“Béla Károlyi”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Béla Károlyi ({{IPA-hu|ˈbeːlɒ ˈkaːroji|lang}}; born September 13, 1942) is a Romanian-American gymnastics coach. Early in his coaching career he developed the Romanian centralised training system for gymnastics. One of his earliest protégés was Nadia Comăneci, the first gymnast to be awarded a perfect score. Living under the dictatorship of Nicolae Ceausescu, Károlyi frequently clashed with Romanian officials and the Károlyis subsequently defected to the United States in 1981.

Since their arrival in the United States, Béla and his wife Márta Károlyi have been credited with transforming the coaching of gymnastics in the US and bringing major international success. They have both been head coach of the United States women's national gymnastics team, as well as national team coordinator for United States gymnastics at the Olympic Games.

Károlyi has coached many notable national, European, World and Olympic gymnasts, including Nadia Comăneci, Ecaterina Szabo, Mary Lou Retton, Betty Okino, Teodora Ungureanu, Kim Zmeskal, Kristie Phillips, Dominique Moceanu, Phoebe Mills, and Kerri Strug. In total, Károlyi has coached nine Olympic champions, fifteen world champions, sixteen European medalists and six U.S. national champions. Béla Károlyi was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 1997. Béla and Márta Károlyi as a coaching team were inducted into the US Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2000.

Early coaching career

Károlyi was born in Kolozsvár, Hungary (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania).^[1]^[2] He was originally a national junior boxing champion and a member of the Romanian hammer throwing team. He met his future wife because she was involved in gymnastics.^[3] He enrolled at the Romania College of Physical Education, studying and practicing gymnastics after having had trouble with a mandatory skills test in the sport.^[4] In his senior year at the college, he coached the women's gymnastics team, whose star was Márta (then named Márta Erőss). They married in 1963, then moved to a small town in the coal-mining region where Béla had grown up.^[4] They started a gymnastics class in their elementary school. They were later invited to create a national school for gymnastics.^[4]

Romania's famed centralized training program has its roots in the 1950s; Károlyi helped develop the program further in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He worked as a coach at the boarding school in Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (now named Oneşti), training young girls specially chosen for their athletic potential. One of the first students at the school was six-year-old Nadia Comăneci, who lived near the town and commuted from home.^[5]

Károlyi debuted as an international coach in 1974. He had to persuade the Romanian gymnastics federation to have Comăneci and his other athletes named to the 1975 European Championships and the 1976 Olympic team, because the federation favored athletes from the competing Dinamo club in Bucharest.^[5] At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, he was head coach of the Romanian squad, and most of the members of the team were Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej athletes. The team took the silver medal, and Comăneci was one of the outstanding performers of the Games, scoring the first-ever perfect 10 in Olympic competition. Altogether, the Romanians won seven medals in Montreal: three gold, two silver, and two bronze.

After Comăneci's astounding success in Montreal, Károlyi's importance as a coach was recognized. He was named head coach of the Romanian team at the 1980 Olympics. However, he came under fire from Romanian officials because of his score protests at several international meets, including the 1980 Olympics.^[5]

Defecting to America

After the Olympics, Károlyi again clashed with Romanian Federation officials, and tension escalated. During a 1981 gymnastics tour, Romanian team choreographer Géza Pozsár and the Károlyis defected and sought political asylum in the United States, temporarily leaving their seven-year-old daughter Andrea with relatives in Romania.^[6] They settled in Oklahoma.^[5]^[7]^[8]

1980s

In 1981, a group of businessmen invited Károlyi to join a gymnastics business venture. He decided to invest in the business, and the Károlyis relocated to Houston. The gym ran into financial problems, and Károlyi ended up buying it.^[7]

