“Buffy Sainte-Marie”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Buffy Sainte-Marie, OC (born Beverly Sainte-Marie, February 20, 1941) is a Canadian-American singer-songwriter, musician, composer, visual artist,^[1] educator, pacifist, and social activist. Throughout her career in all of these areas, her work has focused on issues of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Her singing and writing repertoire also includes subjects of love, war, religion, and mysticism.

In 1997, she founded the Cradleboard Teaching Project, an educational curriculum devoted to better understanding Native Americans. She has won recognition and many awards and honours for both her music and her work in education and social activism. She won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 55th Academy Awards for co-writing the song "Up Where We Belong" from the film, An Officer and a Gentleman. She was the first and still is the only indigenous person to have won an Academy Award.

Personal life

Buffy Sainte-Marie was born in 1941^[2]^[3] on the Piapot Plains Cree First Nation Reserve in the Qu'Appelle Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada.^[4] She was later adopted, growing up in Massachusetts, with parents Albert and Winifred Sainte-Marie, a Wakefield, Massachusetts couple of Mi'kmaq descent.^[5]^[6] She attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst, earning degrees in teaching and Oriental philosophy^[7] and graduating in the top ten of her class.^[8]^[9]

In 1964, on a return trip to the Piapot Cree reserve in Canada for a powwow, she was welcomed and (in a Cree Nation context) adopted by the youngest son of Chief Piapot, Emile Piapot and his wife, Clara Starblanket Piapot, who added to Sainte-Marie's cultural value and place in native culture.^[10]

In 1968, she married surfing teacher Dewain Bugbee of Hawaii; they divorced in 1971. She married Sheldon Wolfchild from Minnesota in 1975; they have a son, Dakota "Cody" Starblanket Wolfchild. That union also ended in divorce. She married her co-writer for "Up Where We Belong," Jack Nitzsche, on March 19, 1982. He died from a heart attack on August 25, 2000. As of 2007, she lives in Hawaii.^[11]

Although not a Bahá'í herself, she became an active friend of the Bahá'í Faith and has appeared at concerts, conferences and conventions of that religion. In 1992, she appeared in the musical event prelude to the Bahá'í World Congress, a double concert "Live Unity: The Sound of the World" in 1992 with video broadcast and documentary.^[12] In the video documentary of the event Sainte-Marie is seen on the Dini Petty Show explaining the Bahá'í teaching of progressive revelation.^[13] She also appears in the 1985 video Mona With The Children by Douglas John Cameron. However, while she supports a universal sense of religion, she does not subscribe to any particular religion.

Career

Sainte-Marie plays piano and guitar, self-taught, in her childhood and teen years. In college some of her songs, "Ananias", the Indian lament, "Now That the Buffalo's Gone" and "Mayoo Sto Hoon" (in Hindi) were already in her repertoire.^[7]

1960s

By 1962, in her early twenties, she was touring alone, developing her craft and performing in various concert halls, folk music festivals and Native Americans reservations across the United States, Canada and abroad. She spent a considerable amount of time in the coffeehouses of downtown Toronto's old Yorkville district, and New York City's Greenwich Village as part of the early to mid-1960s folk scene, often alongside other emerging Canadian contemporaries, such as Leonard Cohen, Neil Young, and Joni Mitchell. (She also introduced Mitchell to Elliot Roberts, who became Joni's manager.)^[10]

In 1963, recovering from a throat infection, Sainte-Marie became addicted to codeine and recovering from the experience became the basis of her song "Cod'ine",^[8] later covered by Donovan, Janis Joplin, the Charlatans, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Man,^[15] the Litter, the Leaves, Jimmy Gilmer, Gram Parsons,^[16] Charles Brutus McClay,^[17] the Barracudas (spelled "Codeine"),^[18] the Golden Horde,^[19] and later by Courtney Love. Also in 1963, she witnessed wounded soldiers returning from Vietnam war at a time when the U.S. government was denying involvement^[20] – which inspired her protest song, "Universal Soldier"^[21] which was released on her debut album, It's My Way on Vanguard Records in 1964, and later became a hit for Donovan.^[22]

She was subsequently named Billboard Magazine's Best New Artist. Some of her songs such as

"My Country 'Tis of Thy People You're Dying" (1964, included on her 1966 album) addressing the mistreatment of Native Americans created a lot of controversy at the time.^[6] In 1967, she released Fire and Fleet and Candlelight, which contained her interpretation of the traditional Yorkshire dialect song "Lyke Wake Dirge". Sainte-Marie's other well-known songs include "Mister Can't You See", (a Top 40 U.S. hit in 1972); "He's an Indian Cowboy in the Rodeo"; and the theme song of the popular movie Soldier Blue. She appeared on Pete Seeger's Rainbow Quest with Pete Seeger in 1965 and several Canadian Television productions from the 1960s to the 1990s,^[10] and other TV shows such as American Bandstand, Soul Train, The Johnny Cash Show and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson; and sang the opening song "The Circle Game" (written by Joni Mitchell^[10]) in Stuart Hagmann's film The Strawberry Statement (1970) Then Came Bronson; episode 20 "Mating Dance for Tender Grass" (1970) sang and acted.

