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词条 Covance
释义

  1. History

     Pre-Covance companies (1968-1996)  Covance (1996-2014)  Covance (LabCorp) 2014-Present 

  2. Covance Drug Development Services

     Lead Optimization  Analysis Services  Research  Safety Assessment  Consulting & Partnering  Clinical Development  Clinical Testing  Commercialization  Manufacturing Support  Informatics  Functional Service Provision (FSP) 

  3. Animal health and welfare

     Adherence to the 3Rs  Welfare standards  Issues  Ebola virus  Allegations of primate abuse   Münster, Germany   Vienna, Virginia, United States  New code 

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Further reading

{{Infobox company
| name = Covance
| logo = Image:Covance Logo.jpg
| type = Subsidiary of LabCorp
| traded_as =
| key_people = {{unbulleted list |CEO: John D. Ratliff[1] |CIO: Jonathan Shough[2] }}
| industry = {{unbulleted list |Contract Research Organizations |Pharmaceutical}}
| services = {{unbulleted list |Pharmaceutical Development|nonclinical, preclinical, clinical and commercialization services}}
| num_employees = 50,000+ (2017)
| subsid =
| homepage = www.covance.com
| foundation = 1968 as Environmental Sciences Corporation; 1996 as Covance
| location = Princeton, New Jersey, United States; facilities in 60+ countries
}}

Covance Inc. is a contract research organization (CRO) headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey, providing nonclinical, preclinical, clinical and commercialization services to pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. The company is owned by LabCorp and employs more than 50,000 people in over 60 countries. According to its website, it is one of the largest companies of its kind in the world, with annual revenues of over $2 billion.[3] It claims to provide the world's largest central laboratory network.[4] It became a publicly traded company in 1997 after being spun off by Corning Incorporated in 1996.[5] In 2018, the Covance parent company, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), was rated one of the best places to work for LGBTQ equality by [https://www.hrc.org/resources/best-places-to-work-2018 HCR]

History

Pre-Covance companies (1968-1996)

Covance's origins go back to 1968 when Environmental Sciences Corporation – which manufactured equipment related to laboratory animals – opened for business in the basement of a former grocery store in Seattle, Washington. In 1972, it purchased and took the name of Hazleton Laboratories, a contract laboratory that conducted toxicology testing. In 1977, Corning Glass Works purchased a stake in Hazleton. According to material on the Funding Universe website, by 1982, Hazleton had become the largest independent biological testing company and life sciences laboratory in the United States, as well as the largest manufacturer of equipment in the world. The company carried out toxicology tests on animals of drugs, cosmetics, pesticides, and industrial chemicals, and bred rhesus monkeys and beagles for its own labs, as well as for chemical and drug companies, hospitals, universities and government agencies. It offered chemical analysis of new compound products for various industries, tested chemicals for gene mutations, and carried out research with monoclonal antibodies.[6]

In 1989, Corning Glass Works purchased G.H. Besselaar Associates, which conducted clinical trials to help drugs gain approval from the Food and Drug Administration, and Hazleton purchased Microtest Ltd., a molecular toxicology center in York, England. Corning Glass Works then changed its name to Corning, and created Corning Lab Services, which included Besselaar and Hazelton. In 1991 and 1992, Corning Lab Services acquired SciCor and Philadelphia Association of Clinical Trials; in 1993, Hazleton, Besselaar, and SciCor were combined, becoming Corning Pharmaceutical Services, then Corning Life Sciences. On January 9, 1995, Corning Pharmaceutical Services announced the acquisition of National Packaging Systems, Inc., an Allentown, PA based clinical trial packaging company; the company was renamed Corning National Packaging Inc.[7]

Covance (1996-2014)

After completing the spin-off of Covance from Corning in 1996, Covance began operations as an independent, publicly-traded company on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in January 1997.

