“Chamunda”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

She is also one of the chief Yoginis, a group of sixty-six or eighty-six Tantric goddesses, who are attendants of the warrior goddess Durga.^[3] The name is a combination of Chanda and Munda, two monsters whom Chamunda killed. She was invoked by Goddess Chandi to kill demons Chanda and Munda. Though she is similar to Kali in appearance, she is not associated with Kali. Chamunda is an esoteric aspect of Durga in her Gandi form.

The goddess is often portrayed as haunting cremation grounds or fig trees. The goddess is worshipped by ritual animal sacrifices along with offerings of wine and in the ancient times, human sacrifices were offered too. Originally a tribal goddess, Chamunda was assimilated in Hinduism and later entered the Jain pantheon too. Though in Jainism, the rites of her worship include vegetarian offerings, and not the meat and liquor offerings.

Origins

Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar says that Chamunda was originally a tribal goddess, worshipped by the tribals of the Vindhya mountains in central India. These tribes were known to offer goddesses animal as well as human sacrifices along with ritual offerings of liquor. These methods of worship were retained in Tantric worship of Chamunda, after assimilation in Hinduism. He proposes the fierce nature of this goddess is due of her association with Vedic Rudra (identified as Shiva in modern Hinduism), identified with fire god Agni at times.^[4] Wangu also backs the theory of the tribal origins of the goddess.

Apart from her popular names like Chamunda, Chamundi, Chamundeshwari, Charchika and Rakta Kali she is also known as

Rudira Kali, Chanda Kali, Rudira, Rudira Mala devi, Rudiramma, Rudireshwari, Rakteshwari, Rakta Chamundi, Vir Kali, Porkali, Ghalurika, Ugra Chandi, Kalari Devi and Ati bhaya Kali regionally in India and Nepal. She is popularly worshipped as the goddess of war and patron of martial arts like Kalaripayattu.^[5]

Iconography

The black or red coloured Chamunda is described as wearing a garland of severed heads or skulls (Mundamala). She is described as having four, eight, ten or twelve arms, holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword, a snake, skull-mace (khatvanga), thunderbolt, a severed head and panapatra (drinking vessel, wine cup) or skull-cup (kapala), filled with blood. Standing on a corpse of a man (shava or preta) or seated on a defeated demon or corpse (pretasana). Chamunda is depicted adorned by ornaments of bones, skulls, and serpents. She also wears a Yajnopavita (a sacred thread worn by mostly Hindu priests) of skulls. She wears a jata mukuta, that is, headdress formed of piled, matted hair tied with snakes or skull ornaments. Sometimes, a crescent moon is seen on her head.^[6]^[7] Her eye sockets are described as burning the world with flames. She is accompanied by evil spirits.^[7]^[8] She is also shown to be surrounded by skeletons or ghosts and beasts like jackals, who are shown eating the flesh of the corpse which the goddess sits or stands on. The jackals and her fearsome companions are sometimes depicted as drinking blood from the skull-cup or blood dripping from the severed head, implying that Chamunda drinks the blood of the defeated enemies.^[9] This quality of drinking blood is a usual characteristic of all Matrikas, and Chamunda in particular. At times, she is depicted seated on an owl, her vahana (mount or vehicle). Her banner figures an eagle.^[7]

These characteristics, a contrast to usual Hindu goddess depiction with full breasts and a beautiful face, are symbols of old age, death, decay and destruction.^[10] Chamunda is often said as a form of Kali, representing old age and death. She appears as a frightening old woman, projecting fear and horror.^[11]^[12]

Hindu legends

In Hindu scripture Devi Mahatmya, Chamunda emerged as Chandika Jayasundara from an eyebrow of goddess Kaushiki, a goddess created from "sheath" of Durga and was assigned the task of eliminating the demons Chanda and Munda, generals of demon kings Shumbha-Nishumbha. She fought a fierce battle with the demons, ultimately killing them.^[13]

According to a later episode of the Devi Mahatmya, Durga created Matrikas from herself and with their help slaughtered the demon army of Shumbha-Nisumha. In this version, Kali is described as a Matrika who sucked all the blood of the demon Raktabija, from whose blood drop rose another demon. Kali is given the epithet Chamunda in the text.^[14] Thus, the Devi Mahatmya identifies Chamunda with Kali.^[15]

In the Varaha Purana, the story of Raktabija is retold, but here each of Matrikas appears from the body of another Matrika. Chamunda appears from the foot of the lion-headed goddess Narasimhi. Here, Chamunda is considered a representation of the vice of tale-telling (pasunya). The Varaha Purana text clearly mentions two separate goddesses Chamunda and Kali, unlike Devi Mahatmya.^[7]

According to another legend, Chamunda appeared from the frown of the benign goddess Parvati to kill demons Chanda and Munda. Here, Chamunda is viewed as a form of Parvati.^[16]

