“Gangs of New York”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Gangs of New York is a 2002 American epic period drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, set in the New York slums, and inspired by Herbert Asbury's non-fiction book, The Gangs of New York. The screenplay was by Jay Cocks, Steven Zaillian, and Kenneth Lonergan. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Daniel Day-Lewis and Cameron Diaz.

In 1863, a long-running Catholic–Protestant feud erupts into violence, just as an Irish immigrant group is protesting about low wages caused by an influx of freed slaves, as well as the threat of conscription. Scorsese spent twenty years developing the project until in 1999 Harvey Weinstein and his production company Miramax Films acquired it. Made in Cinecittà, Rome and in New York, the film was completed by 2001, but was delayed following the September 11 attacks. Released on December 20, 2002, it grossed $193 million worldwide against its $100 million budget. The film received positive reviews from critics for Day-Lewis' performance, Scorsese's directing, the production design and costume design. It was nominated for ten Oscars at the Academy Awards.

Plot

In the slum neighborhood of Five Points, Manhattan in 1846, two gangs have engaged in a final battle (or "challenge") in Paradise Square over "who holds sway over the Five Points"; these two factions participating in this event are the nativist, Protestant Natives led by William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting, and a group of Irish Catholic immigrants, the "Dead Rabbits", led by "Priest" Vallon. At the end of this battle, Bill kills Vallon and declares the Dead Rabbits outlawed. Having witnessed this, Vallon's young son hides the knife that killed his father and is taken to an orphanage on Blackwell's Island.

Sixteen years later, Vallon's son, using the alias of Amsterdam, returns to the Five Points seeking revenge and retrieves the knife. An old acquaintance, Johnny Sirocco, familiarizes him with the local clans of gangs and thieves, all of whom pay tribute to Bill, who controls the neighborhood. Amsterdam is finally introduced to Bill, but keeps his past a secret, seeking to be recruited. He learns that many of his father's former loyalists are now in Bill's employ. Each year, Bill celebrates the anniversary of his victory over the Dead Rabbits; Amsterdam plans to murder him secretly during this celebration.

Amsterdam becomes attracted to pickpocket and grifter Jenny Everdeane, with whom Johnny is infatuated. Amsterdam gains Bill's confidence and Bill becomes his mentor, involving him in the dealings of corrupt Tammany Hall politician William M. Tweed. Amsterdam saves Bill from an assassination attempt, and is tormented by the thought that he may have done so out of honest devotion.

On the evening of the anniversary, Johnny, in a fit of jealousy over Jenny's affections for Amsterdam, reveals Amsterdam's true identity and intentions to Bill. Bill baits Amsterdam with a knife throwing act involving Jenny. As Bill toasts Priest Vallon, Amsterdam throws his knife, but Bill deflects it and wounds Amsterdam with a counter throw. Bill proclaims that rather than dying, Amsterdam shall live in shame, and burns his cheek with a hot blade. Going into hiding, Jenny nurses Amsterdam back to health and implores him to escape with her to San Francisco.

Amsterdam, however, returns to the Five Points seeking vengeance, and announces his return by hanging a dead rabbit in Paradise Square. Bill sends corrupt policeman Mulraney to investigate, but Amsterdam kills him and hangs his body in the square. In retaliation, Bill has Johnny severely beaten and run through with a pike, leaving it to Amsterdam to end his suffering. The incident garners newspaper coverage, and Amsterdam presents Tweed with a plan to defeat Bill's influence: Tweed will back the candidacy of Monk McGinn for sheriff and Amsterdam will secure Irish vote for Tammany. Monk wins in a landslide (the election had been rigged by the Dead Rabbits), and a humiliated Bill murders him. McGinn's death prompts an angry Amsterdam to challenge Bill to a gang battle in Paradise Square for order, in which Bill accepts.

