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词条 Akula-class submarine
释义

  1. Construction

  2. Current status

     Project 971 (Akula I)  Project 971 and 971I (Improved Akula I)  Project 971U (Akula II)  Project 971M (Akula III) 

  3. Units

  4. Lease to India

  5. Nerpa 2008 accident

  6. Recent overseas deployments

  7. Gallery

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{About|the Soviet/Russian submarine class with NATO reporting name "Akula"|the submarine class with native Russian name "Akula" (Акула)|Typhoon-class submarine}}{{More citations needed|date=November 2008}}{{Infobox ship image{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=AkulaProjekt971U right.pngShip image size=300pxShip caption=Akula-class SSN profile
}}
class="wikitable" border="1"Ship caption=
}}{{Infobox ship class overview		Name=AkulaBuilders=SevmashOperators=* Soviet Navy
  • Russian Navy
  • Indian Navy
Victor|submarine|4}}, {{sclass-|Sierra|submarine|4}}Yasen|submarine|4}}Subclasses=Cost=est. $1.55 billion (1995 dollars)Built range=1983–1994In service range=1984–presentIn commission range=1984–2009Total ships building=Total ships planned=20Total ships completed=15Total ships cancelled=5Total ships active=5 (4 active +5 on modernization in Russia, 1 active in India)Total ships laid up=Total ships lost=Total ships retired=3Total ships preserved=Total ships stricken=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship class=Ship type=Nuclear attack submarineShip tonnage=Ship displacement=*surfaced:
  • 8,140 tons Akula I and Akula I Improved
  • 8,450–8,470 tons Akula II and III
  • submerged:
  • 12,770 tons Akula I and Akula I Improved
  • 13,400–13,800 tons Akula II and III
Ship tons burthen=110.3|m|abbr=on}} for Akula I and Akula I Improved
  • {{convert|113.3|m|abbr=on}} for Akula II and Akula III
13.6|m|abbr=on}}Ship height=9.7|m|abbr=on}}Ship draft=Ship depth=Ship hold depth=Ship decks=Ship deck clearance=Ship ramps=Ship ice class=Ship power=Ship propulsion=*one 190 MW OK-650B/OK-650M pressurized water nuclear reactor
  • 1 OK-7 steam turbine {{convert|43,000|hp|MW|abbr=on}}
  • 2 OK-2 Turbogenerators producing 2 MW
  • 1 seven-bladed propeller
  • 2 OK-300 retractable electric propulsors for low-speed and quiet maneuvering at {{convert|5|kn}}
Ship sail plan=10|kn}} surfaced
  • {{convert|28|-|35|kn}} submerged[1]
Ship range=Ship endurance=100 days[2]480|m|abbr=on}} test depth for Akula I and Akula I Improved
  • {{convert|520|m|abbr=on}} for Akula II and III
  • {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}} maximum operating depth[2]
Ship boats=Ship capacity=Ship troops=Ship complement=73 for Akula I & Improved,[3] 62 (31 officers) for Akula II & III [4]Ship time to activate=Ship sensors=*MGK-500 or 540 active/passive suite
  • Flank arrays
  • Pelamida towed array sonar
  • MG-70 mine detection sonar
Ship EW=*Bukhta ESM/ECM
  • MG-74 Korund noise simulation decoys (fired from external tubes)
  • MT-70 Sonar intercept receiver
  • Nikhrom-M IFF
Ship armament=*4 × 533 mm torpedo tubes (28 torpedoes) and 4 × 650 mm torpedo tubes (12 torpedoes). (K-152 Nerpa has 8 × 533 mm torpedo tubes) 40 torpedoes total
  • 1–3 × Igla-M surface-to-air missile launcher fired from sail (surface use only)
  • Granat cruise missiles, now Kalibr
Ship armour=Ship armor=Ship aircraft=Ship aircraft facilities=Ship notes=*Chiblis Surface Search radar
  • Medvyeditsa-945 Navigation system
  • Molniya-M Satellite communications
  • MGK-80 Underwater communications
  • Tsunami, Kiparis, Anis, Sintez and Kora Communications antennas
  • Paravan Towed VLF Antenna
  • Vspletsk Combat direction system

