“9969 Braille”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

9969 Braille, provisional designation {{mp|1992 KD}}, is an eccentric, rare-type and elongated asteroid from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, classified as Mars-crosser and slow rotator, approximately 1–2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered in 1992, by astronomers at Palomar observatory and later named after Louis Braille, the inventor of the writing system for the blind. It was photographed in closeup by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 1999, but a malfunction resulted in indistinct images.

Discovery and naming

Discovered on May 27, 1992, by E. F. Helin and K. J. Lawrence working at the Palomar observatory as part of NASA's Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey, it was given the provisional designation {{mp|1992 KD}}.^[4]^[1] Later, it was renamed Braille in honour of Louis Braille as suggested by Kennedy Space Center software engineer Kerry Babcock in The Planetary Society's contest titled "Name That Asteroid".^[2]^[2] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 July 1999 ({{small|M.P.C. 35492}}).^[20]

Orbit

Braille has an unusually inclined orbit, and belongs to the somewhat rare class of asteroids known as Mars-crossing asteroids. Simulations of its orbit by scientists of the Deep Space 1 project predict that it will evolve into an Earth-crossing orbit in about 4000 years.^[3] Although its closest approach to the Sun is closer than Mars orbit, its highly elliptical orbit takes it almost half-way to Jupiter at its apoapsis, and as such its semi-major axis is too large for it to be classified as an Amor asteroid.

Physical characteristics

Braille is a Q-type asteroid, composed mostly of olivine and pyroxene. Early ground-based observations had suggested that it could have been a V-type asteroid with similarities of composition between it and the much larger 4 Vesta. The asteroid is irregularly shaped, measuring approximately 2.1 km × 1 km × 1 km.

Exploration

Detailed information about Braille comes primarily from the Deep Space 1 probe, which passed within 26 km of the asteroid on July 29, 1999,^[4] and from extensive ground based observations done in conjunction with the mission.^[25] By the time Deep Space 1 reached Braille, its ultraviolet spectrometer had failed, but it did return two CCD images of medium resolution and three infrared spectra during the encounter. However, although the probe came within 26 km of Braille, the images and spectra were taken from an approximate distance of 14 000 km, due to problems with the tracking system.^[26]

The main purpose of the Deep Space 1 mission was technology testing, but the encounter with Braille was of strong scientific value. No lone asteroid as small as Braille had previously been observed from such a short distance.^[11]

