| 词条 | Olivier Blanchard |
| 释义 |
| name = Olivier Blanchard | school_tradition = New Keynesian economics | image = Oliver_Blanchard,_IMF_98BlanchardWEO1_lg.jpg | image_size = | caption =Olivier Blanchard October 8, 2008 IMF | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|12|27}} | birth_place = Amiens, France[1] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = French | institution = Peterson Institute for International Economics (since 2015) International Monetary Fund (2008-2015) Harvard University MIT | field = Macroeconomics | alma_mater = ESCP EuropeMIT[2] Paris Dauphine University | doctoral_advisor = Stanley Fischer[3] | academic_advisors= | doctoral_students= Fumio Hayashi Nobuhiro Kiyotaki {{Interlanguage link multi|Laurence Ball|fr}}[4] Roland Bénabou[5] Michael C. Burda[6] Ricardo J. Caballero[7] {{Interlanguage link multi|Takeo Hoshi|de}}[8] Jordi Galí[9] Anil Kashyap[10] {{Interlanguage link multi|Andrea Ichino|It}}[11] Gilles Saint-Paul[12] Janice Eberly[13] {{Interlanguage link multi|Roberto Perotti|It}}[14] Charles I. Jones[15] David Laibson[16] Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas[17] Robert Shimer[18] Augustin Landier[19] Justin Wolfers[20][21] Thomas Philippon[22] | notable_students = | influences = | influenced = Luigi Zingales | contributions = | awards = | signature = | repec_prefix = e | repec_id = pbl2 }}Olivier Jean Blanchard ({{IPA-fr|blɑ̃ʃaʁ|lang}}; born December 27, 1948) is a French economist, professor and Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He was the chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, from September 1, 2008[23] to October 2015.[24][24][25] He was appointed to this position under the tenure of Dominique Strauss-Kahn. He is also Robert M. Solow Professor of Economics emeritus at MIT. At the IMF, he was succeeded by Maurice Obstfeld.[26] CareerBlanchard is one of the most cited economists in the world, according to IDEAS/RePEc.[27] Blanchard graduated from ESCP Europe (one of France's top Grande École in business) in 1970.[28] From 1970 to 1973, he completed graduate level courses in economics and applied mathematics at Paris Dauphine University and Paris Nanterre University.[29] He obtained a Ph.D. in economics from MIT in 1977. He taught at Harvard University between 1977 and 1983, after which time he returned to MIT as a professor.[30] Between 1998 and 2003 Blanchard served as the Chairman of the Economics Department at MIT. Blanchard has published numerous research papers in the field of macroeconomics, as well as undergraduate and graduate macroeconomics textbooks. In 1987, together with Nobuhiro Kiyotaki, Blanchard demonstrated the importance of monopolistic competition for the aggregate demand multiplier.[31] Most New Keynesian macroeconomic models now assume monopolistic competition for the reasons outlined by them. He is a fellow and past Council member of the Econometric Society, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is the current president elect of the American Economic Association International Monetary FundDuring Blanchard's tenure as Chief Economist he reshaped IMF policies. During the Great Recession Blanchard supported global fiscal stimulus. During its slow recovery he urged a cautious removal of stimulus and advocated quantitative easing.[32] Austerity v. stimulus debateBy 2010, following the financial crisis, many countries ran significant budget deficits. There was a global turn to austerity as economists encouraged governments to cut spending and raise taxes to avoid a government debt crisis, as occurred in Greece.[33] In June 2010 Blanchard and Carlo Cottarelli, the director of the IMF's fiscal affairs department co-authored an IMF blog post entitled "Ten Commandments for Fiscal Adjustment in Advanced Economies."[34] By 2011 Paul Krugman noted that Blanchard was already "suggesting that harsh austerity programs may be literally self-defeating, hurting the economy so much that they worsen fiscal prospects."[35] By 2012 every country that had introduced "significant austerity" suffered economically. Blanchard issued "what amounted to a mea culpa."[33] According to Paul Krugman, "the IMF now believes that it massively understated the damage that spending cuts inflict on a weak economy."[33] InequalityUnder Blanchard's tenure at IMF, Jonathan D. Ostry and Andy Berg published their findings that "inequality was detrimental to sustained growth."[36][40] By April 2014 in the World Economic Outlook Blanchard situated inequality as a "central issue" for "macroeconomic developments."[37] {{quote|as the effects of the financial crisis slowly diminish, another trend may come to dominate the scene, namely rising inequality. Though inequality has always been perceived to be a central issue, until recently it was not seen as having major implications for macroeconomic developments. This belief is increasingly called into question. How inequality affects both the macroeconomy, and the design of macroeconomic policy, will likely be increasingly important items on our agenda for a long time to come.