Károlyi's status as "Nadia's coach" quickly attracted gymnasts to his club. Only three years after his defection, he was at the 1984 Olympics as the individual coach of all-around champion Mary Lou Retton and uneven bars gold medalist Julianne McNamara.^[7] Only the national coach Don Peters and his assistant were allowed on the floor, but Károlyi had obtained a maintenance man's pass so he could be near Retton and McNamara during the competition.^[9] Károlyi is remembered for shouting "That's a 10!" repeatedly after Mary Lou Retton's first of two vaults that scored her a perfect 10.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} During the 1984 Olympics Károlyi did not have an official position with the delegation. He slept in his car, and ignored Peters' instructions by holding supplementary workouts for his gymnasts. Károlyi's clout in America grew after 1984, but so did resentment against him. After Retton's success in 1984, Károlyi purchased the Karolyi Ranch, was paid by McDonald's to wear their golden arch logo on his sleeves. The new gym run out of the Ranch attracted many of the country's top gymnasts.^[9]

Following the 1984 Olympics, USGF decided that the interests of the sport would be better served if Greg Marsden replaced Peters as Olympic coach. Marsden was a college coach with no private students and no financial interest in promoting one gymnast at the expense of another. Marsden said that he "thought some of the concerns the other coaches had about Károlyi were legitimate" and selected Donna Cozzo as assistant national coach. Károlyi was furious and had to be talked out of boycotting the 1987 Pan American Games. Károlyi did not attend the meet complaining that he was not allowed to coach even though he was "providing fifty percent of the team".^[9] Károlyi's star gymnast Kristie Phillips competed in the meet, finishing second behind Sabrina Mar, who trained with the former Olympic coach Don Peters at SCATS gym.^[10] Phillips' mother called Marsden shortly before the 1987 World Championships with concerns that Károlyi was not preparing Kristie for the World Championship. Phillips, the top American gymnast going into the competition, finished in 45th place. The U.S. team finished 6th. Marsden resigned from his position as national team coach in November 1987.

After Marsden resigned, Károlyi lobbied to have himself appointed national coach, but he was opposed by the other coaches, and Don Peters was restored to the position in January 1988. Peters chose Bela's wife Márta Károlyi to serve as assistant national coach. Károlyi told USGF that he would not attend the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, unless he was the team coach.^[11]

At the 1988 Olympic Trials in August, Károlyi's gymnasts earned 5 of the top 8 spots. These five gymnasts were Phoebe Mills, Brandy Johnson, Chelle Stack and the two team alternates Rhonda Faehn and Kristie Phillips. Phillips, who had left Károlyi's gym and trained with Peters for a short time following her disappointing performance at the 1987 World Championships, said that Peters{{'}} workouts were "not half as intense (as Károlyi's)". Phillips told reporters it would hurt the national team if they had to leave Károlyi's and train with Peters at SCATS.^[12] USGF executive director Mike Jacki said, "The women's coaches are all private businessmen[...]The more kids you put on the team, the better it is for your business."^[13]

Peters resigned his position as national coach after the trials. Following Peters' resignation the USGF decided against having a national team coach, instead deciding that personal coaches would be allowed to accompany the gymnasts to the competition.^[11] The U.S. Olympic team finished fourth in Seoul, due to a little known rule that allowed a .5 deduction because alternate Rhonda Faehn had remained on the podium after pulling the springboard out of the way during another gymnasts uneven bars routine. Had Faehn stepped off the podium the US team would have won the bronze medal. An incensed Karolyi said the rule was invoked by an East German judge in order to "keep the scores down" because the East German team was "fighting desperately to keep their place".^[14] He said application of the scoring penalty was "dirty cheating".^[15]

After the 1988 Olympics, Károlyi's sphere of influence continued to grow, as did the number of elite gymnasts training in his gym. At one meet in 1990, a journalist dubbed six top Károlyi gymnasts the "Karolyi six-pack."^[16] Although the members of the six-pack would change, the name stuck and increased Károlyi's prominence in the sport.