Citywide draft riots break out just as the gangs are preparing to fight, and Union Army soldiers are deployed to control the rioters. As the rival gangs face off, cannon fire from naval ships is fired directly into Paradise Square, interrupting their battle shortly before it begins. Between the cannons, soldiers, and rioters, many of the gang members are killed. Bill and Amsterdam face off against one another until Bill is severely wounded by a piece of shrapnel. He is finally killed by Amsterdam using his father's knife. Afterward, Amsterdam and Jenny leave New York together to start a new life in San Francisco. Before they leave, Amsterdam buries Bill in a cemetery in Brooklyn next to his father. As Amsterdam and Jenny leave the cemetery, the final scene of the film shows the skyline changing in a time-lapse over the next hundred years as modern Manhattan is built, from the Brooklyn Bridge to the World Trade Center, and the cemetery becomes overgrown and forgotten.

Cast

Production

Filmmaker Martin Scorsese had grown up in Little Italy in the borough of Manhattan in New York City during the 1950s. At the time, he had noticed there were parts of his neighborhood that were much older than the rest, including tombstones from the 1810s in Old St. Patrick's Cathedral, cobblestone streets and small basements located under more recent large buildings; this sparked Scorsese's curiosity about the history of the area: "I gradually realized that the Italian-Americans weren't the first ones there, that other people had been there before us. As I began to understand this, it fascinated me. I kept wondering, how did New York look? What were the people like? How did they walk, eat, work, dress?"^[3]

In 1970, Scorsese came across Herbert Asbury's The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld (1927) about the city's nineteenth century criminal underworld and found it to be a revelation. In the portraits of the city's criminals, Scorsese saw the potential for an American epic about the battle for the modern American democracy.^[3] At the time, Scorsese was a young director without money or clout; by the end of the decade, with the success of crime films such as Mean Streets (1973), about his old neighborhood, and Taxi Driver (1976), he was a rising star. In 1979, he acquired screen rights to Asbury's book; however, it took twenty years to get the production moving forward. Difficulties arose with reproducing the monumental city scape of nineteenth century New York with the style and detail Scorsese wanted; almost nothing in New York City looked as it did in that time, and filming elsewhere was not an option. Eventually, in 1999, Scorsese was able to find a partnership with Harvey Weinstein, noted producer and co-chairman of Miramax Films.^[3]

In order to create the sets that Scorsese envisioned, the production was filmed at the large Cinecittà Studio in Rome, Italy. Production designer Dante Ferretti recreated over a mile of mid-nineteenth century New York buildings, consisting of a five-block area of Lower Manhattan, including the Five Points slum, a section of the East River waterfront including two full-sized sailing ships, a thirty-building stretch of lower Broadway, a patrician mansion, and replicas of Tammany Hall, a church, a saloon, a Chinese theater, and a gambling casino.^[3] For the Five Points, Ferretti recreated George Catlin's painting of the area.^[3]

Particular attention was also paid to the speech of characters, as loyalties were often revealed by their accents. The film's voice coach, Tim Monich, resisted using a generic Irish brogue and instead focused on distinctive dialects of Ireland and Great Britain. As DiCaprio's character was born in Ireland but raised in the United States, his accent was designed to be a blend of accents typical of the half-Americanized. To develop the unique, lost accents of the Yankee "Nativists" such as Daniel Day-Lewis's character, Monich studied old poems, ballads, newspaper articles (which sometimes imitated spoken dialect as a form of humor) and the Rogue's Lexicon, a book of underworld idioms compiled by New York's police commissioner, so that his men would be able to tell what criminals were talking about. An important piece was an 1892 wax cylinder recording of Walt Whitman reciting four lines of a poem in which he pronounced the word "Earth" as "Uth", and the "a" of "an" nasal and flat, like "ayan". Monich concluded that native nineteenth century New Yorkers probably sounded something like the proverbial Brooklyn cabbie of the mid-twentieth.^[3]

Filming began in New York and Rome in August 30, 2000 and continued through April 14, 2001. Due to the strong personalities and clashing visions of director and producer,{{clarify|date=October 2016}} the three year production became a story in and of itself.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Scorsese strongly defended his artistic vision on issues of taste and length while Weinstein fought for a streamlined, more commercial version. During the delays, noted actors such as Robert De Niro and Willem Dafoe had to leave the production due to conflicts with their other productions. Costs overshot the original budget by 25 percent, bringing the total cost over $100 million.^[4] The increased budget made the film vital to Miramax Films' short term success.^[5]^[7]