|Olivier Blanchard World Economic Outlook April 2014}}References1. ^{{citation |url=http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/2261 |title=Olivier Blanchard's CV | work=Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics | date=nd | accessdate=3 October 2015}} 2. ^{{citation | url=http://economics.mit.edu/faculty/blanchar/ | title=Olivier Blanchard Contact Information | work=Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Economics | date=nd | accessdate=3 October 2015}} 3. ^{{cite thesis |last= Blanchard |first= Olivier |date= 1977 |title= Two essays on economic fluctuations |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= http://library.mit.edu/item/000057369 |access-date= 1 February 2017 }} 4. ^{{cite thesis |last= Ball |first= Laurence M. |date= 1986 |title= Essays on the labor market |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= http://library.mit.edu/item/000266241 |access-date= 1 February 2017 }} 5. ^{{cite thesis |last= Benabou |first= Roland Jean-Marc |date= 1986 |title= Optimal price dynamics, speculation and search under inflation |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= http://library.mit.edu/item/000266243 |access-date= 1 February 2017 }} 6. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.wiwi.hu-berlin.de/en/professuren/vwl/wtm2/mitarbeiter-en/prof-michael-burda-phd/cv_burdajan2016.pdf |title= CV |last= Burda |first= Michael C. |date= |website= |publisher= Humboldt University of Berlinn|access-date= 3 February 2017|quote=}} 7. ^{{cite thesis |last= Caballero |first= Ricardo J. |date= 1988 |title= The Stochastic Behavior of Consumption and Savings |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/99793/20002978-MIT.pdf?sequence=1#page=4 |access-date= 17 October 2016 }} 8. ^{{cite thesis |last= Hoshi |first= Takeo |date= 1988 |title= Government reputation and monetary policy |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= http://library.mit.edu/item/000378384 |access-date= 1 February 2017 }} 9. ^{{cite thesis |last= Galí |first= Jordi |date= 1989 |title= Essays on macroeconomics |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= http://library.mit.edu/item/000403285 |access-date= 1 February 2017 }} 10. ^{{cite thesis |last= Kashyap |first= A. K. |date= 1989 |title= Price setting and investment : models and evidence |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= http://library.mit.edu/item/000386642 |access-date= 1 February 2017 }} 11. ^{{cite thesis |last= Ichino |first= Andrea |date= 1990 |title= Flexible compensation as a risk sharing device : implications for industrial relations and corporate finance |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/13553 |access-date= 3 February 2017 }} 12. ^{{cite thesis |last= Saint-Paul |first= Gilles |date= 1990 |title= Essays on labor markets and macro-economic activity |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= http://library.mit.edu/item/000510784 |access-date= 1 February 2017 }} 13. ^{{cite thesis |last= Eberly |first= Janice Caryl |date= 1991 |title= Durable goods and transactions costs : theory and evidence |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= http://library.mit.edu/item/000574584 |access-date= 2 February 2017 }} 14. ^{{cite thesis |last= Perotti |first= Roberto |date= 1991 |title= Three essays in political economics |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/13886 |access-date= 2 February 2017 }} 15. ^{{cite thesis |last= Jones |first= Charles I. |date= 1993 |title= Time Series Tests of Endogenous Growth Models |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/12701 |access-date= 2 February 2017 }} 16. ^{{cite thesis |last= Laibson |first= David Isaac |date= 1994 |title= Hyperbolic Discounting and Consumption |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/11966/31053607-MIT.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date= 1 February 2017 }} 17. ^{{cite thesis |last= Gourinchas |first= Pierre-Olivier |date= 1996 |title= Essays on exchange rates, and consumption |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/10830 |access-date= 1 February 2017 }} 18. ^{{cite thesis |last= Shimer |first= Robert |date= 1996 |title= Essays in search theory |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/10832 |access-date= 17 October 2016 }} 19. ^{{cite thesis |last= Landier |first= Augustin |date= 2001 |title= Essays on entrepreneurship, venture capital and innovation |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/8415/50602122-MIT.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date= 1 February 2017 }} 20. ^{{cite web |url= http://users.nber.org/~jwolfers/WolfersCV.pdf |title= CV |last= Wolfers |first= Justin |date= |website= |publisher= NBER |access-date= 3 February 2017|quote=}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://genealogy.repec.org/pages/pwo9.html |title=RePEc Genealogy page for Justin Wolfers |publisher= RePEc Genealogy |accessdate= Jun 8, 2017 }} 22. ^{{cite thesis |last= Philippon |first= Thomas |date= 2003 |title= Three essays in macroeconomics |type= Ph.D. |chapter= |publisher= MIT |docket= |oclc= |url= https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/17573/52873401-MIT.