“Death Avenue”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

"Death Avenue" was a nickname given to both Tenth and Eleventh Avenues on the west side of Manhattan, New York City in the 19th century.

In 1847, the City of New York authorized the construction of railroad tracks along Tenth and Eleventh Avenues on Manhattan's West Side. The street-level tracks were used by the New York Central Railroad's freight trains, which shipped commodities such as coal, dairy products and beef.^[1]^[2] For safety the railroad hired "West Side cowboys", men who rode horses and waved flags in front of the trains.^[3] However, so many accidents occurred between freight trains and other traffic that the nickname "Death Avenue" was given to Tenth^[3]^[4] and Eleventh Avenues.^[1] In 1910, one organization estimated that there had been 548 deaths and 1,574 injuries over the years along Eleventh Avenue.^[1]

Public debate about the hazard began during the early 1900s.^[5] In 1929 the city, the state, and New York Central agreed on the West Side Improvement Project^[2], conceived by Robert Moses.^[6] The {{convert|13|mi|km|adj=on}} project eliminated 105 street-level railroad crossings and added {{convert|32|acre|ha}} to Riverside Park; it also included construction of the West Side Elevated Highway. It cost more than $150 million, about $2 billion in 2017 dollars.^[7]^[4] The last stretch of street-level track was removed from Eleventh Avenue in 1941.^[5]

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/19/nyregion/rail-crossings-remain-part-of-new-york.html|title=New York City Rail Crossings Carry a Deadly Past|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|date=February 18, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 12, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
2. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/courses/archive/2010/gsd6447/bighorse/ | title=The Highline: past and present | publisher=GeoWeb, Harvard University | date=May 13, 2010 | accessdate=October 23, 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023213640/http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/pbcote/courses/archive/2010/gsd6447/bighorse/ | archivedate=October 23, 2014 | df=mdy-all }}
3. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/realestate/the-railroad-tracks-that-turned-a-street-into-death-avenue.html | title=When a Monster Plied the West Side | work=The New York Times | date=December 22, 2011 | accessdate=May 12, 2014 | author=Gray, Christopher | quote=The New York World referred to the West Side route as Death Avenue in 1892, long after the Park Avenue problem had been solved, saying 'many had been sacrificed' to 'a monster which has menaced them night and day.' | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135519/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/25/realestate/the-railroad-tracks-that-turned-a-street-into-death-avenue.html | archivedate=May 17, 2014 | df=mdy-all }}
4. ^¹{{cite news | url=http://www.thevillager.com/villager_261/newspaperwasthere.html | title=Newspaper was there at High Line's birth and now its rebirth | work=The Villager | date= | accessdate=August 12, 2011 | last=Amateau | first=Albert | volume=77 | issue=48 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713012549/http://www.thevillager.com/villager_261/newspaperwasthere.html | archivedate=July 13, 2011 | df=mdy-all }}
5. ^¹{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/06/26/87634941.pdf|title=' Death Ave.' Ends as Last Rusty Rail Goes; Huge West Side Improvement Completed|last=|first=|date=June 26, 1941|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 12, 2018|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
6. ^{{cite web | url=http://forgotten-ny.com/2012/09/high-lines-last-frontier/ | title="High Line"'s Last Frontier | work=Forgotten NY | date=September 2012 | accessdate=October 23, 2014 | author=Walsh, Kevin | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024043604/http://forgotten-ny.com/2012/09/high-lines-last-frontier/ | archivedate=October 24, 2014 | df=mdy-all }}
7. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://www.thehighline.org/about | title=High Line History | publisher=Friends of the High Line | accessdate=August 2, 2009 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922013251/http://www.thehighline.org/about | archivedate=September 22, 2014 | df=mdy-all }}