1990s

At the 1991 World Championships, four of the six athletes on the U.S. women's team — Kim Zmeskal, Betty Okino, Hilary Grivich, and Kerri Strug — were trained by Károlyi; the other two, Shannon Miller and Michelle Campi, were trained by ex-Károlyi club coaches. The situation was almost repeated at the 1992 Olympics, where Károlyi was head coach and five members of the seven-gymnast squad (six competitors and one alternate) were either trained by him or one of his protégés.

Károlyi mostly acted as a personal coach for Dominique Moceanu and Kerri Strug at the 1996 Olympics, but still managed to draw the spotlight. His motivational speech to Strug after she injured her ankle on her first vault ("Shake it off! You can do it!") was broadcast on television and was widely viewed. After Strug's successful final vault, Károlyi carried her to the podium to accept her gold medal. The moment was photographed and widely publicized, and it became one of the most enduring memories of the 1996 Olympics.^[17]

Károlyi retired from coaching after the 1996 Olympics. He and Márta still have a ranch and gymnastics camp in New Waverly, Texas.^[7] In 1997, Béla was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame.^[18]

1999–2000

Following the success of the U.S. team, dubbed the "Magnificent Seven," at the 1996 Olympics, USA Gymnastics experienced a lull. A new requirement that competitors be at least 16 years old in the calendar year of the competition (up from the previous 15) kept some top gymnasts out of the World Championships in 1997. While American gymnasts did medal in international competitions such as the Goodwill Games and the Pacific Alliance Championships, they were largely unsuccessful in most major meets. In both 1997 and 1999, the American team left the World Championships without a single medal.

After the 1999 World Championships, USA Gymnastics tried to revamp its program by hiring Károlyi as national team coordinator. Károlyi required that all national team members attend frequent, grueling camps at his ranch north of Houston, and selection procedures for international meets became more arbitrary. Coaches resented what they felt was Károlyi's intrusion onto their domain, and athletes were under a considerable amount of stress. The tension had escalated to the point where gymnasts were openly speaking out against Károlyi. At the 2000 Olympics, the U.S. originally placed fourth, but the Chinese team had an underage athlete so the U.S team were awarded the bronze.^[19]^[20]^[21]

In 2001, the national team coordinator position was handed over to Károlyi's wife, Márta. While Márta has retained some aspects of Béla's program, such as the training camp system, she has reduced the frequency of the camps, and her approach has been different and generally more acceptable to both coaches and gymnasts. It has also yielded impressive competitive results: Between 2001 and 2007, American women won a combined total of 34 medals in World Championship and Olympic competition. Between 2001 and 2016, they have won five World Championships team titles (2003, 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2015) and two Olympic team titles (2012, 2016). Additionally, the team won four consecutive Olympic all-arounds (2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016), Eight World Championships all-arounds (2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2017), and eighteen individual event World Championships titles.

Later career

Márta Károlyi remained the national team coordinator for USA Gymnastics until 2016. During the 2008 Summer Olympics, Béla appeared as a guest commentator for NBC News. He claimed that the Chinese women's gymnastics team was cheating by using athletes who did not meet the minimum age requirement.^[22] He and his wife stated that "They are using half-people. One of the biggest frustrations is, what arrogance. These people think we are stupid."^[23]

Károlyi has said, however, that he disagrees with the age limit, and has called for the International Olympic Committee to abolish it, saying that if a gymnast is good enough to earn a spot at the Olympics or World Championships, he or she deserves to go. He has praised the Chinese for their competitiveness and skills during the competitions, and said that his issue was not with the athletes but with the fact that they were potentially being used. "They do good gymnastics and are a good service for the sport," he said. "They have the ultimate effective training program. That’s why I am more upset that they are cheating. They don’t need cheating. They would be just as good with a lineup of eligible athletes."^[22] Károlyi also claimed that the score Cheng Fei of China received on vault was a major judging error and a "rip-off".^[23]

