| 词条 | Chelyabinsk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| en_name = Chelyabinsk | ru_name = Челябинск | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = | other_lang = | image_skyline = Chelyabinsk opera theater from NW far.jpg | image_caption = Chelyabinsk Opera Theater and vicinity | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|55|09|17|N|61|22|33|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = Flag of Chelyabinsk.svg | flag_caption = | image_coa = CoA of Chelyabinsk (2000).svg | coa_caption = | anthem = | anthem_ref = | holiday = September 13 | holiday_ref = | federal_subject = Chelyabinsk Oblast | federal_subject_ref = | adm_district_jur = | adm_district_jur_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = City of Chelyabinsk | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = [1] | adm_citydistrict_jur = | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = Chelyabinsk Oblast | adm_ctr_of1_ref = [1] | adm_ctr_of2 = City of Chelyabinsk | adm_ctr_of2_ref = [1] | adm_ctr_of3 = | adm_ctr_of3_ref = | inhabloc_cat = City | inhabloc_cat_ref = [1] | inhabloc_type = | inhabloc_type_ref = | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug | urban_okrug_jur_ref = [1] | urban_settlement_jur = | urban_settlement_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug | mun_admctr_of1_ref = [1] | mun_admctr_of2 = | mun_admctr_of2_ref = | leader_title = Head | leader_title_ref = | leader_name = Vladimir Elistratov (acting) | leader_name_ref = | representative_body = Council | representative_body_ref = | elevation_m = | area_km2 = 530 | area_km2_ref = [1] | pop_2010census = 1130132 | pop_2010census_rank = 9th | pop_2010census_ref = [2] | pop_latest = 1,156,201 | pop_latest_date = 2013 | pop_latest_ref = [3] | population_demonym = | time_zone_ref = | established_date = 1736 | established_title = | established_date_ref = [4] | current_cat_date = 1787 | current_cat_date_ref = [4] | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref = | postal_codes = 454xxx | postal_codes_ref = [5] | dialing_codes = 351 | dialing_codes_ref = [6] | website = http://www.cheladmin.ru }} Chelyabinsk ({{lang-rus|Челя́бинск|p=tɕɪˈlʲæbʲɪnsk|a=Ru-Chelyabinsk.ogg}}) is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, {{convert|210|km|sp=us}} south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia.[7][8][9] Population: {{ru-census|p2010=1,130,132|p2002=1,077,174|p1989=1,141,777}} HistoryThe fortress of Chelyaba, from which the city takes its name, was founded at the location of the Bashkir village of Chelyaby ({{lang-ba|Силәбе, Siläbe}}) by colonel Alexey (Kutlu-Muhammed) Tevkelev in 1736[4] to protect the surrounding trade routes from possible attacks by Bashkir outlaws. During Pugachev's Rebellion, the fortress withstood a siege by the rebel forces in 1774, but was eventually captured for several months in 1775. In 1782, as a part of Ufa Viceroyalty that was later reformed into Orenburg Governorate, Chelyabinsk became a seat of a its own uyezd and finally was granted town status and its current name in 1787. Until the late 19th century, Chelyabinsk was a small provincial town. In 1892, the Samara-Zlatoust Railway was completed which connected it with Moscow and the rest of European Russia. Also in 1892, construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway from Chelyabinsk started and in 1896 the city was linked to Ekaterinburg. Chelyabinsk became the hub for relocation to Siberia. For fifteen years more than fifteen million people - a tenth of Russia - passed through Chelyabinsk. Some of them remained in Chelyabinsk, which contributed to its rapid growth. In addition, in Chelyabinsk was organized custom office set "customs fracture" the bounding duty-free grain and tea to the European part of the country that led to the emergence in mills and set the tea-packing factory. Soon Chelyabinsk started turning into a major trade center, its population reached 20,000 inhabitants by 1897, 45,000 by 1913, and 70,000 by 1917. For rapid growth at the turn of the 20th century, similar to American cities, Chelyabinsk called "Behind the Urals Chicago".[10] During the first Five-Year Plans of the 1930s, Chelyabinsk experienced rapid industrial growth. Several establishments, including the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant, were built at this time. During World War II, Joseph Stalin decided to move a large part of Soviet factory production to places out of the way of the advancing German armies in late 1941. This brought new industries and thousands of workers to Chelyabinsk. Facilities for the production of T-34 tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers existed in Chelyabinsk. During World War II, it produced 18,000 tanks, and 48,500 tank diesel engines as well as over 17 million units of ammunition. In the press of the time Chelyabinsk was informally called "Tankograd" or "Tank City". The S.M. Kirov Factory no. 185 moved here from Leningrad to produce heavy tanks; it was transferred to Omsk after 1962. 