| 词条 | New Zealand place names |
| 释义 |
Most New Zealand place names are derived from Māori and British sources. Both groups used names to commemorate notable people, events, places from their homeland, and their ships, or to describe the surrounding area. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the whole of New Zealand before the arrival of Europeans, but post-colonisation the name Aotearoa (commonly translated as 'long white cloud') has been used to refer to the whole country. Dutch cartographers named the islands Nova Zeelandia, the Latin translation of the Dutch Nieuw Zeeland (after the Dutch province of Zeeland). British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand. Many of the early Māori names were replaced by Europeans during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Government amendments in 1894 and the establishment of the New Zealand Geographic Board in the mid-1940s led to the encouragement of original Māori names, although differing spellings and anglicised pronunciations persisted. Many names now have alternative or dual English and Māori names or, in a few rare cases, dual Māori names or dual English names. Most names have never been made official, but if they are mentioned in authoritative publications they are considered recorded names. Colloquial names in New Zealand result from an ironic view of the place's entertainment value, or plays on advertising mottos, or are shortened versions of the full name. Some places tried to capitalise on the success of The Lord of the Rings films by linking themselves to the movies. Country and main islandsNo known pre-contact Māori name for New Zealand as a whole survives, although the Māori had several names for the North and South Islands; including Te Ika-a-Māui (the fish of Māui) for the North Island and Te Waipounamu (the waters of greenstone) or Te Waka o Aoraki (the canoe of Aoraki) for the South Island.{{sfn|Mein Smith|2005|p=6}} Until the early 20th century, Māori also referred to the North Island as Aotearoa,{{sfn|King|2003|p=41}} (commonly translated as 'long white cloud'); in modern Māori usage this has become the name for the whole country.{{sfn|Hay, Maclagan, Gordon|p=72}} The first European visitor to New Zealand, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, named the islands Staten Landt, believing it formed part of the land which Jacob Le Maire had seen off the coast of Tierra del Fuego.[1] Hendrik Brouwer proved the supposedly South American land an island in 1643, and Dutch cartographers subsequently renamed Tasman's discovery Nova Zeelandia, from Latin, after the Dutch province of Zeeland.[2][3] Nova Zeelandia later became Nieuw Zeeland in Dutch, and British explorer James Cook subsequently called the archipelago New Zealand, an anglicised form of the Dutch name. The 1840 Letters Patent established New Zealand as a British colony and claimed the "principal islands" of New Zealand, identified by their commonly known names at the time: the Northern Island (the North Island), the Middle Island (the South Island) and Stewart's Island or "South Island".[4][4] The letters patent attempted to rename the islands New Ulster, New Munster and New Leinster after the provinces in Ireland.[5] New Ulster, New Munster and New Leinster were also used for the initial provinces of New Zealand, but the names did not endure. In the 1830s the South Island was used as an alternative to Middle Island and by 1907 it became the common name. The North and South Island names arose through common usage rather than official declaration[6] and in 2009 it was revealed that they had never been formalised.[7][8] In 2013, alternative names were formalised for the two main islands, as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu,[9] with either English or Māori name being used or a combination of both. Māori namesMany Māori place names possess either historical or mythological significance. Their meaning is not always apparent from literal translations, but some interpretations have passed down through oral tradition.[11][10] Before the arrivals of Europeans, place names often commemorated notable or historical incidents, described features of the location or derived from traditional Hawaiki names or myths. After European arrival many locations became known under names representing Māori versions of European words or poorly-pronounced contractions of the original Māori names.[11] Early Māori explorers such as Kupe, Ngahue, and Toi named many of New Zealand's coastal features. Like later European explorers, they named things after themselves, their family members and events that occurred at the newly-discovered locations. Kahumatamomoe named Manukau Harbour after a manuka stake that he used to claim ownership of the area, and Kaipara Harbour after the para fern he ate there (kai means food).