}}
Project 971 Щука-Б (Shchuka-B, 'Shchuka' meaning "pike", NATO reporting name "Akula") is a nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN) first deployed by the Soviet Navy in 1986. The class is also known under the name Bars (meaning "snow leopard").[5]{{dubious|date=March 2019}} There are four sub-classes or flights of Shchuka, consisting of the original seven Akula Is, commissioned between 1984 and 1990; six Improved Akulas, commissioned between 1991 and 2009; one Akula II, commissioned in 1995; and one Akula III, commissioned in 2001. The Russians call all of the submarines Shchuka-B, regardless of modifications.[6]

Some potential for confusion may exist, as the name Akula (Акула meaning "shark" in Russian) was used by the Soviets for a different submarine, the Projekt 941, which is known in the West as the {{sclass2-|Typhoon|submarine|4}}. By contrast, the Projekt 971 (the subject of this article) was named Shchuka-B by the Soviets but designated as the "Akula class" by the West after the name of the lead ship, K-284.

The launch of the first submarine in 1985, according to defense analyst Norman Polmar, "shook everyone [in the West] up", as Western intelligence agencies had not expected the Soviet Union to produce such a boat for another ten years.[7]

Construction

{{floatbox|}}

The Akula incorporates a double hull system composed of an inner pressure hull and an outer "light" hull. This allows more freedom in the design of the exterior hull shape, resulting in a submarine with more reserve buoyancy than its western analogs. This design requires more power than single-hull submarines{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} because of the greater wetted surface area, which increases drag.

The distinctive "bulb" or "can" seen on top of the Akula's rudder houses its towed sonar array, when retracted. Most Akulas have the SOCKS{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} hydrodynamic sensors, which detect changes in temperature and salinity. They are located on the leading edge of the sail, on the outer hull casing in front of the sail and on the bottom of the hull forward of the sail. All Akulas have two T-shaped doors on the aft bottom of the hull, on either side{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}. These are where the OK-300 auxiliary propulsion devices are located, which can propel the submarine at up to {{convert|5|kn|km/h}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

Akulas (excluding Nerpa) are armed with four 533 mm torpedo tubes which can use Type 53 torpedoes or the SS-N-15 Starfish missile, and four 650 mm torpedo tubes which can use Type 65 torpedoes or the SS-N-16 Stallion missile. These torpedo tubes are arranged in two rows of four tubes each. Improved Akulas, Akula IIs have an additional six 533 mm torpedo tubes mounted externally, capable of launching possibly up to 6 decoys each.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} The external tubes are mounted outside the pressure hull in one row, above the torpedo tubes, and can only be reloaded in port or with the assistance of a submarine tender. The 650 mm tubes can be fitted with liners to use the 533 mm weaponry. The submarine is also able to use its torpedo tubes to deploy mines.

Current status

As with many Soviet/Russian craft, information on the status of the Akula-class submarines is sparse, at best. Information provided by sources varies widely.

Project 971 (Akula I)

{{floatbox|}}

Of the seven original Akulas, only three are known to still be in service. These boats are equipped with MGK-500 Skat sonar system (NATO reporting name Shark Gill).[8][9] The lead boat of the class, K-284 Akula was decommissioned in 2001, apparently to help save money in the cash-strapped Russian Navy. K-322 Kashalot and K-480 Bars [currently Ak Bars] are in reserve. K-480 Bars was put into reserve in 1998,[10] and is being dismantled in February 2010. Pantera returned to service in January 2008 after a comprehensive overhaul.[11] All were retrofitted with the SOCKS hydrodynamic sensors. All submarines before K-391 Bratsk have reactor coolant scoops that are similar to the ones of the Typhoon-class SSBNs, long and tubular. Bratsk and subsequent submarines have reactor coolant scoops similar to the short ones on the Oscar IIs (the Typhoon, Akula and Oscar classes use the similar OK-650 reactor).

Project 971 and 971I (Improved Akula I)

The six Akulas of this class are all thought to be in service. They are quieter than the original Akulas. The MGK-500 sonar is upgraded to MGK-501 Skat-MS. Sources also disagree as to whether construction of this class has been suspended, or if there are a further two units planned.

Improved Akula-I Hulls: K-328 Leopard, K-461 Volk, K-154 Tigr, K-419 Kuzbass, K-295 Samara and K-152 Nerpa. These submarines are much quieter than early Akula class submarines and all have the SOCKS hydrodynamic sensors except Leopard.[12] The Akula-I Improved submarines have six 533 mm decoy launching tubes, as do subsequent submarines. They have a different arrangement of limber holes on the outer hull than Akula Is. Nerpa and Iribis (not completed) have a different rescue chamber in the sail,{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} which can be distinguished by the large dome on the top surface.