The Matsya Purana tells a different story of Chamunda's origins. She with other matrikas was created by Shiva to help him kill the demon Andhakasura, who has an ability - like Raktabija - to generate from his dripping blood. Chamunda with the other matrikas drinks the blood of the demon ultimately helping Shiva kill him.^[7] Ratnakara, in his text Haravijaya, also describes this feat of Chamunda, but solely credits Chamunda, not the other matrikas of sipping the blood of Andhaka. Having drunk the blood, Chamunda's complexion changed to blood-red.^[17] The text further says that Chamunda does a dance of destruction, playing a musical instrument whose shaft is Mount Meru, the spring is the cosmic snake Shesha and gourd is the crescent moon. She plays the instrument during the deluge that drowns the world.^[8]

Association with Matrikas

Chamunda is one of the saptamatrikas or Seven Mothers. The Matrikas are fearsome mother goddesses, abductors and eaters of children; that is, they were emblematic of childhood pestilence, fever, starvation, and disease. They were propitiated in order to avoid those ills, that carried off so many children before they reached adulthood.^[11]

Chamunda is included in the Saptamatrika (seven Matrikas or mothers) lists in the Hindu texts like the Mahabharata (Chapter 'Vana-parva'), the Devi Purana and the Vishnudharmottara Purana. She is often depicted in the Saptamatrika group in sculptures, examples of which are Ellora and Elephanta caves. Though she is always portrayed last (rightmost) in the group, she is sometimes referred to as the leader of the group.^[18] While other Matrikas are considered as Shaktis (powers) of male divinities and resemble them in their appearance, Chamunda is the only Matrika who is a Shakti of the great Goddess Devi rather than a male god. She is also the only Matrika who enjoys independent worship of her own; all other Matrikas are always worshipped together.^[19]

The Devi Purana describe a pentad of Matrikas who help Ganesha to kill demons.^[20] Further, sage Mandavya is described as worshipping the Māṭrpaňcaka (the five mothers), Chamunda being one of them. The mothers are described as established by the creator god Brahma for saving king Harishchandra from calamities.^[21] Apart from usual meaning of Chamunda as slayer of demons Chanda and Munda, the Devi Purana gives a different explanation: Chanda means terrible while Munda stands for Brahma's head or lord or husband.^[22]

In the Vishnudharmottara Purana - where the Matrikas are compared to vices - Chamunda is considered as a manifestation of depravity.^[23] Every matrika is considered guardian of a direction. Chamunda is assigned the direction of south-west.^[16]

Chamunda, being a Matrika, is considered one of the chief Yoginis, who are considered to be daughters or manifestations of the Matrikas. In the context of a group of sixty-four yoginis, Chamunda is believed to have created seven other yoginis, together forming a group of eight. In the context of eighty-one yoginis, Chamunda heads a group of nine yoginis.^[3]

Hindu worship

A South Indian inscription describes ritual sacrifices of sheep to Chamunda.^[24] In Bhavabhuti's eighth century Sanskrit play, Malatimadhva describes a devotee of the goddess trying to sacrifice the heroine to Chamunda's temple, near a cremation ground, where the goddess temple is.^[25] A stone inscription at Gangadhar, Rajasthan, deals with a construction to a shrine to Chamunda and the other Matrikas, "who are attended by Dakinis" (female demons) and rituals of daily Tantric worship (Tantrobhuta) like the ritual of Bali (offering of grain).^[26]

Many Kshatriyas and even the Jain community worship her as her Kuladevi "family deity". The Chapa dynasty worshiped her as their kuladevi. The Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas worship her as kuladevi and temples are in Sinugra and Chandiya. Alungal family, a lineage of Mukkuva caste — (Hindu caste of Shudra origin) in Kerala — worship chamundi in Chandika form, as Kuladevta and temple is in Thalikulam village of Thrissur, Kerala. This is an example of Chamunda worship across caste sects.

Temples

In the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, around {{convert|10|km|mi}} west of Palampur, is the renowned Chamunda Devi Temple which depicts scenes from the Devi Mahatmya, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The goddess's image is flanked by the images of Hanuman and Bhairava. Another temple, Chamunda Nandikeshwar Dham, also found in Kangra, is dedicated to Shiva and Chamunda. According to a legend, Chamunda was enshrined as chief deity "Rudra Chamunda", in the battle between the demon Jalandhara and Shiva.

There are multiple Chamunda temples in Odisha. The 8th-century Baitala Deula is the most prominent of them, also being one of the earliest temples in Bhubaneswar. The Mohini temple and Chitrakarini temple in Bhubaneswar are also dedicated to Chamunda. Kichakeshwari Temple, near the Baripada and Charchika Temple, near Banki enshrine forms of Chamunda.

Another temple is Chamundeshwari Temple on Chamundi Hill, Mysore. Here, the goddess is identified with Durga, who killed the buffalo demon. Chamundeshwari or Durga, the fierce form of Shakti, a tutelary deity held in reverence for centuries by the Maharaja of Mysore.

The Chamunda Mataji temple in Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur, was established in 1460 after the idol of the goddess Chamunda — the Kuladevi and iṣṭa-devatā (tutelary deity) of the Parihar rulers — was moved from the old capital of Mandore by the then-ruler Jodha of Mandore. The goddess is still worshiped by the royal family of Jodhpur and other citizens of the city. The temple witnesses festivities in Dussehra: the festival of the goddess.

