“1st century”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 1st century was the century AD 1 to AD 100 according to the Julian calendar. It is often written as the {{nowrap|1st century AD}}^[1] or {{nowrap|1st century CE}} to distinguish it from the 1st century BC (or BCE) which preceded it. The 1st century is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period.

During this period, Europe, North Africa and the Near East fell under increasing domination by the Roman Empire, which continued expanding, most notably conquering Britain under the emperor Claudius (AD 43). The reforms introduced by Augustus during his long reign stabilized the empire after the turmoil of the previous century's civil wars. Later in the century the Julio-Claudian dynasty, which had been founded by Augustus, came to an end with the suicide of Nero in AD 68. There followed the famous Year of Four Emperors, a brief period of civil war and instability, which was finally brought to an end by Vespasian, ninth Roman emperor, and founder of the Flavian dynasty. The Roman Empire generally experienced a period of prosperity and dominance in this period and the First Century is remembered as part of the Empire's golden age.

China continued to be dominated by the Han Dynasty, despite a fourteen-year interruption by the Xin dynasty under Wang Mang. Han rule was restored in AD 23; Wang Mang's rule represents the watershed between the Western/Former Han and the Eastern/Later Han. The capital was also moved from Chang'an to Luoyang.

Regional events and politics

Events

Significant people

Literature

Science and philosophy

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

References

1. ^in violation of the general rule that the abbreviation AD should precede the date IN question.
2. ^J. Dwight Pentecost, The Words and Works of Jesus Christ: A Study of the Life of Christ (Zondervan, 1981) pages 577-578.
3. ^Andreas J. Köstenberger, John (Baker Academic, 2004), page 110.
4. ^Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 2000 Amsterdam University Press {{ISBN|90-5356-503-5}} page 249
5. ^Paul L. Maier "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in Jerry Vardaman and Edwin M. Yamauchi, Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies (1989) {{ISBN|0-931464-50-1}}, pp. 113-129
6. ^The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel: An Introduction to John by Paul N. Anderson 2011 {{ISBN|0-8006-0427-X}} pages 200
7. ^Herod the Great by Jerry Knoblet 2005 {{ISBN|0-7618-3087-1}} page 183-184
8. ^Jesus in Johannine tradition by Robert Tomson Fortna, Tom Thatcher 2001 {{ISBN|978-0-664-22219-2}} page 77
9. ^Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 {{ISBN|0-8308-2699-8}} pages 19-21
10. ^The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} pages 77-79
11. ^Paul's early period: chronology, mission strategy, theology by Rainer Riesner 1997 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-4166-7}} page 19-27 (page 27 has a table of various scholarly estimates)
12. ^{{Cite book | last1 = Bromiley | first1 = Geoffrey William | title = International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (W.B.Eerdmans)) | year = 1979 | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company | location = | isbn = 0-8028-3781-6 | pages = 689 }}
13. ^{{Cite book | last1 = Barnett | first1 = Paul | title = Jesus, the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times | year = 2002 | publisher = InterVarsity Press | location = | isbn = 0-8308-2699-8 | pages = 21 }}
14. ^{{Cite book | last1 = L. Niswonger | first1 = Richard | title = New Testament History | year = 1993 | publisher = Zondervan Publishing Company | location = | isbn = 0-310-31201-9 | pages = 200 }}