By 1998, Covance had net revenues of $731.6 million and a net income of $48.6 million.[6] By 2012, it had annual revenues of over $2 billion and over 11,000 employees in more than 60 countries.[3] In 1998, Covance acquired the Berkeley (California, US) Antibody Company.[8]

In 2000, Covance started a central laboratory in Singapore, building on clinical-development services that they formed in Singapore in 1996.[9]

On February 14, 2001, Covance completed the sale of Covance Pharmaceutical Packaging Services Inc., later renamed Fisher Clinical Services, to Fisher Scientific International for $137.5 million.[10] The net proceeds from the sale, approximately $110 million, were used to repay other Covance debt.[11]

In 2002, Covance acquired Virtual Center Laboratory B.V., which is now known as Local Laboratory Services.[12]

In August 2005, it acquired GFI Clinical Services, an 80-bed clinical pharmacology business, from West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc.[13]

In 2006, Covance announced the acquisition of eight early phase clinical pharmacology sites of Radiant Research, Inc.[14]

and later opened what was then the largest toxicology expansion in Madison, Wisconsin, US.[15]

In May 2006, it acquired Signet Laboratories, Inc., a provider of monoclonal antibodies used in the research of cancer, infectious disease and neurodegenerative disease.[16]

In 2007, Covance opened a Central Lab facility in Shanghai, China.[17]

In 2008, Covance acquired Eli Lilly’s Greenfield, Indiana campus and executed a 10-year service drug development service agreement with Lilly.[18] Also, in 2008, Covance purchased a minority equity stake in Caprion Proteomics, known for proteomic biomarker services.[19]

In 2009, Covance acquired Merck's Seattle-based Gene Expression Laboratory and entered into a five-year, $145 million contract to provide Merck with genomic analysis services.[20]

In 2010, Covance and Sanofi-Aventis created an outsourcing partnership, which, at the time was considered the largest between a contract research organization (CRO) and a pharmaceutical company. Covance also acquired sites from Sanofi-Aventis in Porcheville, France and Alnwick, United Kingdom.[21]

In 2011, Covance acquired the assets of Signet Laboratories, Inc., a provider of monoclonal antibodies used in the research of cancer, infectious disease and neurodegenerative disease.[22]

In 2014, Covance acquired Medaxial, known for its market access consulting.[23]

In 2016, Covance entered a five-year strategic alliance with Global Specimen Solutions and the use of their specimen management product, GlobalCODE, among other software products. In 2017, Global Specimen Solutions, Inc. was listed as a LabCorp subsidiary.[24]

On August 31, 2017, LabCorp acquired global life sciences business, Chiltern, as part of its drug development services with Covance. The Chiltern acquisition included a subsidiary of Endpoint Clinical Inc and their interactive response technology (IRT) systems.[25]

In 2018, LabCorp acquired Sciformix Corporation to add to the Covance service line with additional post-commercialization services such as Safety & Risk Management, Clinical Research & Post-Approval Support, Regulatory Affairs & Regulatory Operations, Real World Evidence & Market Access, and Technology Services.[26]

Covance (LabCorp) 2014-Present

On November 3, 2014, Laboratory Corporation of America purchased Covance for $6.1 billion.[27]

On August 31, 2017, the company acquired global life sciences business, Chiltern.[28]

In 2018, LabCorp sold the Covance Food Solutions business to Eurofins for $670 million.[29]

Covance Drug Development Services

The company's primary focus is serving the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. As part of its clinical and non-clinical development services, it provides it provides drug development services across all phases of development and multiple therapeutic areas[30] such as cardiovascular, diabetes, endocrinology and nephrology, immuno-oncology, infectious diseases, inflammation, neuroscience, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), oncology, rare diseases, pediatrics, and the development of companion diagnostics.

Covance lists its services in the following categories[31]:[32]

Lead Optimization

Covance reports that it offers Lead Optimization Non-GLP Toxicology, In Vivo Pharmacology, Nonclinical Imaging, Nonclinical Pathology, PK/TK Analysis and Reporting, and Immunology Services.[33]

Analysis Services

The company offers bioanalytical services in small molecule, biologics, translational biomarkers, and LC-MS.[34] https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/labcorps-covance-forms-new-biologic-drug-development-unit/