2013 meteor{{Main|Chelyabinsk meteor}}Shortly after dawn on February 15, 2013, a superbolide meteor descended at over {{convert|55000|km/h|sp=us}} over the Ural Mountains, exploding at an altitude of {{convert|25|-|30|km|sp=us}}.[11] {{dubious|date=March 2013}}The meteor created a momentary flash as bright as the sun and generated a shock wave that injured over a thousand people. Fragments fell in and around Chelyabinsk. Interior Ministry spokesman Vadim Kolesnikov said 1,100 people had called for medical assistance following the incident, mostly for treatment of injuries from glass broken by the explosions. One woman suffered a broken spine.[12] Kolesnikov also said about {{convert|600|m2|sigfig=1|sp=us}} of a roof at a zinc factory had collapsed. A spokeswoman for the Emergency Ministry told the Associated Press that there was a meteor shower; however, another ministry spokeswoman was quoted by the Interfax news agency as saying it was a single meteor.[13][14][15] The size has been estimated at {{convert|17|m|sp=us}} diameter with a mass of 10,000[16][17] or 11,000[18] metric tons. The power of the explosion was about 500 kilotons of TNT (about 1.8 PJ), which is 20–30 times more energy than was released from the atomic bomb exploded in Hiroshima. Luckily, thanks to the high altitude of the explosion the city managed to avoid large casualties and destruction. Administrative and municipal statusChelyabinsk is the administrative center of the oblast.[19] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the City of Chelyabinsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[19] As a municipal division, the City of Chelyabinsk is incorporated as Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug.[19] In June 2014, Chelyabinsk's seven city districts were granted municipal status.[20] GeographyChelyabinsk is located east of the Ural Mountains, 199 km south of Yekaterinburg. Its elevation is 200–250 meters. The city is bisected by the river Miass which is regarded as the border between the Urals and Siberia. This is reflected in the geology of the place, with low granite hills of the Urals on the western side and lower sedimentary rock of the West Siberian Plain on the eastern side. The "Leningrad bridge" connects the two sides, so it is called the "bridge of the Urals to Siberia". Chelyabinsk itself is therefore also known as "The Gateway to Siberia".[21] Like Rome, Constantinople, and Moscow, Chelyabinsk is said to be located on seven hills.[22] ClimateThe city has a warm summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) farther north than found on Canadian prairies. The average temperature in January is well below the freezing point (-14°C/6.6 °F), but July has a relatively cool average (19°C/66.7 °F), and the annual average is a few degrees above zero Celsius (3°C/37.8 °F), indicating still some moderation. The range of extremes allegedly reaches 70°C/158 °F, claimed to be typical of a mid-latitude climate on a large continent such as Eurasia.[23] The highest precipitation is concentrated in the summer, reducing in the winter. July, month with higher precipitation is 87mm/3.44'' and January, driest month is 15mm/0.6''. Altogether they are 16.9" of annual precipitation and therefore approaching with a semi-arid climate. It is 119 rainy days a year, but the first month of the year records only one tenth of a day.[23]{{Weather box |location=Chelyabinsk |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=4.9 |Feb record high C=5.6 |Mar record high C=19.9 |Apr record high C=34.9 |May record high C=39.9 |Jun record high C=39.9 |Jul record high C= 39.9 |Aug record high C= 39.9 |Sep record high C= 34.9 |Oct record high C= 24.9 |Nov record high C= 14.9 |Dec record high C= 9.9 |year record high C = 39.9 |Jan high C=-10.5 |Feb high C=-7.9 |Mar high C=1.0 |Apr high C=10.6 |May high C=20.3 |Jun high C=23.9 |Jul high C=25.2 |Aug high C=23.6 |Sep high C=17.2 |Oct high C=9.3 |Nov high C=-0.4 |Dec high C=-6.9 |year high C = 8.8 |Jan mean C = -14.9 |Feb mean C = -13.4 |Mar mean C = -4.8 |Apr mean C = 4.7 |May mean C = 12.1 |Jun mean C = 18.3 |Jul mean C = 19.3 |Aug mean C = 17.1 |Sep mean C = 10.9 |Oct mean C = 4.1 |Nov mean C = -5.2 |Dec mean C = -11.1 |year mean C = 3.0 |Jan low C = -19.0 |Feb low C = -18.9 |Mar low C = -9.3 |Apr low C = -0.3 |May low C = 7.9 |Jun low C = 12.9 |Jul low C = 14.5 |Aug low C = 13.5 |Sep low C = 7.6 |Oct low C = 1.3 |Nov low C = -5.9 |Dec low C = -14.6 |year low C = -0.9 |Jan record low C = -49.9 |Feb record low C = -44.9 |Mar record low C = -44.9 |Apr record low C = -29.9 |May record low C = -19.9 |Jun record low C = -4.9 |Jul record low C = 0.1 |Aug record low C = 0.1 |Sep record low C = -9.9 |Oct record low C = -24.9 |Nov record low C = -39.9 |Dec record low C = -44.9 |year record low C = -49.