Project 971U (Akula II)

K-157 Vepr is the only completed Akula II (see the table below).[13] The Akula II is {{convert|3|m}} longer and displaces about 700 tons (submerged displacement) more than the Akula I. The added space was used for additional quieting measures. The MGK-501 Skat sonar system on Akula-I is replaced to a new MGK-540 Skat-3 sonar system.[14] K-157 Vepr became the first Soviet submarine that was quieter than the latest U.S. attack submarines of that time, which was the improved {{sclass-|Los Angeles|submarine|4}} (SSN 751 and later).[15] Two of these submarines were used to build the {{sclass2-|Borei|submarine|0}} SSBNs.

Project 971M (Akula III)

The K-335 Gepard is the 14th submarine of the class and the only completed Akula III (see the table below) built for the Russian Navy.[16] It was the first submarine commissioned in the Russian Navy since the Kursk disaster, as a result, its commissioning ceremony was an important morale boost for the Russian Navy with President Vladimir Putin in attendance.[17][18] There is no NATO classification for the Akula III. It is longer and has a larger displacement compared to the Akula II, also it has an enlarged sail and a different towed-array dispenser on the vertical fin. Again, more noise reduction methods were employed. The Gepard was the most advanced Russian submarine before the submarines of the {{sclass-|Severodvinsk|submarine|5}} and {{sclass-|Borei|submarine|5}} class were commissioned.

The Soviet advances in sound quieting were of considerable concern to the West, for acoustics was long considered the most significant advantage in U.S. submarine technology compared to the Soviets.

In 1983–1984 the Japanese firm Toshiba sold sophisticated, nine axis milling equipment to the Soviets along with the computer control systems, which were developed by Norwegian firm Kongsberg Vaapenfabrik. U.S Navy officials and Congressmen announced that this technology enabled the Soviet submarine builders to produce more accurate and quieter propellers.[19]

Due to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, production of all Akulas slowed.

The 1999–2000 edition of Jane's Fighting Ships incorrectly listed the first Akula-II as Viper (the actual name is "Vepr", "wild boar" in Russian), commissioned on 25 November 1995. Gepard (Cheetah), launched 1999 and was commissioned 5 December 2001, and Nerpa, laid down in 1993,[10] began sea trials in October 2008. It was lease to India and commissioned by the Indian Navy as INS Chakra II in April 2012.[20]

{{clear}}

Units

# Name Project Builders Laid down Launched Commissioned Fleet Status
K-284 Akula 971 Amur Shipyard 11 November 1983 27 June 1984 30 December 1984 Pacific Fleet Decommissioned in 2001
K-480 Ak Bars 971 Sevmash 22 February 1985 16 April 1988 29 December 1988 Northern Fleet Decommissioned in 2002, scrapping began in 2010 but the hull section was used
in the construction of ballistic missile submarine Vladimir Monomakh[21]
K-263 Delfin 971 Amur Shipyard 9 May 1985 28 May 1986 30 December 1987 Pacific Fleet Decommissioned in 2011
K-322 Kashalot 971 Amur Shipyard 5 September 1986 18 July 1987 30 December 1988 Pacific Fleet Possible overhaul and modernization, under negotiation for lease to India[22][23]
K-317 Pantera 971 Sevmash 6 November 1986 21 May 1990 27 December 1990 Northern Fleet Active, after overhaul and modernization completed in 2007[24][25]
K-461 Volk 971 Sevmash 14 November 1987 11 June 1991 29 December 1991 Northern Fleet Undergoing overhaul and modernization[26][27]
K-391 Bratsk 971 Amur Shipyard 23 February 1988 14 April 1989 29 December 1989 Pacific Fleet Undergoing overhaul and modernization[28][29][30]
K-328 Leopard 971 Sevmash 26 October 1988 28 June 1992 30 December 1992 Northern Fleet Undergoing overhaul and modernization[31][27][32]
K-154 Tigr 971 Sevmash 10 September 1989 26 June 1993 29 December 1993 Northern Fleet Active[33][34]
K-331 Magadan 971 Amur Shipyard 28 December 1989 23 June 1990 23 December 1990 Pacific Fleet Awaiting overhaul[35][36]
K-157 Vepr 971U Sevmash 13 July 1990 10 December 1994 25 November 1995 Northern Fleet Undergoing overhaul and modernization[37]
K-xxx 971M Amur Shipyard 1990 Not completed
K-419 Kuzbass 971 Amur Shipyard 28 July 1991 18 May 1992 31 December 1992 Pacific Fleet Active, after overhaul and modernization completed in 2015[38][39]
K-335 Gepard 971M Sevmash 23 September 1991 17 September 1999 3 December 2001 Northern Fleet Active, after overhaul and modernization completed in 2015[40][41]
K-xxx 971M Amur Shipyard 1991 Not completed
K-337 Kuguar 971U Sevmash 18 August 1992 Not completed, the hull section was used in the construction of Yury Dolgorukiy SSBN[42]
K-333 Rys 971U Sevmash 31 August 1993 Not completed, the hull section was used in the construction of Alexander Nevsky SSBN[43]
K-295 Samara 971 Amur Shipyard 7 November 1993 5 August 1994 17 July 1995 Pacific Fleet Undergoing overhaul and modernization[29][30]
K-152 Chakra
(ex-Nerpa)		 971I Amur Shipyard 1993 26 July 2006 28 December 2009 Active, has been leased to India from the end 2012 to 2022[44][45]
K-xxx Iribis 971I Amur Shipyard 1994 Construction halted at 42% in 1996,[46] may be completed and leased to India[47][48]