Controversy

Several of Károlyi's athletes from the "six-pack" era have criticized his training methods. Some of his former athletes, including Kristie Phillips, Dominique Moceanu, and Erica Stokes, have stated publicly that Károlyi was verbally and psychologically abusive during workouts. Károlyi's constant critical remarks about weight and body type were said to drive some gymnasts to develop eating disorders and low self-esteem.^[24] Some gymnasts, such as Phillips, Moceanu, and 1988 Olympian Chelle Stack, have also said they were compelled to continue training and competing even when coping with serious injuries such as broken bones.^[24] In one interview, Moceanu, who was one of Károlyi's final protégés, said: "I'm sure Bela saw injuries, but if you were injured, Bela didn't want to see it. ... You had to deal with it. I was intimidated. He looked down on me. He was six-feet something, and I was four-foot nothing."^[25]

Károlyi was also said to strictly monitor his gymnasts' food intake: Moceanu, for instance, stated that at meets away from home, gymnasts were limited to consuming as few as 900 Calories a day.^[26] Even Károlyi's supporters have admitted that at certain competitions, his gymnasts ate so sparingly that members of the men's gymnastics team smuggled food to them in their hotel rooms.^[24]

However, many of Károlyi's most prominent gymnasts have vehemently defended him against these allegations. Nadia Comăneci, in her memoir Letters to a Young Gymnast, remarked that she literally trusted Károlyi with her life. She also stated that in Romania, the gymnasts at Károlyi's school consumed well-balanced diets and, in fact, ate better than most other civilians in the country at the time.^[5] Olympic medalists and Károlyi gymnasts Mary Lou Retton,^[27] Phoebe Mills, and Kim Zmeskal, among others, have also praised Károlyi and his training regimen.^[24]^[28]

A number of former Károlyi gymnasts, both supporters and detractors, have acknowledged that some of the allegations about Károlyi were true, but have also claimed that the ends — medals — justified the means. In Joan Ryan's Little Girls in Pretty Boxes, 1992 Olympian Betty Okino said: "What Béla did worked. He motivated me by getting me mad." Some have claimed that Károlyi stopped treating gymnasts harshly when parents directly requested that he do so.^[24] In a column she wrote rebutting many of the claims of Little Girls in Pretty Boxes, Okino wrote: "Károlyi structured his training in a way that built your physical and mental strength to such a remarkable level that even he couldn't tear you down. Béla wanted to know that when push came to shove, his athletes could handle any situation thrown at them."^[29]

In an interview in the edition of December 8, 2007 of the Romanian newspaper Evenimentul Zilei, Adrian Goreac,^[30] the coach of the Romanian national gymnastics team from 1981 to 1990, after Károlyi left, spoke of Károlyi's "dictatorial regime" during his time coaching the Romanian gymnastics team.

In November 2008, Emilia Eberle, a Romanian national team member during the Károlyi coaching era, gave an interview to KCRA-TV in Sacramento, California, claiming that while she was on the national team, both Béla and Márta Károlyi regularly beat her and her teammates for mistakes they made in practice or competition. "In one word, I can say it was brutal," she told KCRA.^[31] Other Romanian team members, including Ecaterina Szabo and Rodica Dunca, as well as Géza Pozsár, the team choreographer who defected with the Károlyis, have made similar charges of physical abuse. When asked in 2008 to comment on the allegations, Béla said: "I ignore it. I'm not even commenting. These people are really trash."^[32]

Role in sexual abuse scandal

While Károlyi has not been implicated in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal, many instances of sexual abuse perpetrated by former team doctor Larry Nassar occurred at Karolyi Ranch, and one way in which Nassar reportedly groomed athletes for abuse and gained their trust, was by covertly providing them with food in defiance of Károlyi's strict dietary guidelines. As a result of the scandal, in July 2017 USA Gymnastics cancelled previously-announced plans to buy Karolyi Ranch^[33] and in January 2018 USA Gymnastics announced they were cutting ties with Karolyi Ranch altogether.^[34]

Books

Television

Béla Károlyi was in the episode "At the Edge of the Worlds", in the ABC Family show Make It or Break It. He portrayed Coach Sasha Belov's father.