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 17 |Feb precipitation mm = 16 |Mar precipitation mm = 19 |Apr precipitation mm = 27 |May precipitation mm = 47 |Jun precipitation mm = 55 |Jul precipitation mm = 87 |Aug precipitation mm = 44 |Sep precipitation mm = 41 |Oct precipitation mm = 30 |Nov precipitation mm = 26 |Dec precipitation mm = 21 |year precipitation mm = 430 |Jan humidity= 85 |Feb humidity= 77 |Mar humidity= 76 |Apr humidity= 66 |May humidity= 61 |Jun humidity= 64 |Jul humidity= 69 |Aug humidity= 71 |Sep humidity= 73 |Oct humidity= 73 |Nov humidity= 82 |Dec humidity= 83 |year humidity= 73 |Jan rain days = 0.1 |Feb rain days = 0.3 |Mar rain days = 4 |Apr rain days = 10 |May rain days = 15 |Jun rain days = 19 |Jul rain days = 17 |Aug rain days = 16 |Sep rain days = 16 |Oct rain days = 10 |Nov rain days = 6 |Dec rain days = 1 |year rain days = 114 |Jan snow days = 18 |Feb snow days = 16 |Mar snow days = 15 |Apr snow days = 6 |May snow days = 1 |Jun snow days = 0.3 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 1 |Oct snow days = 6 |Nov snow days = 15 |Dec snow days = 19 |year snow days = 97 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[24] |source 2 = World Meteorological Organization (precipitation days only)[25] |date=August 2011 }} CityscapeArchitectureThe architecture of Chelyabinsk has been shaped through its history by the change of historical eras in the development of Russia. Before the revolution of 1917 the city was a trading centre, with numerous merchant buildings in the eclectic and modern styles with elements of Russian Revival architecture, some of which are preserved on Kirovka St., a street reserved for pedestrians. Industrialization started in the late 1920s. The construction of large plants was accompanied by the construction of a brand new residential and public buildings in the constructivist style. Entire constructivist neighborhoods can be seen in the area of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (CTZ, ChTZ).[26]In the late 1930s a new era began in the city, came associated with construction of monumental buildings in Stalinist style. The city center and central avenue are constructed in substantially this style.[27] The next 60 years saw intensive construction of housing tower blocks as the city's population rose to about one million; note on the map the large residential area called "Severo-Zapad" (English: North-West). With the market reforms of the '90s the city began intensive construction of office buildings for business and major shopping malls in postmodern and high-tech styles. Parks and gardensChelyabinsk has seventeen public parks. The largest of them is one of the best in Russia - Chelyabinsk Central Park, named after Gagarin.[28] Its territory is saved in the urban forest, where, among pine trees and granite rocks there are several picturesque ex-quarries now flooded with water. EducationThere are over a dozen universities in Chelyabinsk. The oldest, Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy, was founded in 1930. It was followed by the Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University in 1934. The main ones are South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk State University, and Chelyabinsk Medical Academy. After World War II, Chelyabinsk became the main center of vocational education of the entire Ural region.[29] EconomyChelyabinsk is one of the major industrial centers of Russia. Heavy industry predominates, especially metallurgy and military machinery, notably the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combinate (CMK, ChMK) belongs to the company "Mechel", Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (CTZ, ChTZ), Chelyabinsk Electrode plant (CHEZ), Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant (ChTPZ) included in the "Big Eight" pipe producers in Russia, produces large-diameter pipes for pipelines, and Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant (ChKPZ) manufacturer of parts for various machines. Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, owned by the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, produces about 2% of the world and over 60% of Russian zinc. Chelyabinsk Mechanical Plant produces automotive and industrial cranes trademark "Chelyabinets". Chelyabinsk road machinery plant name Kolyuschenko produces road construction machinery and dump trucks Terex.[30] Chelyabinsk Watch Factory "Molnija" produces pocket, souvenir watches and technical watches for aircraft and ships. In 1980, the clock "Molnija" were given as gifts to participants of the Moscow Olympic Games.