[12] The Māori name for Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara (the great harbour of Tara), derives from Tara, a grandson of Kupe and ancestor of several local iwi.[13] Names from other islands visited during the Polynesian migrations have become attached to some New Zealand landmarks, for example Raratoka Island (from Rarotonga) and Tawhiti (from Tahiti). Whakatane, Rangitoto Island, Taupo, Urewera, Ngongotaha, and Tikitapu all commemorate incidents that occurred during the early arrivals, many of which are now forgotten.[11] Maketu and Mount Moehau are two of the few remaining names connected to places in Hawaiki. The use of Polynesian mythology in names is more apparent, with Tāne (the forest god) lending his name to Otane and Taneatua, among others. Descriptive words often occur as part of a place name: widely-used elements include:[14]
Thus Whanganui means "wide river-mouth" and Waikanae indicates good waters for catching kanae, or flathead mullet.[15] European arrivals exposed Māori to Christianity, leading to the settlements of Hiruharama, Petane and Hamaria - named after the biblical Jerusalem, Bethany and Samaria respectively. The names of the Rānana, Ātene and Karaponia settlements represent Māori-language transliterations of London, Athens and California.[11] Moriori, descendants of Māori,[16] migrated to the Chatham Islands (off the eastern coasts of mainland New Zealand) {{circa}} 1500 CE and named them Rēkohu (Misty Sun). Sometime before 1835 mainland Māori settled at Rēkohu and confused the name of the settlement, Wharekauri, with the name of the main island. It has been known as Wharekauri to Māori ever since.[17]Post-colonial recognitionEarly Europeans replaced most of the original Māori names with their own, although they retained some Māori names, especially in the north and central regions of the North Island. The Royal Geographical Society of London was responsible for place names until 1894 when authority was given to the Governor of New Zealand.[10] The future Prime Minister Joseph Ward moved an amendment in 1894 that gave preference to Māori names for any new features and allowed the alteration of misspelt names (although this did not always occur). In 1924 the Honorary Geographic Board of New Zealand was set up{{by whom?|date=December 2018}} to advise on place names, and in 1946 the New Zealand Parliament established the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) and gave it power to change or implement Māori and English names.[10] Anyone can propose a geographical name to the Board, which consults local Māori and allows public submissions before determining if a name should be made official.[18] Names can also be made official through an Act of Parliament. The NZGB is required to keep a [https://www.linz.govt.nz/regulatory/place-names/find-place-name/new-zealand-gazetteer-place-names public list] of all the official New Zealand geographical names.[10][26] The NZGB encourages the use of original Māori names and has given some places official double names. These can be expressed as alternative names where officially either name could be used (Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont) or dual names where both names should be used together (Matiu / Somes Island).[19] In 1998, as a result of the settling of the Ngai Tahu Treaty claim, New Zealand's tallest mountain officially became Aoraki / Mount Cook.[20] There are also a few English dual names, with Wellington Harbour also officially known as Port Nicholson.[21] Māori groups have campaigned to correct inaccurately-spelled or -pronounced Māori-language place names. In 2000 the Geographic Board declined a local iwi suggestion to rename the Wellington suburb of Hataitai to Whataitai (the name of a taniwha (sea-monster) which legend says lived in Wellington Harbour).[22] In 2009 the NZGB recommended renaming the city of Wanganui to Whanganui as the town was originally named after the Whanganui River and the word wanga is not in the Māori lexicon.[22]{{dead link|date=December 2018}}The government decided later in 2009 to accept both "Whanganui" and "Wanganui" as alternative official names.[23] The spelling "Wanganui" may have originated to reflect the dialectal pronunciation of local Māori, who pronounce 'wh' (an "f"-like sound in other dialects) as {{IPA|[ˀw]}} – a glottalised "w". European namesTasman named a few geographic features as he sailed along New Zealand's west coast. Many such as Murderers Bay did not last, while some like Cape Maria van Diemen (the wife of the governor of Batavia) and Three Kings Islands are still in use. Cook named many more on his voyage, including Bay of Islands, Bay of Plenty, Poverty Bay, Cape Farewell, Queen Charlotte Sound, Mount Egmont and Banks Peninsula. Cape Kidnappers commemorates a Māori attempt to kidnap one of Cook's crew members. Jules Dumont d'Urville named French Pass after sailing through it. The explorers lent their names to many places, including Mount Tasman, Tasman Glacier, the Tasman Region, Cook Strait, Mount Cook and d'Urville Island. The Coromandel, Chatham and Pegasus ships visited New Zealand's shores between 1791 and 1820 and were used to name Coromandel Peninsula, Chatham Islands, Pegasus Bay and Port Pegasus. Stewart Island was named after the first officer aboard the Pegasus.