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date= 27 November 2016 }} 23. ^{{citation |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2008/int090208a.htm |title=Blanchard Sees Global Economy Weathering Financial Storm |work=International Monetary Fund |date=2 September 2008}} 24. ^1 {{cite web | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/the-smartest-economist-youve-never-heard-of/2015/10/02/8659bcf2-6786-11e5-8325-a42b5a459b1e_story.html?postshare=9761443854396544 | title=The smartest economist you've never heard of | work=Washington Post | date=2 October 2015 | accessdate=3 October 2015 | author=Pearlstein, Steven}} 25. ^"IMF Economic Counsellor and Director of Research Olivier Blanchard To Retire from the Fund" (International Monetary Fund; May 14, 2015). 26. ^{{cite web|title=IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde Appoints Maurice Obstfeld as Economic Counsellor and Director of the IMF's Research Department|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2015/pr15343.htm?hootPostID=1ed42320cf16d36193723a545537d1f5|accessdate=20 July 2015|date=20 July 2015|author=IMF}} 27. ^[https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.all.html Economist Rankings at IDEAS] 28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.escpeuropealumni.org/gene/main.php?base=63|title=ESCP Europe Alumni - Hall of Fame|last=Alumni|first=ESCP Europe|website=www.escpeuropealumni.org|access-date=2017-11-23}} 29. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.europusa.com/vie-pratique/portraits-dexpatries-francais-aux-etats-unis/portraits-de-professeurs-et-detudiants-aux-etats-unis/professeurs/olivier-blanchard-professeur-deconomie-au-mit/|title=Olivier Blanchard, professeur d'économie au MIT - EuropUSA|last=|first=|date=|work=EuropUSA|access-date=2017-11-23|archive-url=|archive-date=2002|dead-url=|language=fr-FR}} 30. ^Asia 21 Bio 31. ^{{cite journal |title=Monopolistic Competition and the Effects of Aggregate Demand |first=Olivier Jean |last=Blanchard |first2=Nobuhiro |last2=Kiyotaki |journal=American Economic Review |volume=77 |issue=4 |year=1987 |pages=647–666 |jstor=1814537 }} 32. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.theglobalist.com/imf-economy-olivier-blanchard/ | title=The Frenchman Who Reshaped the IMF Reflections on the work of Olivier, the IMF's now retired chief economist | work=The Globalist | date=2 October 2015 | accessdate=3 October 2015 | author=Loungani, Prakash | location=Washington, DC}} 33. ^1 2 {{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/ng-interactive/2015/apr/29/the-austerity-delusion | title=The case for cuts was a lie. Why does Britain still believe it? The austerity delusion by Paul Krugman | work=The Guardian | date=29 April 2015 | accessdate=3 October 2015 | author=Krugman, Paul | location=UK}} 34. ^{{cite web | url=http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2010/06/24/ten-commandments-for-fiscal-adjustment-in-advanced-economies/ | title=Ten Commandments for Fiscal Adjustment in Advanced Economies | publisher=iMFdirect | date=24 June 2010 | accessdate=3 October 2015 | author1=Blanchard, Olivier | author2=Cottarelli, Carlo}} 35. ^{{cite web | url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/21/olivier-blanchard-isnt-very-serious/ | title=Olivier Blanchard Isn't Very Serious | publisher=New York Times | date=21 December 2011 | accessdate=3 October 2015 | author=Krugman, Paul | series=The Conscience of a Liberal}} 36. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2011/sdn1108.pdf | title=Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin? | work=International Monetary Fund | date=8 April 2011 | accessdate=3 October 2015 | pages=20 | author1=Berg, Andrew G. | author2=Ostry, Jonathan D.}} 37. ^1 {{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/apr/08/uk-economy-in-spotlight-as-imf-unveils-new-world-economic-outlook-business-live?view=desktop#block-5343f21de4b06c7e09a60205 | title=IMF: rising inequality is an increasingly important issue | work=The Guardian | agency=8 April 2014 | accessdate=3 October 2015 | location=UK}} External links{{Wikiquote}}
| before = Simon Johnson | title = IMF Chief Economist | years = 2008 – 2015 | after = Maurice Obstfeld }}{{s-aca}}{{s-bef | before = Alvin E. Roth}}{{s-ttl | title = President of the American Economic Association | years = 2018– }}{{s-inc}}{{end}}{{Keynesians}}{{John von Neumann Award recipients}}{{Presidents of the American Economic Association}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Blanchard, Olivier}} 21 : 1948 births|Living people|ESCP Europe alumni|Paris Dauphine University alumni|Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni|Harvard University faculty|Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty|French economists|Macroeconomists|New Keynesian economists|French academics|Fellows of the Econometric Society|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|International Monetary Fund people|People from Amiens|20th-century economists|21st-century economists|Expatriate academics in the United States|Labor economists|French officials of the United Nations|Peterson Institute for International Economics |
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