[31] Agro-industrial company "Makfa", Russia's largest producer of pasta, one of the five largest world producers of pasta. "Unichel" shoe firm is the largest manufacturer of footwear in Russia. Agricultural firm "Ariant" - leader in the production of meat products in the Urals Federal District of Russia, produces alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. American multinational corporation Emerson buying up shares of local businesses "Metran" organized in Chelyabinsk engineering center, building a factory for the production of industrial devices and equipment.[32] In recent years, Chelyabinsk significant role in the economy of the early play services, banking and insurance activities, logistics centers, tourism. The city is the central offices of major regional banks as "Chelindbank" and "Chelyabinvestbank". There are several large shopping malls. The largest of them are Gorky (English: Hills) (2007), with an area of 55,000 meters2, and Rodnik (English:Spring) (2011), 135,000 meters2. At least two more are under construction: Almaz (English: Diamond) (2015), 220,000 meters2, and Cloud (2018), 350,000 meters2. TransportationPublic transport of Chelyabinsk is represented by a bus lines network (since 1925), tram (1932) and trolleybus (1942) systems, as well as private marshrutka (routed cab) services. The city has several taxi companies. In 2014 in Chelyabinsk began to run electric buses (hybrid trolleybus and electric car).[33] Beeline and Chelyabinsk city electric transport in 2011 signed an agreement to provide passengers free internet. Currently Wi-Fi is available in some public trams and trolleybuses in Chelyabinsk. Chelyabinsk started construction of a three-line subway network in 1992.[34] The city is served by the Chelyabinsk Airport. SportsSeveral sports clubs are active in the city:
In 2012, for the first time in Russia, Chelyabinsk hosted the European Judo Championship (Euro 2012). In 2014 the World Championship in Judo were held and in 2015 the European Speed Skating Championships as well as the World Taekwondo Championships held. IIHF World U18 Championship was held in 2018 (along with Magnitogorsk). CultureThe city has several libraries, including Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library, with more than 2 million books, including more than 12,000 rare books and monuments (17th to 19th centuries), is the largest public library in the Chelyabinsk oblast. Chelyabinsk is home to several popular theaters: Chelyabinsk State Academic Drama Theatre named Nahum Orlov, Chelyabinsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named Glinka, Chelyabinsk State Chamber Theater Drama, Chelyabinsk State Puppet Theater, Chelyabinsk State Youth Theatre, Theater "Mannequin", Chelyabinsk New Arts Theatre, Chelyabinsk Contemporary Dance Theatre. There are nine museums in Chelyabinsk. Chelyabinsk regional museum was founded in 1913, and holds about 300 thousand exhibits. There are expositions of the ancient settlement Arkaim age 3rd to 2nd millennium BC relating to the "Land of Cities", the largest fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteor, weighing 570 kg, famous decorated edged weapons of the 19th and 20th centuries, made by Zlatoust arms factory, exhibits Kasli artistic cast iron and much more. Chelyabinsk Region Picture Gallery has more than 11,000 works. Meeting up collections of art in Europe and the East (International Art), the national art of the Middle Ages, modern and contemporary, modern art. The peculiarity of the meeting are collections of icons (16th to 20th centuries), early printed books and manuscripts. The museum of railway equipment of the South Ural railway presented more than 30 exhibits of vehicles used on the rail after it in Chelyabinsk in 1892. Museum of military equipment in the garden of Victory was founded in 2007. It is 16 eksponantov, including T-34, IS-3 tanks and multiple rocket launchers "Katyusha" produced in Chelyabinsk during the World War II. In addition, the city has the Chelyabinsk regional geological museum, museum of military glory of labor and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, Museum postal service Chelyabinsk region, entertaining science museum "Eksperimentus". Chelyabinsk Zoo is located in the central region of Chelyabinsk. Has an area of 30 hectares with more than 110 species, of which more than 80 listed in the Red Book. Zoo participates in international programs for the conservation of endangered species, including Amur (Siberian) tigers, Far Eastern leopards and Polar bears. The zoo regular sightseeing tours, lectures, exhibitions and celebrations. City also has a circus building and a Concert Hall. Prokofiev Hall of organ and chamber music with organ-known German company "Hermann Eule". The instrument consists of 2504 pipes, 37 registers, three manuals and pedal keyboard. Its sound is a rare gentleness and generosity sound basic votes. In the city of Chelyabinsk there are several churches built in the 19th to 21st centuries. Notable people{{Main|List of people from Chelyabinsk}}{{Further|Category:People from Chelyabinsk}}