[24] Most European names came during the 1840s to the 1910s and were given by surveyors who worked for colonising associations or provincial governments. Names acknowledged the colonising associations sponsors (Hutt Valley, Wakefield, Port Chalmers, Ashburton), ships (Bombay), government officials (Featherston, Rolleston, Invercargill), politicians (Foxton, Fox Glacier, Gisborne) and church leaders (Selwyn).[25] Military heroes and famous battles were popular place names, with Auckland, Napier, Hastings, Havelock, Wellington, Picton, Marlborough, Nelson and Blenheim. British politicians and royalty lent their names to Russell, Palmerston, Cromwell, Queenstown and Alexandra, while Franz Josef is named after the Austrian emperor. Royal names are more popular for streets than towns or geographical features, although both Auckland and Wellington have Mount Victoria. Gore is named after governor Thomas Gore Browne and George Grey's name is used for Greytown, Greymouth, Grey Lynn and many natural features. Relatively few names are derived from British towns, with Dunedin (after Edinburgh—Dùn Éideann in Scottish Gaelic[26]), New Plymouth and the Canterbury Province among the most notable.[27] Many inland locations (including Helensville, Dargaville, Morrinsville, Bulls, Masterton and Levin) were named after the early settlers. Mackenzie Country takes its name from a sheep stealer and King Country references the region where the Māori king defied colonial government for many years. Mountains and passes were named after their discoverers (Haast, Lewis) or scientists (Newton, Lyell). Other names were descriptive, such as Woodville, Island Bay, Riverton, Whitecliffs and Bluff.[28] A few derive their names from descriptions in languages other than English or Māori, for example: Miramar, which means "sea view" in Spanish; and Inchbonnie, which means "beautiful" (bonnie in Lallands) "island" (innis in Scottish Gaelic). Regional patternsMany Scottish names occur in Otago and Southland (the Lammerlaws, Invercargill, Wedderburn, Glenfalloch) and Scottish settlers also named Riccarton and the Avon River in Christchurch. Canterbury has an English flavour to its nomenclature with Christchurch and Oxford, but also contains Belfast and French names throughout the Akaroa area. Scandinavian migrants left their mark in the Seventy Mile Bush with Dannevirke and Norsewood[28] and some of the suburbs and streets of Auckland and Wellington reflect Australian immigration (Footscray and Botany Downs). There is very little Asian influence in New Zealand place naming, with Khandallah in Wellington and Cashmere (Kashmir) in Christchurch, reflecting British imperial connections rather than Indian influence.[29] Unofficial namesMany of New Zealand's place names have never been officially approved by the NZGB. They either fall outside the board's jurisdiction (homesteads, lighthouses) or were common names before the board was established and have never been officially formalised. Unofficial recorded names are defined as "names that have appeared in at least two publicly available authoritative publications or databases".[30] Recorded names include major cities (Wellington, Auckland, Hamilton, Christchurch), mountains (Mount Tasman, Mount Dampier), islands (Auckland Islands, Great Barrier Island) and many other geographical features.{{#tag:ref|Recorded names were obtained by comparing names found in the New Zealand Place Names Database[31] but not recorded in the New Zealand Gazetteer of Official Geographic Names.[32]|group=n}} New Zealand and various parts of it have acquired a range of colloquial names over the years. Unofficial late 19th century names for New Zealand included "Maoriland" and "God's Own Country".[33][34] The former occurred widely in the labour movement and an early labour newspaper was named the Maoriland Worker. Premier Richard John Seddon (in power 1893–1906) popularised "God's Own Country". Both names fell out of popularity in the 20th century, although "God's Own Country" (or "Godzone") still occasionally appears.[35] Latinate names for the country have included "Zealandia" and "Nova Zealandia".[36] Many cities and towns have nicknames based on a prominent feature or one which promoters wish to emphasise. Christchurch is promoted as the "Garden City"[37] and Auckland is commonly referred to as the "city of sails".