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.planetary.org/about/press/releases/1999/0728_Spacecraft_Target_Asteroid_Named_in.html|title = Spacecraft Target Asteroid Named in Planetary Society Contest|date = July 28, 1999|author = Susan Lendroth|publisher = The Planetary Society|accessdate = January 8, 2008}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.cnn.com/TECH/space/9907/26/space.briefs/|title = Asteroid target gets new name|date = July 26, 1999|publisher = Cable News Network|accessdate=January 8, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080208201916/http://www.cnn.com/TECH/space/9907/26/space.briefs/| archivedate= February 8, 2008 | deadurl= no}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.solarviews.com/portug/braille.htm|title = Asteroid Braille|author = Calvin J. Hamilton}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url = http://nmp.nasa.gov/ds1/gen/gen3.html|title = A CLOSE-UP OF AN ASTEROID|publisher = National Aeronautics and Space Administration|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090320145041/http://nmp.nasa.gov/ds1/gen/gen3.html|archivedate = March 20, 2009|df = mdy-all}}
5. ^¹²{{cite book |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (9969) Braille |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |page = 715 |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_7775 |chapter = (9969) Braille }}
6. ^¹²{{cite web |title = 9969 Braille (1992 KD) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=9969 |accessdate = 17 March 2017}}
7. ^¹{{cite web |title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive |work = Minor Planet Center |url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |accessdate = 17 March 2017}}
8. ^¹{{Cite journal |first1 = M. |last1 = Lazzarin |first2 = S. |last2 = Fornasier |first3 = M. A. |last3 = Barucci |first4 = M. |last4 = Birlan |date = August 2001 |title = Groundbased investigation of asteroid 9969 Braille, target of the spacecraft mission Deep Space 1 |url = https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2001/31/aa10581.pdf |journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume = 375 |pages = 281–284 |bibcode = 2001A&A...375..281L |doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20010789 |access-date= 22 June 2017}}
9. ^¹²{{cite web |title = LCDB Data for (9969) Braille |publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB) |url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=9969%7CBraille |accessdate = 30 August 2016}}
10. ^¹²{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer |first2 = T. |last2 = Grav |first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero |first4 = E. |last4 = Hand |first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer |first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen |first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan |first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr |first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri |first10 = E. |last10 = Wright |first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins |first12 = W. |last12 = Mo |first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski |date = November 2011 |title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...90M |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 741 |issue = 2 |page = 25 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 |access-date= 30 August 2016|arxiv = 1109.6407 }}
11. ^¹{{cite journal |first1 = M. |last1 = di Martino |first2 = J. |last2 = Oberst |first3 = S. |last3 = Mottola |date = September 1999 |title = Lightcurve studies of asteroid 9969 (1992 KD), fly-by target of the Deep Space 1 spacecraft. |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=1999BAAS...31.1131D |journal = Bulletin of the Astronomical Society |volume = 31 |issue = 4 |pages = 1131–37.01 |bibcode = 1999BAAS...31.1131D |access-date= 30 August 2016}}
12. ^¹²{{Cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = J. |last1 = Oberst |first2 = S. |last2 = Mottola |first3 = M. |last3 = Di Martino |first4 = M. |last4 = Hicks |first5 = B. |last5 = Buratti |first6 = L. |last6 = Soderblom |first7 = N. |last7 = Thomas |date = September 2001 |title = A Model for Rotation and Shape of Asteroid 9969 Braille from Ground-Based Observations and Images Obtained during the Deep Space 1 (DS1) Flyby |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2001Icar..153...16O |journal = Icarus |volume = 153 |issue = 1 |pages = 16–23 |bibcode = 2001Icar..153...16O |doi = 10.1006/icar.2001.6648 |access-date= 22 June 2017}}
13. ^¹{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = I. |last1 = Richter |first2 = D. E. |last2 = Brinza |first3 = M. |last3 = Cassel |first4 = K.-H. |last4 = Glassmeier |first5 = F. |last5 = Kuhnke |first6 = G. |last6 = Musmann |first7 = C. |last7 = Othmer |first8 = K. |last8 = Schwingenschuh |first9 = B. T. |last9 = Tsurutani |date = December 2000 |title = First direct magnetic field measurements of an asteroidal magnetic field: DS1 at Braille |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2001GeoRL..28.1913R |journal = Geophysical Research Letters |volume = 28 |issue = 10 |pages = 1913–1916 |bibcode = 2001GeoRL..28.1913R |doi = 10.1029/2000GL012679 |access-date= 30 August 2016}}
14. ^¹{{Cite journal|title = 9969 Braille: Deep Space 1 infrared spectroscopy, geometric albedo, and classification|display-authors = 6|author = Buratti, B. J.|author2 = Britt, D. T.|author3 = Soderblom, L. A.|author4 = Hicks, M. D.|author5 = Boice, D. C.|author6 = Brown, R. H.|author7 = Meier, R.|author8 = Nelson, R. M.|author9 = Oberst, J.|author10 = Owen, T. C.|author11 = Rivkin, A. S.|author12 = Sandel, B. R.|author13 = Stern, S. A.|author14 = Thomas, N.|author15 = Yelle, R. V.|journal = Icarus|volume = 167|issue = 1|pages = 129–135|bibcode = 2004Icar..167..129B |date=January 2004|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2003.06.002}}

