| 词条 | Avant-garde music |
| 释义 |
Distinctions{{Details|Avant-garde}}Avant-garde music may be distinguished from experimental music by the way it adopts an extreme position within a certain tradition, whereas "experimental music" lies outside tradition.[1] In a historical sense, some musicologists use the term "avant-garde music" for the radical compositions that succeeded the death of Anton Webern in 1945,[2]{{verification needed|date=July 2016}} but others disagree. For example, Ryan Minor writes that this period began with the work of Richard Wagner,[3] whereas Edward Lowinsky cites Josquin des Prez.[4] The term may also be used to refer to any post-1945 tendency of modernist music not definable as experimental music, though sometimes including a type of experimental music characterized by the rejection of tonality.[2] A commonly cited example of avant-garde music is John Cage's 4'33" (1952),[5] a piece which instructs the performer(s) not to play their instrument(s) during its entire duration.[6] Although some modernist music is also avant-garde, a distinction can be made between the two categories. According to scholar Larry Sitsky, because the purpose of avant-garde music is necessarily political, social, and cultural critique, so that it challenges social and artistic values by provoking or goading audiences, composers such as Igor Stravinsky, Richard Strauss, Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, George Antheil and Claude Debussy may reasonably be considered to have been avant-gardists in their early works (which were understood as provocative, whether or not the composers intended them that way), but Sitsky does not consider the label appropriate for their later music.[9] For example, modernists of the post–World War II period, such as Milton Babbitt, Luciano Berio, Elliott Carter, György Ligeti, and Witold Lutosławski, never conceived their music for the purpose of goading an audience and cannot, therefore, be classified as avant-garde. Composers such as John Cage and Harry Partch, on the contrary, remained avant-gardists throughout their creative careers.[7] A prominent feature of avant-garde music is to break through various rules and regulations of traditional culture, in order to transcend established creative principles and appreciation habits. Avant-garde music pursues novelty in musical form and style, insisting that art is above everything else; thus, it creates a transcendental and mysterious sound world. Hint, metaphor, symbol, association, imagery, synesthesia and perception are widely used in avant-garde music techniques to excavate the mystery of human heart and the flow of consciousness, so that many seemingly unrelated but essentially very important events interweave into multi-level structures and forms.[8] Popular music{{See also|Avant-pop}}Popular music, by definition, is designed for mass appeal.[9] The 1960s saw a wave of avant-garde experimentation in jazz, represented by artists such as Ornette Coleman, Sun Ra, Albert Ayler, Archie Shepp, John Coltrane and Miles Davis.[10][11] In the rock music of the 1970s, the "art" descriptor was generally understood to mean "aggressively avant-garde" or "pretentiously progressive".[12] Post-punk artists from the late 1970s rejected traditional rock sensibilities in favor of an avant-garde aesthetic.[13] In 1988 the writer Greg Tate described hip hop music as "the only avant-garde around, still delivering the shock of the new."[14]{{verification needed|date=July 2018|reason=That quote doesn't make sense. And how does Cheng's book support Tate's quote?}} See also
}}Popular/traditional music{{div col|colwidth=12em|style=width: 26em;|content=
}} References1. ^David Nicholls, American Experimental Music, 1890–1940 (Cambridge [England] and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990): 318. 2. ^1 Paul Du Noyer (ed.), "Contemporary", in the Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music: From Rock, Pop, Jazz, Blues and Hip Hop to Classical, Folk, World and More (London: Flame Tree, 2003), p. 272. {{ISBN|1-904041-70-1}} 3. ^Ryan Minor, "Modernism", The Harvard Dictionary of Music, fourth edition, edited by Don Michael Randel (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003). {{ISBN|9780674011632}}. 4. ^Edward Lowinsky, "The Musical Avant-Garde of the Renaissance; or, the Peril and Profit of Foresight", in Music in the Culture of the Renaissance and Other Essays, edited and with an introduction by Bonie J. Blackburn with forewords by Howard Mayer Brown and Ellen T. Harris, 2 vols. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989) 2:730–54, passim. 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/avant-garde-music-ma0000004930|website=AllMusic|title=Avant-Garde Music}} 6. ^Richard Kostelanetz, Conversing with John Cage (New York: Routledge, 2003):{{Page needed|date=February 2017}}. {{ISBN|0-415-93792-2}}. 7. ^1 Larry Sitsky, Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2002): xiii–xiv. {{ISBN|0-313-29689-8}}. 8. ^Paul Hegarty, Noise/Music: A History, (London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2007): {{Page needed|date=March 2019}}. {{ISBN|87-988955-0-8}}. 9. ^{{Cite web|title = Popular music|url = http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/popular-music|website =collinsdictionary.com|accessdate = }} 10. ^Anon. Avant-Garde Jazz. AllMusic.com, n.d. 11. ^{{cite news|author=Michael West|title=In the year jazz went avant-garde, Ramsey Lewis went pop with a bang|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/in-the-year-jazz-went-avant-garde-ramsey-lewis-went-pop-with-a-bang/2015/04/02/2484628c-cdb9-11e4-8a46-b1dc9be5a8ff_story.html|work=The Washington Post|date=April 3, 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web|last1=Murray|first1=Noel|title=60 minutes of music that sum up art-punk pioneers Wire|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/60-minutes-music-sum-art-punk-pioneers-wire-219113|website=The A.V. Club|date=May 28, 2015}} 13. ^{{cite book |first=Matthew|last=Bannister|title=White Boys, White Noise: Masculinities and 1980s Indie Guitar Rock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ckLKGTXRwQC&pg=PA38|year=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-8803-7|ref=harv|p=38}} 14. ^{{Cite book|title=Can't Stop, Won't Stop|last=Chang|first=Jeff|authorlink=Jeff Chang (journalist)|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2005|isbn=|location=New York|pages=410|quote="the only avant-garde around, still delivering the shock of the new (over recycled James Brown compost modernism like a bitch), and it's got a shockable bourgeoise, to boot"}} Further reading
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