After post-production was nearly completed in 2001, the film was delayed for over a year. The official justification was after the September 11, 2001 attacks, certain elements of the picture may have made audiences uncomfortable; the film's closing shot is a view of modern-day New York City, complete with the World Trade Center's towers, despite their having been destroyed by the attacks over a year before the film's release.^[8] However this explanation was refuted in Scorsese's own contemporary statements, where he noted that the production was still filming pick-ups even into October 2002.^[5]^[9] The filmmakers had also considered having the towers removed out of the shot to acknowledge their disappearance, or remove the entire sequence altogether. It was ultimately decided to keep the towers unaltered.^[10]

Weinstein kept demanding cuts to the film's length, and some of those cuts were eventually made. In December 2001, Jeffrey Wells{{Who|date=October 2016}} reviewed a purported workprint of the film as it existed in the fall of 2001. Wells reported the work print lacked narration, was about 20 minutes longer, and although it was "different than the [theatrical] version ... scene after scene after scene play[s] exactly the same in both." Despite the similarities, Wells found the work print to be richer and more satisfying than the theatrical version. While Scorsese has stated the theatrical version is his final cut, he reportedly "passed along [the] three-hour-plus [work print] version of Gangs on tape [to friends] and confided, 'Putting aside my contractual obligation to deliver a shorter, two-hour-and-forty-minute version to Miramax, this is the version I'm happiest with,' or words to that effect."^[8]

In an interview with Roger Ebert, Scorsese clarified the real issues in the cutting of the film. Ebert notes,

Soundtrack

Robbie Robertson supervised the soundtrack's collection of eclectic pop, folk, and neo-classical tracks.

Historical accuracy

Scorsese received both praise and criticism for historical depictions in the film. In a PBS interview for the History News Network, George Washington University professor Tyler Anbinder discussed the historical aspects of the film.^[12]^[13]

Asbury's book described the Bowery Boys, Plug Uglies, True Blue Americans, Shirt Tails, and Dead Rabbits, who were named after their battle standard, a dead rabbit on a pike.^[3] The book also described William Poole, the inspiration for William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting, a member of the Bowery Boys, a bare-knuckle boxer, and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement. Poole did not come from the Five Points and was assassinated nearly a decade before the Draft Riots. Both the fictional Bill and the real one had butcher shops, but Poole is not known to have killed anyone.^[14]^[15] The book also described other famous gangsters from the era such as Red Rocks Farrell, Slobbery Jim and Hell-Cat Maggie, who filed her front teeth to points and wore artificial brass fingernails.^[3]

Anbinder said that Scorsese's recreation of the visual environment of mid-19th century New York City and the Five Points "couldn't have been much better".^[12] All sets were built completely on the exterior stages of Cinecittà Studios in Rome.^[16] By 1860, New York City had 200,000 mostly Catholic Irish immigrants^[17] in a population of 800,000.^[18]

According to Paul S. Boyer, "The period from the 1830s to the 1850s was a time of almost continuous disorder and turbulence among the urban poor. The decade from 1834–1844 saw more than 200 major gang wars in New York City alone, and in other cities the pattern was similar."^[19]

As early as 1839, Mayor Philip Hone said: "This city is infested by gangs of hardened wretches" who "patrol the streets making night hideous and insulting all who are not strong enough to defend themselves."^[20] The large gang fight depicted in the film as occurring in 1846 is fictional, though there was one between the Bowery Boys and Dead Rabbits in the Five Points on July 4, 1857, which is not mentioned in the film.^[21] Reviewer Vincent DiGirolamo concludes that "Gangs of New York becomes a historical epic with no change over time. The effect is to freeze ethno-cultural rivalries over the course of three decades and portray them as irrational ancestral hatreds unaltered by demographic shifts, economic cycles and political realignments."^[22]

In the film, the Draft Riots are depicted mostly as acts of destruction but there was considerable violence during that week in July 1863, which resulted in more than one hundred deaths, mostly freed African-Americans. They were especially targeted by the Irish, in part because of fears of job competition that more freed slaves would cause in the city.^[23] The bombardment of the city by Navy ships offshore to quell the riots is wholly fictitious. The film references the infamous Tweed Courthouse, as "Boss" Tweed refers to plans for the structure as being "modest" and "economical".{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