Research

A division of the company, Covance Research Products, Inc. (CRP), based in Denver, Pennsylvania, offers antibody products and antibody-development services to the research community. CRP also deals in the import and sale of laboratory animals. According to its website, CRP breeds and sells dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, non-human primates, and pigs. It has also bred and trademarked new breeds of animals including the "Mini-Mongrel" dog. The company also imports wild-caught primates. Covance's animal-testing programs and facilities are AAALAC-accredited, 2000-registered, OLAW-assured, and USDA-research registered.[35] According to the company, CRP programs and facilities are overseen by attending staff veterinarians and AALAS-certified technicians.[36]

Safety Assessment

Covance says it offers General Toxicology Studies, Genetic Toxicology, Immunotoxicology, Nonclinical Pathology Services, Safety Pharmacology, Services, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, (DART) Studies, and SEND - Standard for the Exchange of Nonclinical Data.

Consulting & Partnering

Covance partners with pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies in various consulting and partnership agreements by offering drug development program management services, alliance management, early phase development solutions, Covance MarketPlace[37], drug development consulting, access and strategy, and evidence generation.

Clinical Development

Covance supports companies with their clinical trials, which involves early clinical / Phase IIa, Phase IIb / III services, clinical data management analysis and reporting, regulatory services, and Phase IV solutions.

Clinical Testing

In the clinical testing space, Covance says it offers services involving flow cytometry, a central laboratory, biomarker testing capabilities, companion diagnostics, genomics, vaccines, and immunotherapeutics.

Commercialization

In the drug development commercialization space, Covance reports to offer a service called MarketPlace[38] and also offers patient support, field services, drug safety and pharmacovigilance.

Manufacturing Support

On the manufacturing side, Covance reports that it offers chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC) services.[39]

Informatics

In 2011, Covance launched its Xcellerate platform as an informatics tool to help optimize clinical trial performance.[40] In 2018, Xcellerate won industry recognition with the Scrip Award for Best Technological Development in Clinical Trials.[41]

In 2016, Covance entered a five-year strategic alliance with Global Specimen Solutions and the use of their specimen management product, GlobalCODE, among other software products. In 2017, Global Specimen Solutions, Inc. was listed as a LabCorp subsidiary.[42]

Functional Service Provision (FSP)

Covance reports to help with staffing biopharmaceutical companies in the roles of clinical operations and clinical analytics under the Functional Service Provider (FSP) model. The acquisition of Chiltern in 2017 helped Covance grow its FSP capabilities.[43]

Animal health and welfare

Covance states its purpose for animal research helps support fundamental studies, toxicological and safety evaluation, production and quality control, efficacy testing and diagnosis in the drug development process.[44] Covance reports that it has an excellent record of complying with animal welfare regulations, including the European Council Directive 2010/63/EU[45], [https://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/animal-welfare-act the U.S. Animal Welfare Act] and the requirements set forth by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the [https://olaw.nih.gov/policies-laws/phs-policy.htm U.S. Public Health Service Policy] on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.[46]

Adherence to the 3Rs

Under the industry principles of the 3Rs, Covance also uses alternative test methods beyond animal testing (in vivo), which includes in vitro testing, non-testing methods (in silico) and analytics.[47][48]

Welfare standards

Covance reports that it continues to improve animal welfare: “Three years before the European Commission issued its current regulations on animal habitats, we increased the size of the pens for primates living in our labs in Germany in order to provide them with a more comfortable setting.”[49] Covance also shares research on animal welfare topics, such as social housing of nonhuman primates.[50]

Covance employees have published a Code of Respect for humane care of animals used in scientific research.[51][52]

Issues

Ebola virus

In December 1989 a number of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were imported from Mindanao Island in the Philippines with the Ebola virus to Covance's Hazleton Research Products' Primate Quarantine Unit in Reston, Virginia. The company was using monkeys there for research purposes, according to The Washington Post. The virus was confirmed in one monkey and suspected in others among a group of 100.[53] In March 1996 two macaques that had been shipped to Hazleton in Alice, Texas, tested positive for the Ebola virus from a group of 100 obtained from the same supplier.[54] The strains were not infectious to humans, and no human illnesses were reported.[55]

Allegations of primate abuse

The company became the subject of controversy following allegations in 2003–2005 by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals that non-human primates were being abused in its laboratories in Germany and the United States. No violations of the law were found by the authorities in the first case, and a small fine was levied in the second. In response, the company drew up a new welfare code to guide its treatment of laboratory animals.[57]