Music

Béla Károlyi was mentioned in Sir Mix-A-Lot's song, "Beepers". The line in the song is: "That's Attitude Adjustor, my homie... huggin' more girls than Béla Károlyi".^[35]

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Restoration – Northern Transylvania: 1940|url=http://www.ceu.hu/news/2010-09-01/restoration—northern-transylvania-1940|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721160825/http://www.ceu.hu/news/2010-09-01/restoration%E2%80%94northern-transylvania-1940|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2012-07-21|work=Central European University}}
2. ^Cf. Northern Transylvania and Cluj-Napoca articles for precise history and further citations
3. ^Rendell, Matt, [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/jul/04/athensolympics2004.gymnastics "The Perfect Ten"], The Observer (UK), Saturday July 3, 2004
4. ^¹²Latimer, Clay, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109232716/http://m.rockymountainnews.com/news/2008/aug/03/karolyis-olympics-rise-is-gym-dandy/ "Karolyis' Olympics rise is gym dandy: Husband-and-wife team have shaped gymnastics in U.S."], Rocky Mountain News, August 3, 2008
5. ^¹²³⁴Comaneci, Nadia. Letters to a Young Gymnast. 2004, Basic Books. {{ISBN|0-465-01276-0}}
6. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.chron.com/sports/olympics/article/Another-Karolyi-leads-charge-for-Olympic-gold-1986728.php |title=Another Karolyi leads charge for Olympic gold | first= David| last= Barron |work=Chron.com |date=August 11, 2004 |access-date= August 16, 2016}}
7. ^¹²³[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613063943/http://www.usa-gymnastics.org/athletes/coachbios/k/bkarolyi.html Béla Karolyi]. USA Gymnastics
8. ^Thomas, Robert McG. Jr and Michael Janofsky (March 10, 1987). [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/10/sports/scouting-citizen-karolyi.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FG%2FGymnastics "Citizen Karolyi"] The New York Times.
9. ^¹²{{Cite web| title = The U.S. Women's Gymnastics Team Falls From Grace| work = Rolling Stone| accessdate = 2018-02-04| url = https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/fall-from-grace-19880922}}
10. ^{{Cite news| title = U.S. Gymnasts Sweep All-Around, Mar Tops Phillips| work = The Washington Post| accessdate = 2018-02-03| date = 1987-08-23| url = https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1339370.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181008/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1339370.html | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 2018-02-03 |via=HighBeam}}
11. ^¹{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Janofsky| first = Michael| title = Olympic Gymnastics; Peters Explains Why He Quit| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2018-02-04| date = 1988-08-10| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/10/sports/olympic-gymnastics-peters-explains-why-he-quit.html}}
12. ^{{Cite news |issn=0458-3035 |last=Hoffer |first=Richard |title=U.S. Olympic Gymnastics Trials : 5 of Top 8 Are Károlyi's Kids; No SCATS |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=2018-02-04 |date=1988-08-07 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-08-07/sports/sp-416_1_u-s-olympic-gymnastics-trials}}
13. ^{{Cite news |last1=Powers |first1=John |last2=Staff |first2=Globe |title=Us Trials Are Karolyi Show Coach the Center of Attention |work=The Boston Globe (Boston, MA) |accessdate=2018-02-04 |date=1988-08-05 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8073626.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205000910/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8073626.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2018-02-05 |via=HighBeam}}
14. ^{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last1 = Janofsky| first1 = Michael| last2 = Times| first2 = Special to the New York| title = THE SEOUL OLYMPICS: Gymnastics; Karolyi Cries Foul as U.S. Slips Into 4th| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2018-02-04| date = 1988-09-20| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/20/sports/the-seoul-olympics-gymnastics-karolyi-cries-foul-as-us-slips-into-4th.html}}