In the late 1960s, she used a Buchla synthesizer to record the album Illuminations, which did not receive much notice. It was the first totally quadraphonic electronic vocal album ever.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

In 1996, she started a philanthropic non-profit fund Nihewan Foundation for American Indian Education devoted to improving Native American students participation in learning.^[23] The word "Nihewan" comes from the Cree language and means "talk Cree," which implies "Be Your Culture."

1970s

In late 1975, Sainte Marie received a phone call from Sesame Street producer Dulcy Singer to appear on the show for a one-shot guest appearance. Sainte-Marie told Singer she had no interest in doing a children's TV show, but reconsidered after asking "Have you done any Native American programming?" According to Sainte-Marie, Singer wanted her to count and recite the alphabet but Buffy wanted to teach the show's young viewers that "Indians still exist".{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} She regularly appeared on Sesame Street over a five-year period from 1976 to 1981. Sainte Marie breastfed her first son, Dakota "Cody" Starblanket Wolfchild, during a 1977 episode, which is believed to be the first representation of breastfeeding ever aired on television.^[24] Sesame Street even aired a week of shows from her home in Hawaii in January 1978.

Sainte-Marie's closest friend from the Sesame Street cast was Alaina Reed, who played Olivia Robinson on the show and later joined the cast of 227.

In 1979, Spirit of the Wind, featuring Sainte-Marie's original musical score including the song "Spirit of the Wind", was one of three entries that year at Cannes. The film is a docudrama about George Attla, the 'winningest dog musher of all time,' as the film presents him, with all parts played by Native Americans except one by Slim Pickens. The film was shown on cable TV in the early 1980s and was released in France in 2003.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

1980s

Sainte-Marie began using Apple II^[25] and Macintosh computers as early as 1981 to record her music and later some of her visual art.^[7] The song "Up Where We Belong" (which Sainte-Marie co-wrote with Will Jennings and musician Jack Nitzsche) was performed by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes for the film An Officer and a Gentleman. It received the Academy Award for Best Song in 1982. The song was later covered by Cliff Richard and Anne Murray on Cliff's album of duets, Two's Company. {{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

In the early 1980s one of her native songs was used as the theme song for the CBC's native series Spirit Bay. She was cast for the TNT 1993 telefilm The Broken Chain. It was shot entirely in Virginia. In 1989 she wrote and performed the music for Where the Spirit Lives, a film about native children being abducted and forced into residential schools.

1990s

Sainte-Marie voiced the Cheyenne character, Kate Bighead, in the 1991 made-for-TV movie Son of the Morning Star, telling the Indian side of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, where Lt. Col. George Custer was killed.

In 1992, after a sixteen-year recording hiatus, Sainte-Marie released the album Coincidence and Likely Stories.^[33] Recorded in 1990 at home in Hawaii on her computer and transmitted via modem through the Internet to producer Chris Birkett in London, England,^[10] the album included the politically charged songs "The Big Ones Get Away" and "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" (which mentions Leonard Peltier), both commenting on the ongoing plight of Native Americans (see also the book Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.) Also in 1992, Sainte-Marie appeared in the television film The Broken Chain with Wes Studi and Pierce Brosnan along with First Nations Bahá'í Phil Lucas. Her next album followed up in 1996 with Up Where We Belong, an album on which she re-recorded a number of her greatest hits in more unplugged and acoustic versions, including a re-release of "Universal Soldier". Sainte-Marie has exhibited her art at the Glenbow Museum in Calgary, the Winnipeg Art Gallery, the Emily Carr Gallery in Vancouver and the American Indian Arts Museum in Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1995 Buffy's Music and voice appeared in an episode of HBO's Happily Ever After, which is an animated cartoon series of fairy tales for children. Buffy appeared in the episode about Snow White which was also titled as "White Snow". White Snow is a young Native American Princess who is saved by a young Native American Prince. Buffy wrote the theme song and also sings a song and is the voice of the mirror on the wall. The episode appeared in the first season of Happily Ever After but the episodes continue to be aired as reruns.