Münster, Germany

In 2003 the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) sent a German investigative journalist, Friedrich Mülln, into the Covance facility in Münster, Germany's largest primate-testing center, where he filmed undercover for five months.[58]

The footage was shown on German public television in December 2003. Nature reported that it showed animal keepers dancing with half-anaesthetized monkeys, making their heads move to the rhythm of the music.[58] It also showed staff handling the monkeys roughly and shouting at them. The monkeys were seen living isolated in small wire cages with little or no natural light and no environmental enrichment, with high noise levels caused by staff shouting and playing the radio, and undergoing surgery with no post-operative care.[59] In response, Covance maintained that clips showing different technicians working in different buildings had been edited together, resulting in a sequence of events that did not take place. The company also said there was group housing and pair housing for some monkeys, but the BUAV chose not to show that. Covance said they planned to upgrade the housing to comply with future European Union guidelines.[63]

Jane Goodall, a primatologist, described the monkeys' living conditions as horrendous. Another primatologist, Stephen Brend, argued that using monkeys in such a stressed state was "bad science," and that trying to extrapolate useful data in such circumstances was an "untenable proposition."[59] The environment minister for North Rhine-Westphalia asked the public prosecutor to investigate, and said that if the allegations were borne out, the company would lose its licence to keep primates.[58] According to the European Biomedical Research Association, a lobby group, the authorities inspected Covance and insisted that the company install video cameras to monitor staff working with primates. Covance appealed through the courts, which ruled that video monitoring would infringe the rights of the staff. The public prosecutor's office viewed the film and questioned witnesses, and concluded that Covance "had not rendered themselves liable to prosecution" and that the state veterinary officer "had not failed in his supervisory duties."[60]

Vienna, Virginia, United States

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) found similar conditions in Covance's Vienna, Virginia, lab when it sent an undercover investigator to obtain a job there as a technician from April 2004 to March 2005.[61] In June 2005, Covance filed a lawsuit in the United States against PETA and the investigator for fraud, breach of employee contract, and "conspiracy to harm the company's business by deceitfully infiltrating and videotaping the ... facility."[68] The company filed a parallel lawsuit in England in an attempt to stop PETA showing the tape; the British judge called the footage "highly disturbing," and ruled that there was a legitimate public interest in the material being shown. Covance and PETA agreed to a settlement that resulted in no payment to Covance, and with PETA allowed to continue to publish the video.[62] PETA accepted a five-year ban on attempts to infiltrate Covance facilities.[63]

Covance announced in March 2006 that inspections by the Food & Drug Administration had "resulted in no findings to substantiate any claims made against the facility." Inspections by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) resulted in 16 citations in April 2006. The USDA declined to give details; according to Covance the violations ranged from "administrative issues to scope of veterinary authority." The company agreed to pay a settlement of $8,720.[64]

New code

In response to the controversy, Covance issued a statement undertaking to observe a number of principles, including treating the animals in its care with respect, abiding by all applicable laws and regulations, employing alternatives where appropriate, minimizing animal discomfort and stress, training employees, and encouraging them to report any misconduct.[65]