Ice hockey players
Twin towns and sister cities{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Chelyabinsk is twinned with:
Diplomatic and consular missions and visa centers
See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cheladmin.ru/chelyabinsk/segodnya |title=Челябинск сегодня – Визитная Карточка |publisher=Администрация г. Челябинска |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65AdlZtjA?url=http://www.cheladmin.ru/chelyabinsk/segodnya |archivedate=February 3, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }} 2. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 3. ^Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2013 года. — М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики Росстат, 2013. — 528 с. (Табл. 33. Численность населения городских округов, муниципальных районов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов) 4. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chelyabinsk-Russia|title=Chelyabinsk - Russia|publisher=|accessdate=September 21, 2017}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://info.russianpost.ru/servlet/department?action=show_info&depID=61773|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173938/http://info.russianpost.ru/servlet/department?action=show_info&depID=61773|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2016-03-03|title=Information about central postal office|language=Russian}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chel.usi.ru/f/1/service/directions.zip|format=ZIP 34.4KB|title=Russian Federation Cities dialing codes|language=Russian}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.investinrussia.biz/city/chelyabinsk-city/investing-chelyabinsk-city|title=Investing in Chelyabinsk city|publisher=Invest in Russia|date=|accessdate=February 14, 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rotobo.or.jp/events/forum/presentation/2-4-05Murzina.pdf|format=PDF|title=Murzina|date=}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.investinural.com/EN/Chelyabinsk.html|title=Invest in Ural|publisher=Invest in Ural|date=|accessdate=February 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224041400/http://www.investinural.com/EN/Chelyabinsk.html|archive-date=February 24, 2013|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://chelindustry.ru/info.php?tt=19&ids=9&rr=5|title=Челябинск: Ворота в Сибирь и Зауральский Чикаго|publisher=Портал Челябинская область}} 11. ^{{cite interview |last=Campbell-Brown |first=Margaret |subject= |subject-link= |interviewer=John Matson |title=What Do We Know about the Russian Meteor? Meteor researcher Margaret Campbell-Brown recaps the latest research into the cause of this morning’s fireball over Chelyabinsk |type= |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chelyabinsk-fireball-asteroid/ |format= |work=Scientific American |location= |date= |year= |page= |pages= |access-date=24 December 2017 |quote=[Interviewer:] Where was most of the energy released as this object made its way through the atmosphere? [Subject:]In this case the final destination, which seems to have been the largest deposit of energy, was somewhere around 15 to 20 kilometers altitude. The actual fireball probably started significantly higher than that, maybe 50 kilometers, but most of the energy was apparently deposited during that last explosion lower in the atmosphere.}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/news/meteorite-crash-urals-chelyabinsk-283/|title=Meteorite hits Russian Urals: Fireball explosion wreaks havoc, up to 1,200 injured (PHOTOS, VIDEO)|publisher=RT|date=February 15, 2013}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/15/breaking_huge_meteor_explodes_over_russia.html|title=Breaking: Huge Meteor Blazes Across Sky Over Russia; Sonic Boom Shatters Windows [UPDATED]|publisher=Slate|first=Phil|last=Plait|date=February 15, 2013|accessdate=February 15, 2013}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Meteor strikes Earth in Russia's Urals|url=http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/15-02-2013/123799-meteorite_russia-0/|publisher=Pravda|accessdate=February 15, 2013}} 15. ^{{cite news |title=400 Injured by Meteorite Falls in Russian Urals|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_RUSSIA_METEORITE |publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=February 15, 2013}} 16. ^{{cite web|last=Agle|first=D. C.