In 1995, the Indigo Girls released two versions of Sainte-Marie's protest song "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" on their live album 1200 Curfews. The song appears toward the end of Disc One in a live format, Recorded at the Atwood Concert Hall in the Alaska Center for the Performing Arts in Anchorage, Alaska. "Every word is true," Emily says in the introduction. The second, found at the end of Disc Two, is a studio recording.

Sainte-Marie founded the Cradleboard Teaching Project in October 1996 using funds from her Nihewan Foundation and with a two-year grant from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation of Battle Creek, Michigan. With projects across Mohawk, Cree, Ojibwe, Menominee, Coeur D'Alene, Navajo, Quinault, Hawaiian, and Apache communities in eleven states, partnered with a non-native class of the same grade level for Elementary, Middle, and High School grades in the disciplines of Geography, History, Social Studies, Music and Science and produced a multimedia curriculum CD, Science: Through Native American Eyes.^[26]

2000s

In 2000, Sainte-Marie gave the commencement address at Haskell Indian Nations University.^[27] In 2002 she sang at the Kennedy Space Center for Commander John Herrington, USN, a Chickasaw and the first Native American astronaut.^[28] In 2003 she became a spokesperson for the UNESCO Associated Schools Project Network in Canada.^[29]

In 2002, a track written and performed by Sainte-Marie, entitled "Lazarus", was sampled by Hip Hop producer Kanye West and performed by Cam'Ron and Jim Jones of The Diplomats. The track is called "Dead or Alive". In June 2007, she made a rare U.S. appearance at the Clearwater Festival in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.

In 2008, a two-CD set titled Buffy/Changing Woman/Sweet America: The Mid-1970s Recordings was released, compiling the three studio albums that she recorded for ABC Records and MCA Records between 1974 and 1976 (after departing her long-time label Vanguard Records). This was the first re-release of this material. In September 2008, Sainte-Marie made a comeback onto the music scene in Canada with the release of her studio album Running for the Drum. It was produced by Chris Birkett (producer of her 1992 and 1996 best of albums). Sessions for this project commenced in 2006 in Sainte-Marie's home studio in Hawaii and in part in France. They continued until spring 2007. {{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

2010s

In 2015, Sainte-Marie released the album Power in the Blood on True North Records. She had a television appearance on May 22, 2015 with Democracy Now! to discuss the record and her musical and activist career. On September 21, 2015, Power in the Blood was named the winner of the 2015 Polaris Music Prize.^[30]

Also in 2015, A Tribe Called Red released an electronic remix of Sainte-Marie's song "Working for the Government".^[31]

In 2016, Sainte-Marie toured North America with Mark Olexson (bass), Anthony King (guitar), Michel Bruyere (drums), and Kibwe Thomas (Keyboards).^[32]

In 2017, she released the single "You Got to Run (Spirit of the Wind)", a collaboration with fellow Polaris Music Prize laureate Tanya Tagaq.^[33] The song was inspired by George Attla, a champion dog sled racer from Alaska.^[34]

Blacklisting

Sainte-Marie claimed in a 2008 interview at the National Museum of the American Indian^[35] that she had been blacklisted by American radio stations and that she, along with Native Americans and other native people in the Red Power movements, were put out of business in the 1970s.^[36]

In a 1999 interview at Diné College with a staff writer with Indian Country Today, Sainte-Marie said "I found out 10 years later, in the 1980s, that President Lyndon B. Johnson had been writing letters on White House stationery praising radio stations for suppressing my music" and "In the 1970s, not only was the protest movement put out of business, but the Native American movement was attacked."^[37]

As a result of this blacklisting, purportedly led by (among others) Presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, and Nashville disc jockey Ralph Emery (following the release of I'm Gonna Be a Country Girl Again), Sainte-Marie said "I was put out of business in the United States".^[38]