See also

  • Official site
  • LabCorp Website
  • Contract Research Organization

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=LinkedIn |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/john-ratliff/ |website=LinkedIn |accessdate=5 December 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/jonathanshough/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2018-10-16 |df= }}
3. ^1 "About Covance" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424153819/http://www.covance.com/about/company-overview.php |date=2012-04-24 }}, Covance.
4. ^Covance website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031212417/http://www.covance.com/ |date=2005-10-31 }}.
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.techagreements.com/agreement-preview.aspx?num=175580&title=Covance%20-%20Corning/covance%20Spin-off%20Agreement/|title=Corning/covance Spin-off Agreement|accessdate=2008-10-01|publisher=TechAgreements.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113234951/http://www.techagreements.com/agreement-preview.aspx?num=175580&title=Covance%20-%20Corning%2Fcovance%20Spin-off%20Agreement%2F|archivedate=2009-01-13|df=}}
6. ^1 "Covance History" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304194240/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Covance-Inc-Company-History.html |date=2012-03-04 }}, fundinguniverse.com; taken from Derdak, Thomas and Pederson, Jay P. International Directory of Company Histories. St. James Press, 2000, Volume 30.*For Corning's acquisition of Hazleton Laboratories in 1987 (it purchased a stake in it in 1977), see {{cite news |title=COMPANY NEWS; Corning-Hazleton |date=1987-01-03 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/03/business/company-news-corning-hazleton.html |publisher=The New York Times }}*For Corning's acquisition of SciCor in 1991, see {{cite news |title=Business Briefs |date=1991-03-30 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/30/business/briefs-215091.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm |publisher=The New York Times |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306235526/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/30/business/briefs-215091.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm |archivedate=2016-03-06 |df= }}*Also see {{cite news |title=ACRO Remembers Industry Pioneer G. Hein Besselaar, MD, PhD |date=2004-03-18 |url=http://www.acrohealth.org/press-release-detail.php?serial=4 |publisher=ACROHealth.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116041227/http://www.acrohealth.org/press-release-detail.php?serial=4 |archivedate=January 16, 2009 }}
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9. ^{{cite web |title=Covance completes central laboratory expansion in Singapore |url=http://www.pharmatimes.com/news/covance_completes_central_laboratory_expansion_in_singapore_1004849 |date=2013-04-18 }}
10. ^{{cite news|title=Fisher Scientific Completes Acquisition of Pharmaceutical Packaging Services Business from Covance Inc.|date=2001-02-14|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Fisher+Scientific+Completes+Acquisition+of+Pharmaceutical+Packaging...-a070426911|publisher=The Free Library}}
11. ^{{cite news|title=Covance Completes Sale of Pharmaceutical Packaging Business to Fisher Scientific.|date=2001-02-14|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Covance+Completes+Sale+of+Pharmaceutical+Packaging+Business+to+Fisher...-a070438166|publisher=The Free Library}}
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14. ^{{cite web |title=Radiant Research Completes Sale of Clinical Pharmacology Business Unit; Will Continue to Expand Clinical Research and Development Services |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060601005070/en/Radiant-Research-Completes-Sale-Clinical-Pharmacology-Business|date=June 2006}}
15. ^{{cite web |title=Welcome to Covance: Press Release |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=105891&p=irol-newsArticle_print&ID=848198}}
16. ^{{cite web |title=Covance Acquires Signet Laboratories |url= http://www.genomicsproteomics.com/index.aspx?ID=72802|work= The Geomics and Proteomics Information portal|accessdate= 2008-08-10|date= 2006-06-01|publisher= Technology Networks|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://archive.today/20070929012715/http://www.genomicsproteomics.com/index.aspx?ID=72802|archivedate= 2007-09-29|df= }}
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18. ^{{cite web |title=Covance and Eli Lilly and Company Execute 10-Year, $1.6 Billion Services Contract; Covance to Acquire Lilly's Greenfield, Indiana |url=https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/covance-and-eli-lilly-and-company-execute-10-year-1-6-billion-services-contract-covance-to}}