15. ^{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| title = THE SEOUL OLYMPICS; Americans Angered at 4th-Place Finish in Women's Gymnastics| work = The New York Times| accessdate = 2018-02-04| date = 1988-09-22| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/22/sports/the-seoul-olympics-americans-angered-at-4th-place-finish-in-women-s-gymnastics.html}}
16. ^"Whatever happened to Amy Scherr?" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119072217/http://www.gymn.ca/gymnasticgreats/wag/scherr.htm |date=January 19, 2010 }} Gymnastics Greats, July 11, 2000
17. ^Weinberg, Rick. "Kerri Strug fights off pain, helps U.S. win gold" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629004458/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/espn25/story?page=moments%2F51 |date=June 29, 2008 }} ESPN.
18. ^{{cite web | title = Bela Karolyi | work = International Gymnastics Hall of Fame | url = http://www.ighof.com/honorees/honorees_karolyi.html | accessdate = May 12, 2007 }}
19. ^"Bela-aching tough to stomach" Chicago Sun-Times, September 20, 2000
20. ^Shelton, Gary. "Time to bid Bela goodbye" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083822/http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/News/092000/Olympics/Time_to_bid_Bela_good.shtml |date=September 28, 2007 }} St. Petersburg Times, September 20, 2000.
21. ^Roberts, Selena.[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/19/sports/olympics-us-gymnasts-try-to-catch-karolyi-s-eye.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FG%2FGymnastics "U.S. Gymnasts Try to Catch Karolyi's Eye"] The New York Times, August 19, 2000.
22. ^¹[https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/beijing/gymnastics/news?slug=ap-gym-karolyi-ages&prov=ap&type=lgns Bela Karolyi incensed about underage rules]. Sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved on October 3, 2016.
23. ^¹Sandomir, Richard (August 20, 2008) [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/21/sports/olympics/21sandomir.html?ref=sports Karolyi Puts the Color in Color Commentary]. New York Times
24. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book | last = Ryan | first = Joan | title = Little Girls in Pretty Boxes | publisher = Doubleday | location = Garden City | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-385-47790-1 }}
25. ^Reid, Scott M. "Gymnasts in pain: Out of balance" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027075923/http://www.ocregister.com/ocr/sections/news/news/article_346130.php |date=October 27, 2007 }} O.C. Register December 19, 2004
26. ^Reid, Scott M. "Emphasis on thin is a heavy burden" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912181904/http://www.ocregister.com/ocr/sections/news/news/article_350521.php |date=September 12, 2007 }} O.C. Register, December 20, 2004
27. ^Béla Karolyi 2007 Interview {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723211721/http://sidewalkstv.com/webclips/r/marylouretton.html |date=July 23, 2008 }} with Mary Lou Retton on Sidewalks Entertainment
28. ^Okino, Betty. "Betty Okino's Olympic Report: Bela Karolyi" Sports Hollywood, 2000
29. ^Okino, Betty. "The Balanced View: Betty Okino", SportsHollywood.com, 2000.
30. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090305134724/http://www.evz.ro/articole/detalii-articol/470970/quotBela-Karoly-a-fost-un-dictatorquot/ "Bela Karoly a fost un dictator"]. evz.ro (December 8, 2007)
31. ^{{cite news | title = Gymnast Says trainer Karolyi beat her up| publisher = [UPI] | date = November 19, 2008 | url = http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2008/11/19/Gymnast_says_trainer_Karolyi_beat_her/UPI-97981227117007/| accessdate = November 20, 2008}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2011/dec/14/50-olympic-moments-nadia-comaneci|title=50 stunning Olympic moments No5: Nadia Comaneci scores a perfect 10 |date=December 14, 2011 |publisher=The Guardian |author=Simon Burnton}}
33. ^https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2017/05/16/usa-gymnastics-wont-buy-famed-karolyi-ranch-after-all/101767644/
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/22145103/usa-gymnastics-cuts-ties-karolyi-ranch-training-facility|title=USA Gymnastics cuts ties with Karolyi Ranch training facility|work=ESPN|date=January 18, 2018}}
35. ^{{YouTube|l7Og1DuMu3k}}