In the film, Chinese Americans were common enough in the city to have their own community and public venues. Although Chinese people migrated to America as early as the 1840s, significant Chinese migration to New York City did not begin until 1869, the time when the transcontinental railroad was completed. The Chinese theater on Pell St. was not finished until the 1890s.^[24] The Old Brewery, the overcrowded tenement shown in the movie in both 1846 and 1862–63, was actually demolished in 1852.^[25]

Release

The original target release date was December 21, 2001, in time for the 2001 Academy Awards but the production overshot that goal as Scorsese was still filming.^[5]^[9] A twenty-minute clip, billed as an "extended preview", debuted at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival and was shown at a star-studded event at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès with Scorsese, DiCaprio, Diaz and Weinstein in attendance.^[9]

After three years in production, the film was released on December 20, 2002, a year after its original planned release date.^[9] While the film has been released on DVD and Blu-ray, there are no plans to revisit the theatrical cut or prepare a "director's cut" for home video release. "Marty doesn't believe in that," editor Thelma Schoonmaker stated. "He believes in showing only the finished film."^[8]

Reception

Box office

The film made $77,812,000 in Canada and the United States. It also took $23,763,699 in Japan and $16,358,580 in the United Kingdom. Worldwide the film grossed a total of $193,772,504.^[26]

Critical reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74% based on 209 reviews, with an average rating of 7.11/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though flawed, the sprawling, messy Gangs of New York is redeemed by impressive production design and Day-Lewis's electrifying performance."^[27] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, gave the film a score of 72 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".^[28]

Some critics were disappointed with the film, complaining that it fell well short of the hype surrounding it, that it tried to tackle too many themes without saying anything unique about them, and that the overall story was weak.^[32]