19. ^{{cite web |title=Caprion Proteomics inc. announces strategic marketing and distribution alliance with Covance Inc. |url=http://www.caprion.com/en/news/43-caprion-proteomics-inc-announces-strategic-marketing-distribution.php}}
20. ^{{cite web |title=Covance to Acquire Seattle-Based Gene Expression Laboratory from Merck & Co., Inc. |url=https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/covance-to-acquire-seattle-based-gene-expression-laboratory-from-merck-co-inc}}
21. ^{{cite web |title=Covance and Sanofi-aventis ink landmark 10-year, $2.2 billion R&D outsourcing partnership |url=https://www.centerwatch.com/news-online/2010/10/04/covance-and-sanofi-aventis-ink-landmark-10-year-22-billion-rd-outsourcing-partnership/|date=2010-10-04}}
22. ^{{cite web |title=Covance Acquires Signet Laboratories |url=https://www.contractpharma.com/issues/2011-05/view_breaking-news/covance-acquires-signet-laboratories}}
23. ^{{cite web |title=Covance Acquires Medaxial. |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/covance-acquires-medaxial-259791821.html }}
24. ^{{cite web |title=Global Specimen Solutions, Inc. Announces 5-Year Strategic Alliance with Covance |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/2016/10/prweb13762383.htm}}
25. ^{{cite web |title=SEC Exhibit 21 LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES |url=https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.sec.gov_Archives_edgar_data_920148_000092014818000024_exhibit212017.htm&d=DwMFaQ&c=S45CfGgG2DnJufDl2zQlS5Cx3WZzz2VHifJShPcdcR4&r=auFlKMrtnZA-ZVxWjOb_U8uSzfSXrHWLe47276qQZMQ&m=maUaeuGaIL0POXeRmjGKdhtu4np3Haq6UgRULN4n7K4&s=IeRZVUpXLOzxgLhC0jXEAOMhbTvglLbUKNbyrNxWziQ&e=}}
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27. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/03/covance-ma-laboratory-corp-idUSL4N0ST3FZ20141103 | title=UPDATE 3-LabCorp to pay $6.1 bln for drug trial company Covance | work=Reuters | date=3 Nov 2014 | accessdate=18 May 2015 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219003502/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/03/covance-ma-laboratory-corp-idUSL4N0ST3FZ20141103 | archivedate=19 February 2015 | df= }}
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29. ^{{cite web |title=LabCorp Enters into Definitive Agreement to Sell Covance Food Solutions to Eurofins for $670 Million|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180429005111/en/LabCorp-Enters-Definitive-Agreement-Sell-Covance-Food|date=2018-04-30}}
30. ^{{cite web |title=Drug Development Therapeutic or Specialty Areas |url=https://www.covance.com/industry-solutions/drug-development/by-therapeutic-area.html}}
31. ^{{cite web |title=Covance Inc. Company Overview |publisher=Center Watch |url=https://www.centerwatch.com/professional-resources/industry-providers/profile/27/covance-inc}}
32. ^{{cite web |title=Covance: Innovation In Drug Development Offers Growth |publisher=SeekingAlpha.com |url=https://seekingalpha.com/article/1527392-covance-innovation-in-drug-development-offers-growth}}
33. ^{{cite web |title=Covance Pushes Further into Biologics Development, Lead Optimization |publisher=Outsourcing-Pharma.com |url=https://www.outsourcing-pharma.com/Article/2013/05/20/Covance-Pushes-Further-into-Biologics-Development-Lead-Optimization}}
34. ^{{cite web |title=About Covance - Analytical Solutions |publisher=Science Exchange |url=https://www.scienceexchange.com/labs/covance-analytical-solutions-princeton}}
35. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20030207135559/http://www.crpinc.com/crp/aboutcrp.html "About CRP"], Covance Research Products.*Also see [https://web.archive.org/web/20030207132347/http://www.crpinc.com/research/animals.html "Primates"], Covance Research Products.
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crpinc.com/rp_overview.asp|title=HOME|author=|date=|website=www.crpinc.com|accessdate=1 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130092304/http://www.crpinc.com/rp_overview.asp|archivedate=30 November 2016|df=}}
37. ^{{cite web |title=BioWorld's PARTNER in FOCUS: Covance |url=http://www.bioworld.com/sites/default/files/reports/BioWorldPartnerInFocusCovanceMarketplace.pdf}}
38. ^{{cite web |title=BioWorld's PARTNER in FOCUS: Covance |url=http://www.bioworld.com/sites/default/files/reports/BioWorldPartnerInFocusCovanceMarketplace.pdf}}
39. ^{{cite web |title=LabCorp bolsters biologics capacity of Covance unit in UK |publisher=Biopharma Dive |url=https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/covance-labcorp-biologics-expansion-uk-cmc/441366/}}
40. ^{{cite web |title=Covance Launches Xcellerate |publisher=Contract Pharma |url=https://www.contractpharma.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2011-06-15/covance-launches-xcellerate/9778}}
41. ^{{cite web |title=Scrip Award Winners 2018 |publisher=Pharma intelligence |url=https://pharmaintelligence.informa.com/events/awards/scrip-awards-2018/winners-2018}}