词条	9969 Braille
释义	Discovery and naming Orbit Physical characteristics Exploration References External links {{Use mdy dates\|date=June 2013}}{{Infobox planet \| minorplanet = yes \| name = 9969 Braille \| background = #FA8072 \| image = 9969 Braille - PIA01345.png \| image_size = 200 \| caption = Braille imaged by Deep Space 1 in 1999 \| discovery_ref = \| discovered = 27 May 1992 \| discoverer = E. F. Helin K. J. Lawrence \| discovery_site = Palomar Obs. \| mpc_name = (9969) Braille \| alt_names = 1992 KD \| named_after = Louis Braille {{small\|(inventor of braille)}}^[2] \| mp_category = Mars-crosser ^[4] \| orbit_ref = \| epoch = 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) \| uncertainty = 0 \| observation_arc = 24.93 yr (9,107 days) \| aphelion = 3.3557 AU \| perihelion = 1.3263 AU \| semimajor = 2.3410 AU \| eccentricity = 0.4334 \| period = 3.58 yr (1,308 days) \| mean_anomaly = 16.880° \| inclination = 28.999° \| asc_node = 241.95° \| arg_peri = 356.11° \| moid = 0.3154 AU{{·}}122.9 LD \| dimensions = {{val\|1.600\|0.511}} km^[6] 1.64 km {{small\|(derived)}}^[7] {{nowrap\|2.1 km × 1 km × 1 km}} \| mass = 7.8×10¹⁵g \| density = 3.9 g cm⁻³^[9] \| rotation = {{val\|226}} h^[10] {{val\|226.4}} h^[11] \| albedo = {{val\|0.1289\|0.2441}}^[6] 0.18 {{small\|(assumed)}}^[7] \| spectral_type = SMASS = Q \| abs_magnitude = 15.8 }} 9969 Braille, provisional designation {{mp\|1992 KD}}, is an eccentric, rare-type and elongated asteroid from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, classified as Mars-crosser and slow rotator, approximately 1–2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered in 1992, by astronomers at Palomar observatory and later named after Louis Braille, the inventor of the writing system for the blind. It was photographed in closeup by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 1999, but a malfunction resulted in indistinct images. Discovery and naming Discovered on May 27, 1992, by E. F. Helin and K. J. Lawrence working at the Palomar observatory as part of NASA's Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey, it was given the provisional designation {{mp\|1992 KD}}.^[4]^[1] Later, it was renamed Braille in honour of Louis Braille as suggested by Kennedy Space Center software engineer Kerry Babcock in The Planetary Society's contest titled "Name That Asteroid".^[2]^[2] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 July 1999 ({{small\|M.P.C. 35492}}).^[20] Orbit Braille has an unusually inclined orbit, and belongs to the somewhat rare class of asteroids known as Mars-crossing asteroids. Simulations of its orbit by scientists of the Deep Space 1 project predict that it will evolve into an Earth-crossing orbit in about 4000 years.^[3] Although its closest approach to the Sun is closer than Mars orbit, its highly elliptical orbit takes it almost half-way to Jupiter at its apoapsis, and as such its semi-major axis is too large for it to be classified as an Amor asteroid. Physical characteristics Braille is a Q-type asteroid, composed mostly of olivine and pyroxene. Early ground-based observations had suggested that it could have been a V-type asteroid with similarities of composition between it and the much larger 4 Vesta. The asteroid is irregularly shaped, measuring approximately 2.1 km × 1 km × 1 km. Exploration Detailed information about Braille comes primarily from the Deep Space 1 probe, which passed within 26 km of the asteroid on July 29, 1999,^[4] and from extensive ground based observations done in conjunction with the mission.^[25] By the time Deep Space 1 reached Braille, its ultraviolet spectrometer had failed, but it did return two CCD images of medium resolution and three infrared spectra during the encounter. However, although the probe came within 26 km of Braille, the images and spectra were taken from an approximate distance of 14 000 km, due to problems with the tracking system.^[26] The main purpose of the Deep Space 1 mission was technology testing, but the encounter with Braille was of strong scientific value. No lone asteroid as small as Braille had previously been observed from such a short distance.^[11] References 1. ^{{Cite web\|url = http://www.planetary.org/about/press/releases/1999/0728_Spacecraft_Target_Asteroid_Named_in.html\|title = Spacecraft Target Asteroid Named in Planetary Society Contest\|date = July 28, 1999\|author = Susan Lendroth\|publisher = The Planetary Society\|accessdate = January 8, 2008}} 2. ^{{Cite web\|url = http://www.cnn.com/TECH/space/9907/26/space.briefs/\|title = Asteroid target gets new name\|date = July 26, 1999\|publisher = Cable News Network\|accessdate=January 8, 2008\| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080208201916/http://www.cnn.com/TECH/space/9907/26/space.briefs/\| archivedate= February 8, 2008 \| deadurl= no}} 3. ^{{Cite web\|url = http://www.solarviews.com/portug/braille.htm\|title = Asteroid Braille\|author = Calvin J. Hamilton}} 4. ^{{Cite web\|url = http://nmp.nasa.gov/ds1/gen/gen3.html\|title = A CLOSE-UP OF AN ASTEROID\|publisher = National Aeronautics and Space Administration\|deadurl = yes\|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090320145041/http://nmp.nasa.gov/ds1/gen/gen3.html\|archivedate = March 20, 2009\|df = mdy-all}} 5. ^¹²{{cite book \|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (9969) Braille \|last = Schmadel \| first = Lutz D. \|publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg \|page = 715 \|date = 2007 \|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 \|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_7775 \|chapter = (9969) Braille }} 6. ^¹²{{cite web \|title = 9969 Braille (1992 KD) \|work = Minor Planet Center \|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=9969 \|accessdate = 17 March 2017}} 7. ^¹{{cite web \|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive \|work = Minor Planet Center \|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html \|accessdate = 17 March 2017}} 8. ^¹{{Cite journal \|first1 = M. \|last1 = Lazzarin \|first2 = S. \|last2 = Fornasier \|first3 = M. A. \|last3 = Barucci \|first4 = M. \|last4 = Birlan \|date = August 2001 \|title = Groundbased investigation of asteroid 9969 Braille, target of the spacecraft mission Deep Space 1 \|url = https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2001/31/aa10581.pdf \|journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics \|volume = 375 \|pages = 281–284 \|bibcode = 2001A&A...375..281L \|doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20010789 \|access-date= 22 June 2017}} 9. ^¹²{{cite web \|title = LCDB Data for (9969) Braille \|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB) \|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=9969%7CBraille \|accessdate = 30 August 2016}} 10. ^¹²{{cite journal \|display-authors = 6 \|first1 = A. \|last1 = Mainzer \|first2 = T. \|last2 = Grav \|first3 = J. \|last3 = Masiero \|first4 = E. \|last4 = Hand \|first5 = J. \|last5 = Bauer \|first6 = D. \|last6 = Tholen \|first7 = R. S. \|last7 = McMillan \|first8 = T. \|last8 = Spahr \|first9 = R. M. \|last9 = Cutri \|first10 = E. \|last10 = Wright \|first11 = J. \|last11 = Watkins \|first12 = W. \|last12 = Mo \|first13 = C. \|last13 = Maleszewski \|date = November 2011 \|title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results \|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...90M \|journal = The Astrophysical Journal \|volume = 741 \|issue = 2 \|page = 25 \|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M \|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 \|access-date= 30 August 2016\|arxiv = 1109.6407 }} 11. ^¹{{cite journal \|first1 = M. \|last1 = di Martino \|first2 = J. \|last2 = Oberst \|first3 = S. \|last3 = Mottola \|date = September 1999 \|title = Lightcurve studies of asteroid 9969 (1992 KD), fly-by target of the Deep Space 1 spacecraft. \|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=1999BAAS...31.1131D \|journal = Bulletin of the Astronomical Society \|volume = 31 \|issue = 4 \|pages = 1131–37.01 \|bibcode = 1999BAAS...31.1131D \|access-date= 30 August 2016}} 12. ^¹²{{Cite journal \|display-authors = 6 \|first1 = J. \|last1 = Oberst \|first2 = S. \|last2 = Mottola \|first3 = M. \|last3 = Di Martino \|first4 = M. \|last4 = Hicks \|first5 = B. \|last5 = Buratti \|first6 = L. \|last6 = Soderblom \|first7 = N. \|last7 = Thomas \|date = September 2001 \|title = A Model for Rotation and Shape of Asteroid 9969 Braille from Ground-Based Observations and Images Obtained during the Deep Space 1 (DS1) Flyby \|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2001Icar..153...16O \|journal = Icarus \|volume = 153 \|issue = 1 \|pages = 16–23 \|bibcode = 2001Icar..153...16O \|doi = 10.1006/icar.2001.6648 \|access-date= 22 June 2017}} 13. ^¹{{cite journal \|display-authors = 6 \|first1 = I. \|last1 = Richter \|first2 = D. E. \|last2 = Brinza \|first3 = M. \|last3 = Cassel \|first4 = K.-H. \|last4 = Glassmeier \|first5 = F. \|last5 = Kuhnke \|first6 = G. \|last6 = Musmann \|first7 = C. \|last7 = Othmer \|first8 = K. \|last8 = Schwingenschuh \|first9 = B. T. \|last9 = Tsurutani \|date = December 2000 \|title = First direct magnetic field measurements of an asteroidal magnetic field: DS1 at Braille \|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2001GeoRL..28.1913R \|journal = Geophysical Research Letters \|volume = 28 \|issue = 10 \|pages = 1913–1916 \|bibcode = 2001GeoRL..28.1913R \|doi = 10.1029/2000GL012679 \|access-date= 30 August 2016}} 14. ^¹{{Cite journal\|title = 9969 Braille: Deep Space 1 infrared spectroscopy, geometric albedo, and classification\|display-authors = 6\|author = Buratti, B. J.\|author2 = Britt, D. T.\|author3 = Soderblom, L. A.\|author4 = Hicks, M. D.\|author5 = Boice, D. C.\|author6 = Brown, R. H.\|author7 = Meier, R.\|author8 = Nelson, R. M.\|author9 = Oberst, J.\|author10 = Owen, T. C.\|author11 = Rivkin, A. S.\|author12 = Sandel, B. R.\|author13 = Stern, S. A.\|author14 = Thomas, N.\|author15 = Yelle, R. V.\|journal = Icarus\|volume = 167\|issue = 1\|pages = 129–135\|bibcode = 2004Icar..167..129B \|date=January 2004\|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2003.06.002}} ^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] }} External links {{Commons category\|9969 Braille}} Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info) [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center {{JPL small body}} {{Minor planets navigator\|9968 Serpe\|number=9969\|(9970) 1992 ST1}}{{Small Solar System bodies}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Braille}} 9 : Mars-crossing asteroids\|Discoveries by Kenneth J. Lawrence\|Discoveries by Eleanor F. Helin\|Minor planets named for people\|Named minor planets\|Minor planets visited by spacecraft\|Slow rotating minor planets\|Q-type asteroids (SMASS)\|Astronomical objects discovered in 1992
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Discovery and naming

Orbit

Physical characteristics

Exploration

References

External links