Honours and awards

date unknown

Other

Discography

Albums

Singles

Soundtracks

Anthologies

Further reading

References

1. ^More than 26.5 million copies sold world-wide as per Buffy Saint-Marie biography/profile {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531142444/http://www.creative-native.com/biograp.htm |date=May 31, 2008 }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/64/Buffy-Sainte-Marie.html|publisher=Profile at Film Reference.com|title=Buffy Sainte-Marie Biography|accessdate=2008-06-10}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/buffy-sainte-marie/|publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-06-10|title=Saint-Marie, Buffy|first=Betty|last=Nygaard King}}
4. ^Bennett, Tony, and Valda Blundell. 1995. Cultural studies. Vol. 9, no. 1, First peoples: cultures, policies, politics. London: Routledge. pg. 111; {{ISBN|0-203-98575-3}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/six-amazing-indian-women-new-england/|title=Six Amazing Indian Women From New England|date=March 21, 2018|website=Newenglandhistoricalsociety.com|accessdate=December 16, 2018}}
6. ^¹[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1bkxh3NVbIC&pg=PA547 Encyclopedia of the Great Plains] entry by Paula Conlon, University of Oklahoma, edited by David J Wishart
7. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.buffysaintemarie.co.uk/page5a0.html |title=Buffy Sainte-Marie UK Biography |publisher=Buffysaintemarie.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-04-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019162036/http://www.buffysaintemarie.co.uk/page5a0.html |archivedate=October 19, 2013 |df= }}
8. ^¹[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0825128536&id=v1999R6lT2AC&pg=RA1-PA111&lpg=RA1-PA111 45 Profiles in Modern Music] by E. Churchill and Linda Churchill, pgs. 110–2
9. ^{{cite web| url=http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/sainte-marie_buffy_beverly_1941-.html| title=Sainte-Marie, Buffy (Beverly) (1941–)| author=Colette P. Simonot| work=The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan| publisher=University of Regina| accessdate=June 25, 2015}}
10. ^¹²³⁴Buffy Sainte-Marie: A Multimedia Life (Director's Cut) DVD, distributed by Filmwest Associates of Canada and the US, , 2006
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nysun.com/comments/29841 |title=Buffy fans Tarantino and Morrissey – Reader comments at The New York Sun |publisher=Nysun.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-23}}
12. ^Bahá'ís and the Arts: Language of the Heart {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026122949/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-9-2-2.html# |date=October 26, 2012 }} by Ann Boyles, also published in 1994–95 edition of The Bahá'í World, pgs. 243–72
13. ^Live Unity:The Sound of the World A Concert Documentary, VCR Video, distributed by Unity Arts Inc., of Canada, © Live Unity Enterprises, Inc., 1992
14. ^{{cite AV media|people =Buffy Sainte-Marie; interviewed by Jon Faine|title=The Conversation Hour|medium=radio|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|location=Melbourne, Australia|date=March 3, 2015|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2015/03/03/4190526.htm?&date=201503}}
15. ^On their album Maximum Darkness
16. ^On Another Side of This Life: The Lost Recordings of Gram Parsons 1965–1966
17. ^Charles Brutus McClay – "Bottled in France", released 1970 by CBS France, cat.nr.64478
18. ^The Barracudas – "Drop Out with The Barracudas", released 1981 by Zonophone, cat.nr.ZONO103
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/the-golden-horde/codeine-live-london-1991|title=Codeine (live, London, 1991) by The Golden Horde on SoundCloud|publisher=Soundcloud.com|date=March 9, 2012|accessdate=2014-04-23}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1961.html|title=Vietnam War 1961–1964|publisher=The History Place|accessdate=2014-04-23}}
21. ^[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0312200579&id=9SiONFzWde0C&pg=PA528 Folk and Blues: The Premier Encyclopedia of American Roots Music] by Irwin Stambler, Lyndon Stambler, pp. 528–530.
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19793/m1|title=Show 34 – Revolt of the Fat Angel: American musicians respond to the British invaders|publisher=Digital.library.unt.edu|date=April 18, 2014|accessdate=2014-04-23}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nihewan.com |title=nihewan.com,nihewan.com |publisher=Nihewan.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-23}}
24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://hazlitt.net/feature/short-lived-normalization-breastfeeding-television|title=The Short-Lived Normalization of Breastfeeding on Television|last=Sen|first=Mayukh|date=2018-01-22|work=Hazlitt|access-date=2018-01-28}}
25. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053236/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_n5_v37/ai_12287153 Names under the sun: Buffy Sainte-Marie – multi-awarded native American singer makes a comeback] Los Angeles Business Journal, May 1992 by Michael Logan.
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cradleboard.org/2000/history.html |title=Cradleboard History |publisher=Cradleboard.org |date= |accessdate=2014-04-23}}
27. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090211003010/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_20000513/ai_n11747327 New generation of Haskell family honored] Topeka Capital-Journal, The, May 13, 2000 by Andrea Albright Capital-Journal.
28. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515014210/http://www.mouthbow.org/buffycape.html|date=May 15, 2006}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cradleboard.org/press/unesco.html |title=Buffy UNESCO Spokes Person |publisher=Cradleboard.org |date=February 13, 2003 |accessdate=2014-04-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206034704/http://www.cradleboard.org/press/unesco.html |archivedate=February 6, 2012 |df= }}
30. ^[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/buffy-sainte-marie-wins-polaris-music-prize/article26468115/ "Buffy Sainte-Marie wins Polaris Music Prize"]. The Globe and Mail, September 21, 2015.
31. ^"Buffy Sainte-Marie: "Working for the Government" (A Tribe Called Red remix)". Exclaim!, July 2, 2015.
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://buffysainte-marie.com/?page_id=28|title=Buffy Sainte-Marie's highly anticipated brand new album Power in the Blood is available in stores now!|website=Buffysainte-marie.com|accessdate=January 5, 2018}}
33. ^"Buffy Sainte-Marie and Tanya Tagaq Share New Collaboration". Exclaim!, February 21, 2017.
34. ^Queens of Indigenous Music Buffy Ste-Marie and Tanya Tagaq Unite for “You Got To Run (Spirit Of The Wind)”. RPM.fm, February 22, 2017.
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5_3IhqNZKI|title=2008 Native Writer's Series #3 – Buffy Sainte-Marie|publisher=YouTube|date=April 17, 2008 |accessdate=2014-04-23}}
36. ^{{cite journal|last=Paulsen|first=Sasha|title=An original rebel with a resonating voice|journal=Napa Valley Register|publisher=Lee Enterprises, Inc.|location=Napa, CA|date=September 24, 2011|url=http://napavalleyregister.com/entertainment/arts-and-theatre/an-original-rebel-with-a-resonating-voice/article_1d0ae17a-ea4b-11e0-8335-001cc4c002e0.html|accessdate=September 28, 2011}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://bsnorrell.blogspot.com/2008/10/canadian-aboriginal-music-awards-is.html?showComment=1224884880000|title=CENSORED NEWS: Uncensored: Buffy Sainte-Marie honored with Lifetime Achievement Award|publisher=Bsnorrell.blogspot.com|date=October 22, 2008|accessdate=2014-04-23}}
38. ^{{cite news|last1=Nagy|first1=Rob|title=Folk icon Buffy Sainte-Marie continues her journey — performs at Philadelphia Folk Festival 2016|url=http://www.buckslocalnews.com/entertainment/folk-icon-buffy-sainte-marie-continues-her-journey-performs-at/article_46964db1-3357-594f-86dd-d06f91aa6db9.html|accessdate=14 May 2017|work=Bucks Local News|date=12 August 2016}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/1998/buffy-sainte-marie|title=Buffy Sainte-Marie|website=Canadaswalkoffame.com|accessdate=January 5, 2018}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cradleboard.org/2000/press.html|title=Cradleboard Comments & News Stories|publisher=Cradleboard.org|accessdate=2014-04-23}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://carleton.ca/duc/newsroom/archive/2008/june5.html|title=Human rights activists to be honoured at Spring Convocation (news release)|accessdate=2008-06-13|date=June 5, 2008|publisher=Carleton University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608010412/http://www.carleton.ca/duc/newsroom/archive/2008/june5.html|archivedate=June 8, 2008}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ocad.ca/about_ocad/articles/news_releases/20100602_honorary_doctorates_convocation.htm |title=OCAD News Release: OCAD to confer honorary doctorates on Carole Condé, Karl Beveridge, Anita Kunz and Buffy Sainte-Marie |accessdate=2010-06-06 |date=June 2, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103213101/http://www.ocad.ca/about_ocad/articles/news_releases/20100602_honorary_doctorates_convocation.htm |archivedate=January 3, 2011 |df= }}
43. ^[https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2010/04/29/buffy_saintemarie_to_get_governor_generals_award.html "Buffy Sainte-Marie to get Governor General’s Award"]. Toronto Star, Jennifer Ditchburn April 29, 2010
44. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/music/junos/news/junos-2018-the-complete-list-of-winners-so-far-1.4579405|title=Junos 2018: the complete list of winners {{!}} CBC Music|work=CBC|access-date=2018-03-26|language=en-US}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.indigenousmusicawards.com/nominees|title=Winners and Nominees - Indigenous Music Awards|website=Indigenousmusicawards.com|accessdate=December 16, 2018}}
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47. ^"25 best Canadian debut albums ever". CBC Music,June 16, 2017.
48. ^¹²³{{cite book| first= David| last= Roberts| year= 2006| title= British Hit Singles & Albums| edition= 19th| publisher= Guinness World Records Limited| location= London| isbn= 1-904994-10-5| page= 479}}
49. ^¹²{{cite book| first= Martin C.| last= Strong| year= 2000| title= The Great Rock Discography| edition= 5th| publisher= Mojo Books| location= Edinburgh| pages= 840–841| isbn= 1-84195-017-3}}