|title=Russia Meteor not Linked to Asteroid Flyby|work=NASA news|publisher=NASA|date=February 13, 2013|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html|accessdate=February 15, 2013}} 17. ^{{cite web|last=Sreeja|first=VN|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/new-asteroid-2013-ec-similar-russian-meteor-pass-earth-distance-less-moons-orbit-1109921|title=New Asteroid '2013 EC' Similar To Russian Meteor To Pass Earth At A Distance Less Than Moon's Orbit|publisher=International Business Times|date=March 4, 2013|accessdate=March 9, 2013}} 18. ^{{cite web|date=March 1, 2013|title=Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013|publisher=NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office|first1=Don|last1=Yeomans|first2=Paul|last2=Chodas|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fireball_130301.html|accessdate=March 2, 2013}} 19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Resolution #161 20. ^Law #706-ZO 21. ^{{cite web | url = http://chelindustry.ru/info.php?tt=19&ids=8&rr=5 | script-title=ru:История Челябинска - от крепости до железнодорожной станции | publisher = Портал Челябинская область | language = russian}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://mediazavod.ru/articles/4501|title=Холмы Челябинска|publisher=Электронное периодическое издание Mediazavod.ru}} 23. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=592440&cityname=Chelyabinsk,+Russia|title=Chelyabinsk, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2018-11-13}} 24. ^{{cite web | url=http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/28645.htm | publisher=Pogoda.ru.net | accessdate=December 13, 2012 | title=Weather and Climate (Погода и Климат – Климат Челябинска) | language=Russian}} 25. ^{{cite web | url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c01003.htm | title=World Weather Information Service – Cheljabinsk | publisher=World Meteorological Organization | accessdate=December 13, 2012}} 26. ^{{cite web|url= http://nobelfaik.livejournal.com/5686.html |title=Конструктивизм в архитектуре Челябинска |language= ru}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://nashural.ru/Goroda_i_sela/progulka-po-centru-chelyabinska.htm|title=Сталинский ампир.}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chel.aif.ru/society/ecology/1192790|title=Парк Гагарина в Челябинске попал в топ-5 лучших в России.}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naurale.com/items/?id=28#.VK0yE7f9nFo|title=На Урале.}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sdelanounas.ru/blogs/28240/|title=В Челябинске начали производство 100-тонных самосвалов.}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://molnija-ltd.ru/35.html|title=Часовой завод "Молния".|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140711112806/http://molnija-ltd.ru/35.html|archivedate=July 11, 2014|df=mdy-all}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/person/873279.html?full=3|title=Вице-президент Emerson Process Management в Восточной Европе: "В Челябинске есть свой маленький центр «Сколково".}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=1206569|title=В Челябинске начал курсировать электробус.}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/chel/chelyabinsk.htm|title=Chelyabinsk|publisher=UrbanRail.net|accessdate=31 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517225903/http://urbanrail.net/as/chel/chelyabinsk.htm|archivedate=May 17, 2013|df=mdy-all}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.columbiawac.org/sister_cities.html|title=Sister cities|date=|accessdate=July 5, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908223320/http://columbiawac.org/sister_cities.html|archivedate=September 8, 2013|df=mdy}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.italyvms.ru/ru/content/117.htm|title=Филиалы - Visa Management Service|first=|last=www.pinstudio.ru|website=www.italyvms.ru|accessdate=September 21, 2017}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ambmosca.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Mosca/Menu/Ambasciata/La_rete_consolare/|title=La rete consolare|website=www.ambmosca.esteri.it|accessdate=September 21, 2017}} Sources
|ru_entity=Законодательное Собрание Челябинской области |ru_type=Закон |ru_number=706-ЗО |ru_date=10 июня 2014 г. |ru_title=О статусе и границах Челябинского городского округа и внутригородских районов в его составе |ru_effective_date=со дня официального опубликования |ru_published_in="Южноуральская панорама", №87 (спецвыпуск №24) |ru_published_date=14 июня 2014 г |ru_url= |en_entity=Legislative Assembly of Chelyabinsk Oblast |en_type=Law |en_number=706-ZO |en_date=June 10, 2014 |en_title=On the Status and Borders of Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug and the City Districts It Comprises |en_effective_date=the day of the official publication |en_url= }}
External links{{Wikivoyage|Chelyabinsk}}
4 : Chelyabinsk|History of Ural|Orenburg Governorate|Populated places established in 1736 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。