Another temple, Sri Chamundeshwari Kshetram is near Jogipet, in Medak District in Telangana State.

In Jainism

Early Jainism was dismissive of Chamunda, a goddess who demands blood sacrifice, which is against the principle of Jain vegetarianism. Some Jain legends portray Chamunda as a goddess defeated by monks like Jinadattasuri and Jinaprabhasuri.^[27]

Another legend tells the story of conversion of Chamunda into a Jain goddess. According to this story, Chamunda sculpted the Mahavira image for the temple in Osian, Jodhpur and was happy with the conversions of the Oswals to Jainism. At the time of Navratri, a festival that celebrates the Divine Mother, Chamunda expected animal sacrifices from the converted Jains. The vegetarian Jains, however, were unable to meet her demand. Ratnaprabhasuri intervened, and as a result, Chamunda accepted vegetarian offerings, forgoing her demand for meat and liquor. Ratnaprabhsuri further named her Sacciya, one who had told the truth, as Chamunda had told him the truth that a rainy season stay in Osian would be beneficial for him. She also became the protective goddess of the temple and remained the clan goddess, Kuladevi, of the Oswals. The Sachiya Mata Temple in Osian was built in her honour.^[28] Some Jain scriptures warn of dire consequences of worship of Chamunda by the Hindu rites and rituals.^[29]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/425924?prevSearch=%28chamunda%29+AND+%5Bjournal%3A+cid%5D+AND+%5Bvolume%3A+39%5D+AND+%5Byear%3A+2004%5D+AND+%5Bissue%3A+11%5D| first = David R. |last = Nalin|title = The Cover Art of the 15 June 2004 Issue|publisher = Clinical Infectious Diseases|date = 15 June 2004}}
2. ^Wangu p.72
3. ^¹Wangu p.114
4. ^Vaisnavism Saivism and Minor Religious Systems By Ramkrishna G. Bhandarkar, p.205, Published 1995, Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|81-206-0122-X}}
5. ^Wangu p.174
6. ^See* Kinsley p. 147, 156. Descriptions as per Devi Mahatmya, verses 8.11-20* {{cite web |url= http://museums.ap.nic.in/sapta.html|title= Sapta Matrikas (12th C AD)|accessdate=2008-01-08 | publisher= Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701121832/http://museums.ap.nic.in/sapta.html |archivedate = July 1, 2007}}* {{cite web|url = https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/s/sandstone_figure_of_chamunda.aspx|last= Donaldson |first= T. |title = Chamunda, The fierce, protective eight-armed mother.|publisher = British Museum}}* "Chamunda, the Horrific Destroyer of Evil [India, Madhya Pradesh] (1989.121)". In Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/07/ssn/ho_1989.121.htm (October 2006)* Kalia, pp.106–109.
7. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web |url= http://www.anistor.gr/english/enback/Saptmatrika.pdf|title= Sapta Matrikas In Indian Art and their significance in Indian Sculpture and Ethos: A Critical Study|accessdate=2008-01-08 |last= Goswami|first= Meghali|author2=Gupta, Ila |author3=Jha, P. |date=March 2005|work= Anistoriton Journal|publisher= Anistoriton|format=PDF}} "Anistoriton is an electronic Journal of History, Archaeology and ArtHistory. It publishes scholarly papers since 1997 and it is freely available on the Internet. All papers and images since vol. 1 (1997) are available on line as well as on the free Anistorion CD-ROM edition."
8. ^¹Kinsley p.147
9. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.nortonsimon.org/guide_item.aspx?id=470&item=chamunda|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061003135311/http://www.nortonsimon.org/guide_item.aspx?id=470&item=chamunda|dead-url = yes|archive-date = 2006-10-03|title = Durga: Avenging Goddess, Nurturing Mother ch.3, Chamunda|publisher = Norton Simon Museum}}
10. ^Wangu p.94
11. ^¹http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/jagat/jagat13.html
12. ^http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/asianartglossary.html#chamunda
13. ^{{cite book|title=India through the ages|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= 81|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}
14. ^Kinsley p. 158, Devi Mahatmya verses 10.2-5
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.asia.si.edu/devi/kali.htm|title=Devi: The Great Goddess|website=www.asia.si.edu|access-date=2017-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609232149/http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/kali.htm#|archive-date=2017-06-09|dead-url=yes|df=}}
16. ^¹Moor p.118
17. ^Handelman pp.132–33
18. ^Handelman p.118
19. ^Kinsley p.241 Footnotes
20. ^Pal in Singh p.1840, Chapters 111-116
21. ^Pal in Singh p.1840, Chapter 116(82-86)
22. ^Pal p.1844
23. ^Kinsley p. 159
24. ^Kinsley p.146
25. ^Kinsley p.117
26. ^Joshi, M.C. in Harper and Brown, p.48
27. ^Encyclopaedia of Jainism By Narendra Singh, Published 2001, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., {{ISBN|81-261-0691-3}},p.705
28. ^Babb, Lawrence A. Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India, Published 2004, 254 pages, {{ISBN|0-7619-3223-2}} pp.168–9, 177-178.
29. ^Encyclopaedia of Jainism By Narendra Singh p.698