[38] Various councils have come up with mottos to advertise their cities, with Hamilton going from "Where It's Happening" to "More Than You Expect" in 2000[39] and Dunedin using the "I am Dunedin" slogan from 2001 until 2010.[40] Hamilton acquired the nickname "the Tron" after "Hamiltron: City of the Future" was suggested for a city slogan.[41] Wellington is also known as the "windy city" due to its strong and unpredictable winds.[42] Following the release of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings films, New Zealand has sometimes been called "Middle-earth" after the fictional setting of the films. Wellington, the centre of the films' production, was sometimes called Middle-earth, and for about a week around the release of the first movie the local newspaper The Evening Post renamed itself to The Middle Earth Post. The town of Matamata, near the location of many of the Hobbiton scenes, unofficially renamed itself "Hobbiton".[43] The flourishing of the film-industry in Wellington has led to the nickname "Wellywood", and a proposal to erect a "Hollywood" style sign near the airport was overturned due to public resistance and possible copyright infringements.[44] A number of towns have acquired ironic nicknames comparing them to the "more exciting" city of Las Vegas; "Rotovegas" for Rotorua,[45] "Ashvegas" for Ashburton and "Invervegas" for Invercargill.{{sfn|Hay, Maclagan and Gordon|p=81}} Other areas have nicknames or popular designations based on abbreviations or mangling of the Māori name. New Zealanders will sometimes refer to the Taranaki Region as "The Naki",[46] Palmerston North as "Palmy", Gisborne as "Gizzie", Cardrona as "Cardie",[47] Paraparaumu as "Paraparam", Waimakariri as "Waimak" and Paekakariki as "Pie-cock".{{sfn|Hay, Maclagan and Gordon|p=72}} Waikikamukau (/waɪkɪkɑːmuːkaʊ/, as if saying "Why kick a moo-cow") is a generic name for a small rural town or locality in New Zealand. See also
Notes and referencesNotes1. ^{{cite web|first=John|last=Wilson|title=European discovery of New Zealand – Abel Tasman|publisher=The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=March 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/2|accessdate=24 January 2011}} 2. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3 |title=Tasman’s achievement |publisher=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |date=September 2007 |accessdate=16 February 2008 |last=Wilson |first=John}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Mackay|first=Duncan|year=1986|chapter=The Search For The Southern Land|editor-last=Fraser|editor-first= B|title=The New Zealand Book Of Events|location=Auckland|publisher=Reed Methuen|pages=52–54}} 4. ^{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Brunner|authorlink=Thomas Brunner|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/BruJour-fig-BruJour_P001a.html |title=The Great Journey: an expedition to explore the interior of the Middle Island, New Zealand, 1846-8|publisher=Royal Geographical Society|year=1851}} 5. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=McLintock|title=New Leinster, New Munster, and New Ulster|first=Donald |last=Paterson|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/provinces/1|accessdate=7 January 2011|date=April 2009|origyear=originally published in 1966|encyclopedia=from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand|publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand}} 6. ^{{cite web|first=Malcolm|last=McKinnon|authorlink=Malcolm McKinnon|title=Place names – Naming the country and the main islands|publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=November 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/place-names/1|accessdate=24 January 2011}} 7. ^{{cite news|first=Isaac|last=Davison|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10567873|title= North and South Islands officially nameless|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|date=22 April 2009}} 8. ^{{cite news| title=Confusion over NZ islands' names| newspaper=BBC News| date=22 April 2009| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8011846.stm}} 9. ^{{cite press release| url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/names-nz%E2%80%99s-two-main-islands-formalised| title=Names of NZ’s two main islands formalised| date=10 October 2013| first=Maurice| last=Williamson| publisher=New Zealand Government}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title= FIG 2010 Conference Paper: Place Naming Legislation in New Zealand|date= April 2010|url= https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2010/papers/ts07i/ts07i_grant_shaw_4557.pdf|accessdate= 25 July 2018|publisher= Land Information New Zealand}} 11. ^1 2 3 {{cite encyclopedia|editor-first= Alexander|editor-last= McLintock| editor1link = Alexander Hare McLintock|title= Maori Place Names|first= Edward |last= Dollimore|url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/place-names/2|accessdate= 7 