42. ^{{cite web |title=Global Specimen Solutions, Inc. Announces 5-Year Strategic Alliance with Covance |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/2016/10/prweb13762383.htm}}
43. ^{{cite web |title=Chiltern acquisition improves competitiveness of offerings, says Covance CEO |publisher=Outsourcing Pharma |url=https://www.outsourcing-pharma.com/Article/2017/07/31/LabCorp-acquires-Chiltern-for-1.2bn}}
44. ^{{cite web |title=Covance Inc. Knowledge Source Identification |url=https://3rs.douglasconnect.com/sources/184/}}
45. ^{{cite web |title=DIRECTIVE 2010/63/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32010L0063|date=2010-10-20}}
46. ^{{cite web |title=Animal Welfare Is Vital to Achieving High-Quality Results |url=https://www.covance.com/commitment/animal-welfare/impact-on-results.html}}
47. ^{{cite web |title=Covance Inc. Knowledge Source Identification|url=https://3rs.douglasconnect.com/sources/184/}}
48. ^{{cite web |title=Insightful experience for animal welfare undergraduates |publisher=Reaseheath College |url=https://www.reaseheath.ac.uk/insightful-experience-for-animal-welfare-undergraduates/|date=2018-05-08 }}
49. ^{{cite web |title=Animal Welfare Is Vital to Achieving High-Quality Results |url=https://www.covance.com/commitment/animal-welfare/impact-on-results.html}}
50. ^{{cite web |title=JET-BP in Socially Housed Nonhuman Primates: Comparison of Covance Sites and Study Considerations |url=https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/sites/default/files/Telemetry/JET-BP%20in%20NHP.pdf}}
51. ^{{cite web |title=Code of Respect |url=https://www.covance.com/commitment/animal-welfare/code-of-respect.html}}
52. ^{{cite web |title=Animal Welfare |url=https://www.covance.com/commitment/animal-welfare/code-of-respect/animal-welfare.html}}
53. ^Cohn, D'Vera. "Deadly Ebola Virus Found In Va. Laboratory Monkey;Animals Sent to Reston From Philippines" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129055903/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1225983.html |date=2012-11-29 }}, The Washington Post, December 1, 1989.
54. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070227204303/http://www.tdh.texas.gov/news/b_news69.htm "TDH Schedules Briefing on Investigation into Monkeys with Ebola"], Texas Department of State Health Services, April 15, 1996.*Flores, Matt. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hsFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cQcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3774,258897&dq=ebola+alice+hazleton&hl=en "Monkey ebola virus likely not harmful to humans"], San Antonio Express News, April 17, 1996.*Rollin, Pierre E. et al. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30117611 "Ebola (Subtype Reston) Virus among Quarantined Nonhuman Primates Recently Imported from the Philippines to the United States"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311072836/http://www.jstor.org/stable/30117611 |date=2016-03-11 }}, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 179, Supplement 1. Ebola: The Virus and the Disease (Feb., 1999), pp. S108-S114/
55. ^"Breeder wants his monkeys spared", CNN, April 18, 1996.*{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/ebolatable.htm|title=Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, in Chronological Order|accessdate=2008-10-04|publisher=CDC Special Pathogens Branch (SPB)|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829175928/http://cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/ebolatable.htm|archivedate=2008-08-29|df=}}
56. ^Sharpe, R. (1988). The Cruel Deception: The Use of Animals in Medical Research. Wellingborough: Thorsons, pp. 257-258.
57. ^"Covance under fire in Germany" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317162258/http://www.in-pharmatechnologist.com/Drug-Delivery/Covance-under-fire-in-Germany |date=2013-03-17 }}, in-Pharama, December 19, 2003.*Schiermeier, Quirin. "Primate lab faces closure threat over mistreatment charge" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906182014/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6969/full/427004a.html |date=2008-09-06 }}, Nature, 427, 4, January 1, 2004.*For the legal response to the first (BUAV) case, see European Biomedical Research Association. "Covance cleared of primate charges" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928130841/http://www.ebra.org/ebrabulletin-covance-cleared-of-primate-charges_136.htm |date=2007-09-28 }}, 2004.*Benz, Kathy & McManus, Michael. "PETA accuses lab of animal cruelty" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914155713/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/17/peta.lab/ |date=2009-09-14 }}, CNN, May 17, 2005.*For the Covance animal welfare code, see "Animal Welfare Statement" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010133429/http://www.covance.com/animal-welfare/index.php |date=2010-10-10 }}, Covance, undated.*For the fine in the second (PETA) case, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101171517/http://www.covancechandler.com/docs/pr060331.pdf "Covance announces conclusion of U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Department of Agriculture Inspections of its Vienna, VA facility"], March 31, 2006.*Also see Owen, Marna. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5r0eUttZ1uAC&pg=PA5 Animal Rights: Noble Cause Or Needless Effort?]. Twenty-First Century Books (USA Today), 2009, p. 5ff
