| 词条 | 1965 Atlantic hurricane season |
| 释义 |
| Basin=Atl | Year=1965 | Track=1965 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png | First storm formed=June 11, 1965 | Last storm dissipated=October 19, 1965 | Strongest storm name=Betsy | Strongest storm pressure=941 | Strongest storm winds=135 | Average wind speed=1 | Total depressions=6 | Total storms=6 | Total hurricanes=4 | Total intense=1 | Fatalities=81 | Damages=1450 | five seasons=1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967 }} The 1965 Atlantic hurricane season was the first to use the modern-day bounds for an Atlantic hurricane season, which are June 1 to November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. It was one of the least active seasons on record, with only 6 tropical cyclones developing and reaching tropical storm intensity. Four of the storms strengthened into hurricanes. One system reached major hurricane intensity – Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. The first system, an unnamed tropical storm, developed during the month of June in the Pacific Ocean, while located south of Guatemala. The storm moved northward across Central America, but caused no known impact in the region. It struck the Florida Panhandle and caused minor impact across much of the Southern United States. Tropical cyclogenesis halted for over two months, until Anna formed on August 21. The storm remained well away from land in the far North Atlantic Ocean and caused no impact. Hurricane Betsy was the strongest and most devastating storm of the season. Extensive damage from Betsy was reported in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana, particularly the New Orleans area. It was the first hurricane in the history of the United States to result in at least $1 billion (1965 USD) in losses. Hurricane Carol meandered in the eastern Atlantic for over two weeks from mid-September to very early October. Impact on land from Carol was minimal. In late September, Tropical Storm Debbie developed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea and moved slowly across the region, before later reaching the Gulf of Mexico. The storm dissipated just offshore of Louisiana, which resulted in only minor impact along the Gulf Coast of the United States. The final tropical cyclone, Hurricane Elena, formed on October 12. Elena remained at sea for nearly a week and caused no damage on land. Collectively, the storms of the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season caused 76 fatalities and $1.45 billion in damage, almost entirely due to Hurricane Betsy. Season summaryImageSize = width:800 height:200 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 AlignBars = early DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/06/1965 till:01/11/1965 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/06/1965 Colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:GP value:red id:TD value:rgb(0.38,0.73,1) legend:Tropical_Depression_=_<39_mph_(0–62_km/h) id:TS value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96) legend:Tropical_Storm_=_39–73_mph_(63–117 km/h) id:C1 value:rgb(1,1,0.80) legend:Category_1_=_74–95_mph_(119–153_km/h) id:C2 value:rgb(1,0.91,0.46) legend:Category_2_=_96–110_mph_(154–177_km/h) id:C3 value:rgb(1,0.76,0.25) legend:Category_3_=_111–130_mph_(178–209-km/h) id:C4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13) legend:Category_4_=_131–155_mph_(210–249_km/h) id:C5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38) legend:Category_5_=_>=156_mph_(>=250_km/h) Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData = barset:Hurricane bar:Month PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:11/06/1965 till:15/06/1965 color:TS text:"One (TS)" from:21/08/1965 till:28/08/1965 color:C1 text:"Anna (C1)" from:27/08/1965 till:12/09/1965 color:C4 text:"Betsy (C4)" from:16/09/1965 till:01/10/1965 color:C2 text:"Carol (C2)" from:24/09/1965 till:30/09/1965 color:TS text:"Debbie (TS)" from:15/10/1965 till:18/10/1965 color:C1 text:"Elena (C1)" barset:break bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas from:01/06/1965 till:01/07/1965 text:June from:01/07/1965 till:01/08/1965 text:July from:01/08/1965 till:01/09/1965 text:August from:01/09/1965 till:01/10/1965 text:September from:01/10/1965 till:01/11/1965 text:October TextData = pos:(570,30) text:"(From the" pos:(617,30) text:"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale)" The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1965. This was the first Atlantic hurricane season to start on June 1 and end on November 30,[1][2] which is the modern-day season bounds.[3] It was a below average season in which six tropical depressions formed. All six of the depressions attained tropical storm status, and four of these attained hurricane status.[4] Furthermore, one storm reached major hurricane status – Category 3 or greater on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Two tropical storms and one hurricane made landfall during the season and caused 76 fatalities and about $1.45 billion in damage.[4] Season activity began with the development of an unnamed tropical storm on June 11. However, the season briefly became dormant after the storm dissipated on June 15, and there were no other tropical cyclones in June or July. The next system, Hurricane Anna, formed on August 21, more than two months later. Later in August, Hurricane Betsy developed and eventually became the most intense tropical cyclone of the 1965 season. In mid-September, Hurricane Carol formed in the eastern Atlantic and meandered for over two weeks. The next system, Tropical Storm Debbie, developed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on September 24. Hurricane Elena, the final tropical cyclone,[4] developed on October 12 and dissipated on October 18,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} slightly less than two weeks before the official end of the season on November 30.[1] The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 84,[4] which was below the 1950-2000 average of 96.1. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical cyclones with winds exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is tropical storm strength.[5] SystemsTropical Storm One{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=Atl |Image=1965 Atlantic tropical storm 1 track.png |Formed=June 11 |Dissipated=June 15 |1-min winds=45 |Pressure=1003 }} A cut-off low pressure area developed from a shear trough in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico on June 9. The low caused the detachment of a disturbance from the Intertropical convergence zone, which was located near the south coast of Guatemala. At 0600 UTC on June 11, a tropical depression formed while centered about {{convert|95|mi|km}} south-southwest of Sipacate, Guatemala. Shortly thereafter, it struck Escuintla Department without strengthening. After moving across Guatemala and Mexico, the depression emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on June 13. The depression intensified on the following day, reaching tropical storm status at 0000 UTC.[4] Operationally, the system was considered a tropical depression for its entire duration, thus, this went unnamed.[6] The storm began curving northeastward, and by early on June 15, it peaked with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h).[4] Later that day at 1200 UTC, the storm made landfall near Santa Rosa Beach, Florida at the same intensity. Inland, the storm continued northeastward and became extratropical over eastern Georgia at 0000 UTC on June 16. Tides along the coast of the Florida Panhandle were {{convert|3|-|4|ft|m}} above normal. The storm brought sustained winds of 50 to 60 mph (85 to 105 km/h) with gusts up to 75 mph (120 km/h) at Alligator Point. Winds blew the roof off of two beach cottages on St. George Island, while tides sank or washed ashore several small boats.[4] The storm also produced rainfall up to {{convert|8.75|in|mm}} in Wewahitchka,{{Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}} but no flooding occurred. Two tornadoes were spawned in Florida, with one damaging houses and a mobile home in Live Oak. The storm also brought rainfall to several other states.[4] {{clear}}Hurricane Anna{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=Atl |Image=anna1965tirosX.png |Track=Anna 1965 track.png |Formed=August 21 |Dissipated=August 25 |1-min winds=80 }} A weak circulation was noted by Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) near Cape Verde on August 16. During the next five days, the system tracked west-northwestward or northwestward, while conditions gradually became favorable for tropical cyclogenesis. At 0600 UTC on August 21, it is estimated that the system became Tropical Storm Anna. While Anna was tracking north-northeastward on August 23, an eye feature appeared on TIROS. After another aircraft reported an eye on its radar, Anna was upgraded to a hurricane later that day. Late on August 24, Anna reached maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) while accelerating northeastward. Anna began losing tropical characteristics, and early on the following day, it transitioned into an extratropical storm while about halfway between the Azores and Greenland.[7] {{clear}}Hurricane Betsy{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=Atl |Image=Hurricane Betsy.jpg |Track=Betsy 1965 track.png |Formed=August 27 |Dissipated=September 12 |1-min winds=135 |Pressure=941 }}{{Main|Hurricane Betsy}} A tropical disturbance developed into a tropical depression on August 27, while well east of the Windward Islands. It tracked generally west-northward until crossing the Leeward Islands on August 28. No impact was reported in the islands.[7] After re-curving to the northwest, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Betsy on August 29.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Betsy then rapidly intensified and became a Category 1 hurricane later that day.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}[7] It executed a small cyclonic loop, before turning west on September 1. Significant intensification resumed later that day. By late on September 3, Betsy became a Category 4 hurricane. While northeast of the Bahamas, Betsy moved erratically and executed another cyclonic loop. The storm steadily weakened, and was briefly downgraded to a Category 2 hurricane early on September 6. However, it promptly re-strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane. Betsy then tracked southwestward and then westward through the Bahamas.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The storm produced very strong winds and rough seas in the Bahamas. Damage reached $14 million and 1 death occurred in the island chain.[7] By early on September 8, Betsy made landfall on Key Largo as a Category 3 hurricane.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} In South Florida, the storm brought strong winds and significant storm surge. In the Upper Florida Keys, water reached several feet in height, which inundated highways and the first floor of buildings. Nearly all of the land south of Homestead Air Force Base and east of U.S. Route 1 was covered by water. There were 8 deaths and $120 million in losses, which included both property and agriculture.[8] Betsy entered into the Gulf of Mexico and re-strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane on September 9. While approaching the Gulf Coast of the United States, Betsy peaked with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), slightly below the threshold for Category 5 hurricane status. However, further intensification was halted after Betsy made landfall in Grand Isle, Louisiana later on September 9.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} In Louisiana, strong winds and rough seas caused extensive damage. Storm surge inundated the levees in New Orleans, flooding much of the city. Throughout the state, more than 22,000 homes were either damaged or destroyed, and 168,000 people were left without electricity. The storm caused more than 17,000 injuries and resulted in 58 deaths.