Top ten lists

Awards

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/gangs-new-york-2003-4 | title=Gangs of New York (18) | publisher=British Board of Film Classification| date=December 10, 2002 | accessdate=October 5, 2016}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gangsofnewyork.htm |title=Gangs of New York (2002) | work=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=February 27, 2017}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{cite web |url=http://www.fergusbordewich.com/PAGESjournalism/FBgangs.shtml |title=Manhattan Mayhem |author=Fergus M. Bordewich |date=December 2002 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |accessdate=July 15, 2010}}
4. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/07/business/2-hollywood-titans-brawl-over-a-gang-epic.html|title=2 Hollywood Titans Brawl Over a Gang Epic|author=Laura M. Holson|date=April 7, 2002|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=July 15, 2010}}
5. ^¹²³⁴Laura M. Holson, [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/business/media/11STUD.html Miramax Blinks, and a Double DiCaprio Vanishes], The New York Times, October 11, 2002; accessed July 15, 2010.
6. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/12/movies/it-s-harvey-weinstein-s-turn-to-gloat.html|title=It's Harvey Weinstein's Turn to Gloat|author=Rick Lyman|date=February 12, 2003|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=July 15, 2010}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117867307.html|title=Miramax, Scorsese gang up|author=Dana Harris, Cathy Dunkley|date=May 15, 2001|publisher=Variety|accessdate=July 15, 2010}}
8. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.quickstopentertainment.com/elsewhere/33.html|title=Hollywood Elsewhere: Gangs vs. Gangs|author=Jeffrey Wells|accessdate=2010-12-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026043820/http://www.quickstopentertainment.com/elsewhere/33.html|archivedate=October 26, 2007}}
9. ^¹²³{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117867307.html|title=Gangs of the Palais|author=Cathy Dunkley|date=May 20, 2002|publisher=Variety|accessdate=July 15, 2010}}
10. ^{{cite web|last1=Bosley|first1=Rachel K.|title=Mean Streets.|url=https://www.theasc.com/magazine/jan03/mean/page2.html|website=American Cinematographer|publisher=American Society of Cinematographers|accessdate=July 26, 2015}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20021215/PEOPLE/212010305|title=Gangs all here for Scorsese|date=December 15, 2002|work= Chicago Sun-Times|accessdate=September 6, 2010}}
12. ^¹History News Network {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031209182847/http://hnn.us/comments/6212.html |date=December 9, 2003 }}
13. ^{{cite journal|first= Vincent|last= DiGirolamo's|title=Such, Such Were the B'hoys|journal=Radical History Review |volume=90|year=2004|pages=123–41}}
14. ^"Gangs of New York", HerbertAsbury.com; accessed October 5, 2016.
15. ^"Bill the Butcher" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825213036/http://herbertasbury.com/billthebutcher/billp.asp |date=August 25, 2007 }}, HerbertAsbury.com; accessed October 5, 2016.
16. ^Mixing Art and a Brutal History {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817165451/http://bookreview.net/gangs/index.html|date=August 17, 2007}}
17. ^The New York Irish, Ronald H. Bayor and Timothy Meagher, eds. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996)
18. ^Ruskin Teeter, "19th century AD", Adolescence (1995) via findarticles.com; accessed June 29, 2017.
19. ^Paul S. Boyer (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HRgnJVpynD8C&pg=RA1-PA1845#v=onepage Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920], Harvard University Press; {{ISBN|0674931106}}
20. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/20/opinion/gangs-crime-smut-violence.html Gangs, Crime, Smut, Violence]. The New York Times. September 20, 1990.
21. ^Riots, virtualny.cuny.edu; accessed October 5, 2016.
22. ^(RE)VIEWS: Vincent DiGirolamo "Such, Such Were the B'hoys..." – Radical History Review, Fall 2004 (90): 123–41; {{doi|10.1215/01636545-2004-90-123}} Gangs of New York, directed by Martin Scorsese. Miramax Films, 2002, rhr.dukejournals.org; accessed November 10, 2014.
23. ^Johnson, Michael."The New York Draft Riots". Reading the American Past, 2009 p. 295.
24. ^Hamill, Pete. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030207045308/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/story/43543p-41030c.html "Trampling city's history."] New York Daily News; retrieved October 4, 2009.
25. ^R.K. Chin,"A Journey Through Chinatown", nychinatown.org; accessed May 11, 2017.
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=gangsofnewyork.htm |title=Gangs of New York |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=6 September 2010}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gangs_of_new_york |title=Gangs of New York (2002) |work=Rotten Tomatoes |publisher=Fandango Media |accessdate=April 10, 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.metacritic.com/movie/gangs-of-new-york/| title = Gangs of New York Reviews| date = February 7, 2003| accessdate = July 10, 2011| publisher = CBS Interactive |work=Metacritic}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/atm/reviews.html?sec=6&subsec=Gangs+of+New+York |title=At the Movies: Gangs of New York |author=Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper |accessdate=2002-12-20}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
30. ^{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/19/sproject.ca02.gangs.review/index.html |title=Review: Epic 'Gangs' Oscar-worthy effort |author=Paul Clinton |accessdate=2002-12-19 |work=CNN |date=December 19, 2002 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503121839/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/19/sproject.ca02.gangs.review/index.html |archivedate=May 3, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117919499.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |title=Review: Gangs of New York Review |author=Todd McCarthy |accessdate=2002-12-05 | work=Variety | date=December 5, 2002}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gangs_of_new_york/?page=2&critic=approved&sortby=rotten&name_order=asc&view=#contentReviews |title=Gangs of New York negative reviews}}
33. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20090122093012/http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2002/toptens.shtml
34. ^https://www.innermind.com/misc/e_r_top.htm
35. ^https://www.avclub.com/the-year-in-film-2002-1798208253
36. ^https://www.avclub.com/the-year-in-film-2002-1798208253
37. ^Bafta.org
38. ^Chicagofilmcritics.org {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515203059/http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48&Itemid=58|date=May 15, 2012}}
39. ^BFCA.org {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120604201927/http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2002.php|date=June 4, 2012 }}
40. ^Ropeofscilicon.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208040356/http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/award_show/golden_globe_awards/2003|date=December 8, 2009}}
41. ^Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards, LVFCS.org; accessed May 11, 2017.
42. ^NYFCC.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219190936/http://nyfcc.com/awards.php?year=2002|date=December 19, 2008}}
43. ^Rottentomatoes.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030206095847/http://ofcs.rottentomatoes.com/pages/awards/2002awards|date=February 6, 2003}}
44. ^Ropeofsilicon.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122225351/http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/award_show/screen_actors_guild_awards/2003|date=January 22, 2009}}
45. ^Sefca.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217063340/http://www.sefca.org/a2002.html|date=December 17, 2010}}