58. ^1 2 Schiermeier, Quirin. "Primate lab faces closure threat over mistreatment charge" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906182014/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6969/full/427004a.html |date=2008-09-06 }}, Nature, 427, 4, January 1, 2004.
59. ^1 "Covance: Footage banned from British website" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830003306/http://www.peta.org/tv/videos/animal-experimentation/680085455001.aspx |date=2011-08-30 }}, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, hosted by PETA, accessed April 26, 2012.*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050219204155/http://eceae.org/deutsch/pr-20031209.html "Inside Covance: BUAV/ECEAE launches first ever undercover investigation in an animal testing laboratory in Germany"], Europäische Koalition zur Beendigung von Tierversuchen, press release, December 9, 2003.
60. ^1 European Biomedical Research Association. "Covance cleared of primate charges" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928130841/http://www.ebra.org/ebrabulletin-covance-cleared-of-primate-charges_136.htm |date=2007-09-28 }}, 2004, accessed August 18, 2007.
61. ^Benz, Kathy & McManus, Michael. "PETA accuses lab of animal cruelty" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914155713/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/17/peta.lab/ |date=2009-09-14 }}, CNN, May 17, 2005.*"Covance: Undercover Investigation in Virginia" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531124457/http://www.peta2.com/takecharge/swf/covancep3_vid.swf |date=2010-05-31 }}, PETA, April 26, 2004 – March 11, 2005.*"Covance photo gallery" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203032234/http://www.covancecruelty.com/photos.asp |date=December 3, 2006 }}, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
62. ^Wagman, Bruce A.; Waisman, Sonia S.; and Frasch, Pamela D. Animal Law: Cases and Materials. Carolina Academic Press, 4th edition, 2009, pp. 515–516.
63. ^1 [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/858285051.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+24%2C+2005&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=D.04&desc=LOCAL+BRIEFING "Local briefing"], The Washington Post, June 24, 2005.*"Covance Prevails in PETA Lawsuit; Court Enters Order Requiring PETA to Comply With Ban on Infiltration" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132104/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F10-17-2005%2F0004170961&EDATE= |date=2007-09-29 }}, PR Newswire (source: Covance), undated.
64. ^Pfister, Bonnie. [https://archive.today/20130125052335/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-121130175.html "Firm fined $8,720 after PETA video"], Associated Press, April 1, 2006.*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061101171517/http://www.covancechandler.com/docs/pr060331.pdf "Covance announces conclusion of U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Department of Agriculture Inspections of its Vienna, VA facility"], March 31, 2006.
65. ^"Animal Welfare Statement" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010133429/http://www.covance.com/animal-welfare/index.php |date=2010-10-10 }}, Covance, August 1, 2013.

Further reading

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/ebolatable.htm "Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, in Chronological Order"], 12 October 2011.
  • Covance. "2011 Annual report".
  • Covance Laboratories Inc v. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, et al., Chancery No. 2005–2590 (Va. Cir. Ct., Fairfax City, June 3, 2005.
  • Covance Laboratories Ltd, et al. v. Covance Campaign, et al., Claim Nom 5C-00295, High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, June 16, 2005.
  • Mirowski, Philip and Van Horn, Robert. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25046658 "The Contract Research Organization and the Commercialization of Scientific Research"], Social Studies of Science, Vol. 35, No. 4 (August 2005), pp. 503–548.
{{Pharmaceutical companies of the United States}}{{atestingend}}{{authority control}}

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