| 词条 | Gregory Cochran |
| 释义 |
|birth_name = Gregory M. Cochran |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1953}} |birth_place = |residence = |citizenship = American |ethnicity = |field = Physics, Anthropology |work_institution = University of Utah |alma_mater = University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = The 10,000 Year Explosion |prizes = }} Gregory M. Cochran (born 1953) is an American anthropologist and author who argues that cultural innovation resulted in new and constantly shifting selection pressures for genetic change, thereby accelerating human evolution and divergence between human races. From 2004 to 2015 he was a research associate at the anthropology department at the University of Utah.[1] He is co-author of the book The 10,000 Year Explosion. Human evolutionIn opposition to what he sees as the 'conventional wisdom' that civilization has been a static environment which imposed stabilizing selection on humans, Cochran, along with like minded anthropologists such as John D. Hawks,[2] contends that haplotype and other data indicate the selection of genes has been strongest since the advent of farming and civilization.[3] Through his work on human evolution, Cochran has been associated since the 1990s with the human biodiversity (“HBD”) milieu[4][5][6], which the Southern Poverty Law Center have described as scientific racism[6][7][8]. Ashkenazi intelligence{{main article|Ashkenazi Jewish intelligence}}Cochran and co-authors Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending suggest that the high average IQ of Ashkenazi Jews may be attributed to natural selection for intelligence during the Middle Ages and a low rate of genetic inflow. Cochran et al. hypothesise that the occupational profile of the Jewish community in medieval Europe had resulted in selection pressure for mutations that increase intelligence, but can also result in hereditary neurological disorders.[9][10] HomosexualityCochran believes an evolutionary perspective suggests that the proximal cause of homosexuality must be an infection.[11][12] Cochran does not suggest that an infectious agent that causes homosexuality is spread by homosexuals. The premise is that homosexuality reduces the number of offspring and would lead to the genes carried by a homosexual person to be progressively eliminated over generations. Cochran maintains that the observed level of prevalence of exclusive homosexuality (3 to 4 percent of men and 1 to 2 percent of women in the United States) means genes cannot be the cause of homosexuality. This argument is based on natural selection, the fitness cost of genes 'for' homosexuality being too great for its occurrence at a frequency above that of random mutation (~ 1 in 50,000). The argument assumes that evolution would have largely eliminated homosexuality related to non-infectious environmental causes, except novel ones.[13] References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://faculty.utah.edu/u0341927-GREGORY_COCHRAN/research/index.hml |title=Faculty profile |accessdate=2016-07-21 |publisher=University of Utah |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925132547/https://faculty.utah.edu/u0341927-GREGORY_COCHRAN/research/index.hml |archivedate=25 September 2017 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/print/how_we_evolve/|title=How We Evolve|date=October 2008|issue=18|pages=66–73|author=Phelan, Benjamin|magazine=Seed Magazine|accessdate=September 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912012527/http://seedmagazine.com/content/print/how_we_evolve/|archive-date=2015-09-12|dead-url=no|df=}} 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Gregory Cochran|author2=Henry Harpending|title=The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution|year=2009|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-4650-0221-4|pages=1–25|chapter=Overview: Conventional Wisdom}} 4. ^{{cite web |author1=Sailer, Steve |title=Roster of Human Biodiversity Discussion Group Members |url=http://members.aol.com/steveslr/roster.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030215180909/http://members.aol.com/steveslr/roster.htm |archive-date=2003-02-15|dead-url=yes}} 5. ^{{cite web |author=Derbyshire, John |title=HBD Blogging Season Opens |url=https://vdare.com/posts/hbd-blogging-season-opens |website=VDARE |accessdate=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107043128/https://vdare.com/posts/hbd-blogging-season-opens |archive-date=2018-11-07 |dead-url=no |df= }} 6. ^1 {{cite web |author1=Sailer, Steve |title=The Scientist vs. the SPLC |url=http://takimag.com/article/the_scientist_vs_the_splc_steve_sailer |website=takimag.com |publisher=Taki’s Magazine |accessdate=26 July 2018 |date=2016-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726134918/http://takimag.com/article/the_scientist_vs_the_splc_steve_sailer |archive-date=2018-07-26 |dead-url=no |df= }} 7. ^{{cite web |last1=Beirich |first1=Heidi |title=NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSOR J. MICHAEL BAILEY LOOKS INTO QUEER SCIENCE |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/northwestern-university-psychology-professor-j-michael-bailey-looks-queer-science |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |accessdate=8 October 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2014/05/28/troublesome-sources-nicholas-wade%E2%80%99s-embrace-scientific-racism|title=Troublesome Sources: Nicholas Wade's Embrace of Scientific Racism|website=HateWatch|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|last=Phillips|first=Jon|date=28 May 2014|accessdate=11 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021355/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2014/05/28/troublesome-sources-nicholas-wade%E2%80%99s-embrace-scientific-racism|archive-date=2018-06-14|dead-url=no|df=}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-jewish-iq18-2009apr18-story.html|title=Jewish legacy inscribed on genes?|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=April 18, 2009|author=Kaplan, Karen|accessdate=November 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106172242/http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-jewish-iq18-2009apr18-story.html|archive-date=2015-11-06|dead-url=no|df=}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Cochran |first1=Gregory |last2=Hardy |first2=Jason |last3=Harpending |first3=Henry |title=Natural History Of Ashkenazi Intelligence |url=http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/Documents/ashkiq.webpub.pdf |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |volume=38 |issue=5 |year=2005 |pages=659–93 |issn=0021-9320 |doi=10.1017/S0021932005027069 |pmid=16867211 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911054719/http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/Documents/ashkiq.webpub.pdf |archivedate=2013-09-11 |df= |citeseerx=10.1.1.163.3711 }} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://zero.poynt.zero.googlepages.com/home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011094900/http://zero.poynt.zero.googlepages.com/home|archive-date=11 October 2008|title=An Evolutionary Look at Human Homosexuality |author=Cochran, Gregory|accessdate= September 12, 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://thrasymachus.typepad.com/thras/2005/02/cochran_intervi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302014245/http://thrasymachus.typepad.com/thras/2005/02/cochran_intervi.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 2, 2005 |title=Cause of Homosexuality: Gene or Virus? |year=2005 |accessdate=September 12, 2015 |df= }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/99feb/germ2.htm|title=A New Germ Theory (Part Two)|magazine=The Atlantic Monthly|volume=283|number=2|pages=41–53|date=February 1998|author=Hopper, Judith|accessdate=September 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915080726/http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/99feb/germ2.htm|archive-date=2015-09-15|dead-url=no|df=}} External links
8 : 1953 births|Living people|American anthropologists|American biophysicists|Race and intelligence controversy|Scientific racism|University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni|University of Utah faculty |
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