January 2011|date= April 2009|origyear= originally published in 1966|encyclopedia= An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand|publisher= The Encyclopedia of New Zealand}} 12. ^{{cite web|first= Rāwiri|last= Taonui|title= Ngā waewae tapu – Māori exploration – Te Arawa explorers|publisher= Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date= March 2009|url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/nga-waewae-tapu-maori-exploration/5|accessdate= 27 February 2011}} 13. ^{{cite web| first= Darren| last= Reid| title= Muaūpoko – Early history| work= Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand| date= March 2009| url =http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/muaupoko/1| accessdate= 27 February 2011}} 14. ^{{cite book | last1 = Reed | first1 = A. W. | author-link1 = Alexander Wyclif Reed | orig-year = 1961 | chapter = Words which commonly form part of Maori place names | title = The Reed Dictionary of Maori Place Names: Te Papakupu Ingoa Wahi Maori a Reed | edition = 3 | location = Auckland | publisher = Reed Books | publication-date = 1999 | page = 8 | isbn = 0790004941}} 15. ^{{cite web|first= Rāwiri|last= Taonui|title= Ngā waewae tapu – Māori exploration – Western North Island|publisher= Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date= March 2009|url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/nga-waewae-tapu-maori-exploration/6|accessdate= 27 February 2011}} 16. ^{{cite book|last= Clark|first= Ross|year= 1994|chapter= Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence|editor-last= Sutton|editor-first= Douglas|title= The Origins of the First New Zealanders|location= Auckland|publisher= Auckland University Press|pages= 123–135}} 17. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/4 |title= The impact of new arrivals |publisher= Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |last= Davis |first= Denise |date= September 2007 |accessdate= 12 December 2018 | quote = Before 1835 some Māori came to Rēkohu (Chatham Island) with sealers, and several became residents. One man of Ngāti Toa settled at Wharekauri. Lacking knowledge of the Moriori language, he failed to distinguish between the name for the settlement and the name for the island. On his return to the mainland of New Zealand he spoke of Rēkohu as Wharekauri. It has been called that by Māori ever since.}} 18. ^{{cite web|title= Process For New Zealand Official Geographic Names|publisher= New Zealand Geographic Board (Ngā Pou Taunahao Aotearoa)|url= http://www.positionzonline.co.nz/docs/placenames/proposingaplacename/flowcharts/nz-names-process-200607.pdf|format= pdf|accessdate= 19 March 2011}} 19. ^{{cite web|first= Malcolm|last= McKinnon|title= Place names – Māori and Pākehā names|publisher= Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date= November 2009|url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/place-names/7|accessdate= 24 February 2011}} 20. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.beehive.govt.nz/feature/ngai-tahu-settlement-260|title= NZ Government Executive Ngai Tahu Settlement |accessdate= 27 February 2011|publisher= New Zealand Government Executive|author= Doug Graham}} 21. ^{{cite web |title= Kairangi Name Proposals go to Public Consultation|date= August 2010|url= http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/about-geographic-board/nzgb-news-notices/2010/0508-kairangi-name-proposals/index.aspx|publisher= Land Information New Zealand|accessdate= 1 April 2011}} 22. ^1 {{cite web|url= http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/consultation-decisions/a-to-z/whanganui/boards-decision/other-considerations/index.aspx|title= Consultation on proposed names: Other Considerations|publisher= Land Information New Zealand|accessdate= 27 February 2011}} 23. ^{{cite news | url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10616306 | title= Whanganui or Wanganui – it's up to you | work= The New Zealand Herald | date= 18 December 2009}} 24. ^{{cite web|first=Malcolm|last=McKinnon|title=Place names – Early explorers|publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=March 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/place-names/2|accessdate=22 February 2011}} 25. ^{{cite web|first=Malcolm|last=McKinnon|title=Place names – Colonial naming|publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=November 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/place-names/3|accessdate=22 February 2011}} 26. ^http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf 27. ^{{cite web|first=Malcolm|last=McKinnon|title=Place names – The imperial connection|publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=March 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/place-names/4|accessdate=22 February 2011}} 28. ^1 {{cite web|first=Malcolm|last=McKinnon|title=Place names – Local naming|publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=March 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/place-names/5|accessdate= 22 February 2011}} 29. ^{{cite web|first=Malcolm|last=McKinnon|title=Place names – Omissions and minor influences|publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=March 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/place-names/8|accessdate=23 February 2011}} 30. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/find-names/researching-names/index.aspx|title=Help finding names|publisher=Land Information New Zealand|accessdate= 19 March 2011}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/find-names/topographic-names-db/index.aspx|title=New Zealand Place Names Database|publisher=Land Information New Zealand|accessdate=20 March 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312122944/http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/find-names/topographic-names-db/index.aspx|archivedate=12 March 2011|df=dmy-all}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/find-names/nz-gazetteer-official-names/index.aspx|title=New Zealand Gazetteer of Official Geographic Names|publisher=Land Information New Zealand|accessdate= 20 March 2011}} 33. ^{{cite web|first=Jock|last= Phillips|title=The New Zealanders – Maorilanders|publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=March 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/5|accessdate= 27 February 2011}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Bracken, Thomas (1843–1898)|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogBr-By.html|publisher=Dictionary of Australian Biography|accessdate= 27 February 2011}} 35. ^{{cite news|title=Their spirit is strong|first=Kerre|last= Woodham |date= 28 Feb 2011|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/kerre-woodham-on-new-zealand/news/article.cfm?c_id=1502870&objectid=10709091}} 36. ^{{cite book|last=Orsman|first=H.W.|year=1997|title=The Dictionary of New Zealand English: a dictionary of New Zealandisms on historical principles|location=Auckland|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=931–932}} 37. ^{{cite web|title=Welcome to Christchurch, the Garden City|publisher=Christchurch City Council|url=http://www.christchurch.org.nz/ |accessdate= 27 February 2011}} 38. ^{{cite news|title=Auckland: City of sails |first=Suzanne|last= McFadden|date=25 August 2010| work=New Zealand Herald|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10666744}} 39. ^{{cite news|title=Hamilton expects slogan dividends|date=31 Mar 2000|first=Paul|last=Yandall|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=128387}} 40. ^{{cite news|title=Dunedin looks for new slogan|date=11 January 2010|newspaper=Otago Daily Times|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/88648/dunedin-looks-new-slogan}} 41. ^{{cite news|first=Hazel|last=Phillips|date=30 November 2009 |title=Monday News Munchies: Hamiltron has the goods|url=http://www.nbr.co.nz/opinion/hazel-phillips/monday-news-munchies-hamiltron-has-goods|newspaper=National Business Review}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/ottawa-group-2011/about-wellington.aspx|publisher=Statistics New Zealand|accessdate= 27 February 2011|title=All About Wellington}} 43. ^{{cite web|title=Lord of the Rings: Magic for New Zealand Tourism?|date=19 Dec 2001|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/12/1218_wirenewzearing.html|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=23 February 2011}} 44. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/national-news/3532763/|title=Airport backs down over 'Wellywood' sign|date= 31 March 2010|newspaper=Southland Times|location=New Zealand}} 45. ^{{cite news|authorlink=Lynn Barber|first=Lynn|last=Barber|title=Just the spot... for jumping off a cliff|newspaper=Guardian Unlimited|date=27 May 2002|url=http://travel.guardian.co.uk/article/2002/may/27/newzealand.extremesportsholidays}} 46. ^{{cite news|title=TVNZ's Toni ties the knot in the 'Naki|date= 6 Dec 2009|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/personalities/news/article.cfm?c_id=72&objectid=10613691}} 47. ^{{cite web|first=Malcolm|last= McKinnon|title=Place names – Naming after 1920|publisher=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=March 2009|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/place-names/6|accessdate=23 February 2011}} References{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography{{refbegin}}
Further reading
|last= Reed |first= Alexander Wyclif |authorlink=Alexander Wyclif Reed |editor= Peter Dowling |others = Max Cryer |title= The Reed dictionary of New Zealand place names |origyear= 1975 |edition= 2002 |year= 2002 |publisher= Reed |location= Auckland |isbn= 0-7900-0761-4 }} External links
2 : Names of places in New Zealand|Geographical naming disputes |
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