Lease to India

Three hundred Indian Navy personnel were trained in Russia for the operation of the Akula II submarine Nerpa. India has finalized a deal with Russia, in which at the end of the lease of these submarines, it has an option to buy them. The submarine is named INS Chakra as was the previous India-leased Soviet Charlie-I SSGN.[49] Chakra was officially commissioned into the Indian Navy on April 4, 2012.[50][51]

Whereas the Russian Navy's Akula-II could be equipped with 28 nuclear-capable cruise missiles with a striking range of {{convert|3000|km|nmi mi|0|abbr=on}}, the Indian version is reportedly armed with the {{convert|300|km|nmi mi|0|abbr=on}}-range Club-S nuclear-capable missiles.[52] Missiles with ranges greater than {{convert|300|km|nmi mi|0|abbr=on}} cannot be exported due to arms control restrictions, since Russia is a signatory to the MTCR treaty.

Russia said in December 2014 that it is ready to lease India more nuclear-powered submarines a day after President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Narendra Modi pledged to deepen defence ties.[53]

In January 2015, it was reported that India was involved in negotiations involving the leasing of the Kashalot and the Iribis.[22] An agreement was reportedly reached in October 2016.[54]

On 7 March 2019, India and Russia signed a $3 billion deal for lease of another Akula-class nuclear-powered attack submarine. The submarine, dubbed as Chakra III, should be delivered to the Indian Navy by 2025.[55][56][57]

Nerpa 2008 accident

On 27 October 2008, it was reported that K-152 Nerpa of the Russian Pacific Fleet had begun her sea trials in the Sea of Japan before handover under a lease agreement to the Indian Navy.[58] On 8 November 2008, while conducting one of these trials, an accidental activation of the halon-based fire-extinguishing system took place in the fore section of the vessel. Within seconds the halon gas had displaced all breathable air from the compartment. As a result, 20 people (17 civilians and 3 seamen)[59][60] were killed by asphyxiation. Dozens of others suffered freon-related injuries and were evacuated to an unknown port in Primorsky Krai.[61] This was the worst accident in the Russian navy since the loss of the submarine K-141 Kursk in 2000. The submarine itself did not sustain any serious damage and there was no release of radiation.[62]

Recent overseas deployments

In August 2009, the news media reported that two Akula-class submarines operated off the East Coast of the United States, with one of the submarines being identified as a Project 971 Shchuka-B type. U.S. military sources noted that this was the first known Russian submarine deployment to the western Atlantic since the end of the Cold War, raising concerns within U.S. military and intelligence communities.[63] The U.S. Northern Command confirmed that this 2009 Akula-class submarine deployment did occur.[64]

In August 2012, the news media reported that another Akula-class submarine operated in the Gulf of Mexico purportedly undetected for over a month, sparking controversy within U.S. military and political circles, with U.S. Senator John Cornyn of the Senate Armed Services Committee demanding details of this deployment from Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert, the Chief of Naval Operations.[65]

Gallery

See also

  • List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
  • List of submarine classes in service
  • Future of the Russian Navy
  • Cruise missile submarine
  • Attack submarine