[8] Damage in the state of Louisiana reached $1.2 billion. Once inland, the storm rapidly weakened, and became extratropical over Ohio on September 12.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Impact in other states ranged from minor to moderate. Overall, Betsy caused about $1.43 billion in damage and 76 fatalities. Betsy was the first hurricane in the United States to cause at least $1 billion in losses.[7][9] {{clear}}Hurricane Carol{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=Atl |Image=Hurricane Carol (1965).JPG |Track=Carol 1965 track.png |Formed=September 16 |Dissipated=October 1 |1-min winds=85 |Pressure=974 }} A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 15[23] and developed into a tropical depression by early on the following day. It headed steadily westward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Carol late on September 17. The storm began curving northwestward by the following day.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Operationally, advisories were not initiated until 1900 UTC on September 19, after winds had already reached 50 mph (85 km/h).[10] Carol then slowed and began turning north-northward. Later on September 20, a Navy reconnaissance flight confirmed a circulation and also measured hurricane-force winds. Thus, Carol was upgraded to a hurricane at 1800 UTC on September 20.[23] On September 21, another flight into the storm recorded a minimum pressure of {{convert|974|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}, the lowest in relation to Carol. The hurricane accelerated, before slowing in forward motion on September 22. Between September 24 and September 28, the storm drifted and executed a small cyclonic loop.[11] Thereafter, Carol re-accelerated and was briefly upgraded to a Category 2 hurricane following an Air Force Reconnaissance report of 100 mph (155 km/h) winds. While passing northwest of the Azores, a weather station on Corvo Island reported a sustained wind speed of {{convert|64|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a gust up to {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. The storm curved east-southeastward, weakened, and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located west of Portugal on October 1.[12] {{clear}}Tropical Storm Debbie{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=Atl |Image=Tropical Storm Debbie (1965).jpg |Track=Debbie 1965 track.png |Formed=September 24 |Dissipated=September 30 |1-min winds=45 |Pressure=1001 }}{{main|Tropical Storm Debbie (1965)}} A low pressure area in the northwestern Caribbean Sea developed into a tropical depression on September 24.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The depression brought locally heavy rainfall to areas of Honduras while tracking northwestward.[7] Despite winds of only 30 mph (45 km/h), the Miami Weather Bureau prematurely named the depression Debbie at 1600 UTC on September 25.[13] Several hours later, Debbie struck the northeastern Yucatán Peninsula.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}[7] After emerging into the Gulf of Mexico early on September 26, the storm was described as "weaker than before", as the convective activity indicated no organization.[7] However, Debbie began to strengthen, reaching tropical storm status on September 28.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} After peaked at winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) late on September 28,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} cooler and drier air caused the storm to weaken.[7] Late on September 29, Debbie was downgraded to a tropical depression and dissipated just offshore Mississippi about twenty-four hours later.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Despite its demise, Debbie brought heavy precipitation, especially in Mobile, Alabama, where a 24-hour rainfall record was broken after {{convert|16.85|in|mm|abbr=on}} fell.{{Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}} Within the city of Mobile, hundreds of cars were flooded, while more than 200 people fled their inundated homes.[14] Many roads and businesses were also closed in the area.[15] Damage in Mobile alone reached $25 million.[7] Rainfall was reported in seven other states, though no significant impact occurred.[16] {{clear}}Hurricane Elena{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=Atl |Image=Elena 1965 track.png |Formed=October 12 |Dissipated=October 18 |1-min winds=70 |Pressure=977 }} TIROS imagery indicated a very weak circulation near 12°N, 40°W on October 11. Ship reports on the following day indicated a somewhat more organized circulation.[7] As a result, it is estimated that the final tropical depression of the season at 1200 UTC on October 12, while located about midway between Cape Verde and the Leeward Islands. Initially, the depression remained disorganized while tracking northwestward. However, by early on October 14, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Elena.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The storm continued to intensify and by early on October 16, a minimum pressure of {{convert|991|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.[7] Therefore, Elena likely reached hurricane status at 0600 UTC that day.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Later on October 16, the storm re-curved to the northeast and began to accelerate.[7] On October 18, Elena attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|977|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}. At 0000 UTC on the following day,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} the storm merged with an approaching cold front near the Azores.[7] {{clear}}Storm names{{See also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}The following names were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1965.[17] The name Betsy was later retired. Carol had been removed from the naming list for 10 years following Hurricane Carol of 1954. It was then retroactively retired because of the 1954 hurricane, not the storm in 1965.[18] They were replaced with Blanche and Camille for use in the 1969 season.[19] Names that were not assigned are marked in {{tcname unused}}. See also{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
