines, allowing Costa Ricans living abroad to vote, and allowing voters to choose the top two places on parliamentary lists.[2] However, the changes were rejected by the Legislative Assembly, which noted that independent candidature was incompatible with the constitution, and that electronic voting could not be guaranteed to be secure or transparent.[2] ResultsPresident
| title=Popular Vote-First round | titlebar=#ddd | width=600px | barwidth=410px | bars={{bar percent|Social Christian Unity|#0000bF|38.6}}{{bar percent|National Liberation|#008024|31.1}}{{bar percent|Citizens' Action|#FFD700|26.2}}{{bar percent|Libertarian Movement|#B22027|1.7}}{{bar percent|Costa Rican Renewal|#12086B|1.1}}{{bar percent|National Integration|#4169E1|0.4}}{{bar percent|Other|#777777|0.9}} }}{{bar box | title=Popular Vote-Second round | titlebar=#ddd | width=600px | barwidth=410px | bars={{bar percent|Social Christian Unity|#0000BF|58}}{{bar percent|National Liberation|#008024|42}} }} By provinceFirst round
Parliament{{bar box| title=Popular vote | titlebar=#ddd | float=right | barwidth=410px | bars={{bar percent|Social Christian Unity|#0000bF|29.8}}{{bar percent|National Liberation|#008024|27.1}}{{bar percent|Citizens' Action|#FFD700|22.0}}{{bar percent|Libertarian Movement|#B22027|9.3}}{{bar percent|Costa Rican Renewal|#12086B|3.6}}{{bar percent|Democratic Force|#FFA200|2.0}}{{bar percent|National Integration|#4169E1|1.7}}{{bar percent|Other|#777777|4.8}} }}{{bar box | title=Seats | titlebar=#ddd | float=right | barwidth=410px | bars={{bar percent|Social Christian Unity|#0000bF|33.33}}{{bar percent|National Liberation|#008024|29.82}}{{bar percent|Citizens' Action|#FFD700|24.56}}{{bar percent|Libertarian Movement|#B22027|10.52}}{{bar percent|Costa Rican Renewal|#12086B|1.75}} }}
By province
Municipal Councils{{See also|2002 Costa Rican municipal elections}}The elections of municipal councilors of Costa Rica in 2002 were an electoral process held in parallel with the presidential and legislative elections. In them the 495 tenure aldermen and the 495 alternates that conform the 81 Municipal Councils were chosen. The Central Canton of San José, the most populous, named 13 aldermen. Desamparados and Alajuela named 11. Others less populated (Puntarenas, Limón, Pococí, Heredia, Cartago, La Unión, San Carlos, Goicoechea, Pérez Zeledón, etc.) named 9. Others even smaller (Tibás, Grecia, Vázquez de Coronado, Montes de Oca, Siquirres, Escazú, Turrialba, etc.) appointed 7 council members. Finally, the smallest (Turrubares, San Mateo, Santa Ana, Mora, Montes de Oro, Talamanca, etc.) named 5.
MapsPresidentFirst roundParliamentSource: Atlas Electoral References1. ^Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p155 {{ISBN|978-0-19-928357-6}} {{Costa Rican elections}}2. ^1 2 Nohlen, p. 150. 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=406 |title=Election profile: Costa Rica |publisher=International Foundation for Electoral Systems |date=1 September 2006|accessdate=26 June 2011 |year=}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Landsford|first1=Tom|title=Political Handbook of the World 2014|url=https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=iC_VBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333&lpg=PA333&dq=costa+rica%27s+end+of+two+party+system&source=bl&ots=S7M2YIEZSB&sig=6jvQjlUAQxbunSWSyT6VXkbQxUU&hl=es&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=costa%20rica%27s%20end%20of%20two%20party%20system&f=false|accessdate=13 March 2016}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Landsford|first1=Tom|title=Political Handbook of the World 2012|url=https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=d33MfEFXvW8C&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=costa+rica%27s+end+of+two+party+system&source=bl&ots=CvUpqBuutn&sig=JzfgrpbOo8JXt8y59GUd5NjL_5E&hl=es&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=costa%20rica%27s%20end%20of%20two%20party%20system&f=false|accessdate=13 March 2016}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Greenspana|first1=Eliot|last2=Gill|first2=Nicholas|last3=O'Malley|first3=Charlie|last4=Gilsenan|first4=Patrick|last5=Perill|first5=Jisel|publisher=Frommer's Central America|title=Elecciones legislativas de Costa Rica de 2002|accessdate=13 March 2016}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=5 February 2002 Legislative Assembly Election Results - Costa Rica Totals|url=http://www.electionresources.org/cr/deputies.php?election=2002|website=Election Resources|accessdate=13 March 2016}} 8. ^{{cite news|last1=Lopez|first1=Jaime|title=Civic Groups Move Against Gay Marriage in Costa Rica|url=http://news.co.cr/civic-groups-move-against-gay-marriage-in-costa-rica/23281/|accessdate=13 March 2016|agency=Costa Rica Star|date=July 18, 2013}} 9. ^Nohlen, pp. 156–157. 3 : 2002 elections in Central America|2002 in Costa Rica|Elections in Costa Rica |
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