References1. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i_lNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bosDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3123,6280215&dq=hurricane+season&hl=en|title=Hurricane Season Of `65 Destructive|date=December 6, 1965|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Free Lance–Star|page=2|accessdate=February 20, 2013}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GsYqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ucwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2896,125436&dq=hurricane+season+1964+june+15&hl=en|title=Hurricane Watch Starts Today; Season Officially Open June 15|date=June 1, 1964|agency=United Press International|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|page=24|accessdate=February 20, 2013}} 3. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html|title=Subject: G1) When is hurricane season ?|author=Neal Dorst|date=January 21, 2010|publisher=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|accessdate=February 20, 2013}} 4. ^{{cite report|author=Hurricane Research Division|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=March 2011|title=Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT|accessdate=2013-02-13|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Comparison_of_Original_and_Revised_HURDAT_mar11.html}} 5. ^{{cite report|author=David Levinson|date=2008-08-20|title=2005 Atlantic Ocean Tropical Cyclones|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|accessdate=2013-02-13|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/2005-atlantic-trop-cyclones.html}} 6. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1965/ts01/local/new1416z.gif|title=Bulletin For Press, Radio, and TV|author=Connor|date=June 14, 1965|work=New Orleans Weather Bureau|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=February 26, 2013}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 {{cite report|author=Arnold L. Sugg|date=March 1966|title=The Hurricane Season of 1965|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1965.pdf|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=March 12, 2012|format=PDF}} 8. ^1 {{cite report|url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-CB3DE63B-92CA-439A-BB32-B768DCCE23FD.pdf|title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: September 1965|author=John T. Connor|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|pages=116 and 119|accessdate=February 20, 2013|format=PDF}}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 9. ^{{cite report|title=Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/UpdatedCostliest.pdf|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=January 26, 2018|accessdate=February 3, 2018|location=Miami, Florida}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1965/carol/public/tcp1919z.gif|title=Tropical Storm Advisory Number 1|author=Colon|date=September 19, 1965|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 29, 2012}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1965/carol/prenhc/prelim01.gif|title=Hurricane Carol Preliminary Report|date=1965|publisher=National Hurricane Center|page=1|accessdate=October 29, 2012}} 12. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1965/carol/prenhc/prelim02.gif|title=Hurricane Carol Preliminary Report|date=1965|publisher=National Hurricane Center|page=2|accessdate=October 29, 2012}} 13. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1965/debbie/public/tcp2516z.gif|title=Tropical Depression Advisory Number 1 Debbie|author=Arnold L. Sugg|date=September 25, 1965|work=Miami Weather Bureau|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=February 20, 2013}} 14. ^{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Morning Record|title=15 Inches Rain in 15 Hours for Mobile|date=October 1, 1965|accessdate=February 20, 2013|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=R6dIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MQENAAAAIBAJ&pg=3953,4007850&dq=tropical+debbie&hl=en}} 15. ^{{cite news|agency=United Press International|date=October 1, 1965|title=Debbie Floods Mobile|accessdate=February 20, 2013|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F_QuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qWUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6136,1944&dq=tropical+debbie&hl=en|page=1|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune}} 16. ^{{cite report|author=David M. Roth|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|accessdate=February 20, 2013|title=Tropical Storm Debbie - September 26-October 1, 1965 |date=April 12, 2009|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/debbie1965.html}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cjBAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ClkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=771,2204280&dq=hurricane+anna+betsy+carol&hl=en|title="Anna" Will Be First Hurricane|date=May 23, 1965|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Youngstown Vindicator|page=2|accessdate=February 20, 2013}} 18. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml|title=Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names|date=April 13, 2012|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=February 20, 2013}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XMpaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0XsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2976,1537937&dq=anna+blanche+camille&hl=en|title=We May Have To Grid For Gerda's Gusty Gales|date=June 2, 1969|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|page=19|accessdate=February 20, 2013}} External links
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