References

1. ^Jane's Fighting Ships 2008-09, p644
2. ^{{cite web|author=28.01.2010 |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=8610 |title=The Ship Day to be celebrated at SSN Kuzbass |publisher=Rusnavy.com |date=2010-01-28 |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
3. ^{{citation |title=Specification: SSN Akula Class (Bars Type 971) Attack Submarine, Russia |publisher=www.naval-technology.com|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/akula/specs.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605033644/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/akula/specs.html |archivedate=2011-06-05}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Fighting-Ships/Typhoon-Akula-class-Project-941-941U-Russian-Federation.html |title=Typhoon (Akula) class (Project 941/941U) (Russian Federation) - Jane's Fighting Ships |publisher=Articles.janes.com |date=2012-07-24 |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
5. ^{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/971.htm |title=Akula Class / Bars-class / Project 971 |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/ |title=In-service ships |publisher=Rusnavy.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
7. ^{{cite journal |first=Colin |last=Norman |jstor=1703462 |title=Quiet Soviet Subs Prompt Concern |work=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=243 |issue=4899 |date=31 March 1989 |page=1653 |subscription=yes }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.harpoondatabases.com/Sensor.aspx?DB=5&ID=420 |title=MGK-500 Shark Gill (Bow) |publisher=Harpoondatabases.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-04 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://submarine.su/mgk500.shtml |title=Armament "MGK-500" automated sonar complex |publisher=Submarine.su |date= |accessdate=2012-10-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018134247/http://submarine.su/mgk500.shtml |archivedate=2012-10-18 |df= }}
10. ^1 2 Podvodnye Lodki, Yu.V. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2003, {{ISBN|5-8172-0070-8}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/k-317.htm |title=K-317 Pantera |publisher=Rusnavy.com |date= |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/deep.htm |title=Run Silent, Run Deep - Navy Ships |publisher=Fas.org |date= |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/submarines/k-157/|title=K-157 Vepr|author=|date=|website=rusnavy.com}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://submarine.su/mgk540.shtml |title=Armament "MGK-540" automated sonar complex |publisher=Submarine.su |date= |accessdate=2012-10-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018134317/http://submarine.su/mgk540.shtml |archivedate=2012-10-18 |df= }}
15. ^Adm. Boorda, statement at a meeting of the Naval & Maritime Correspondents Circle, Washington, D.C. 27 Feb 1995
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/submarines/k-335/|title=K-335 Gepard|author=|date=|website=rusnavy.com}}
17. ^http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/41924
18. ^http://www.spacedaily.com/news/submarine-01a.html
19. ^"Quieter Soviet subs cost U.S. at least $30 billion", Navy News & Undersea Technology (14 March 1988)
20. ^{{cite news|title=Russian-built nuclear submarine joins Indian navy|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17606829|accessdate=3 October 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=4 April 2012}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nts/971/K-480/K-480.htm|title=К-480, "Барс", "Ак Барс"|website=www.deepstorm.ru}}
22. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://vpk.name/news/124992_Indiya_vozmet_u_Rossii_v_arendu_atomnuyu_podlodku_Kashalot.html |title= Индия возьмет у России в аренду атомную подлодку "Кашалот" |date=20 Jan 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://lenta.ru/news/2015/01/19/k322/|title=Индия возьмет у России в аренду атомную подлодку "Кашалот"|publisher=}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://lenta.ru/news/2007/01/29/pantera/|title=Атомная "Пантера" возвращается в строй|publisher=}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nts/971/k317/k317.htm|title=К-317, "Пантера" Проект 971|website=www.deepstorm.ru}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=169827|title=Подлодка "Волк" отправилась на ремонт|website=flotprom.ru}}
27. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://iz.ru/news/686063|title=Бесшумные «Суперакулы» вооружили «Калибрами» - Новости - Известия - 28.04.2017|date=28 April 2017|publisher=}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20130327/929163548.html|title=Шойгу потребовал изменить порядок финансирования ремонта на флоте|work=ria.ru|accessdate=19 December 2014}}
29. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://topwar.ru/59036-v-severodvinsk-dlya-modernizacii-dostavili-dve-apl.html|title=В Северодвинск для модернизации доставили две АПЛ|work=topwar.ru|accessdate=}}
30. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/armed_forces/dve_apl_dostavyat_s_tof_v_severodvinsk_dlya_modernizatsii/|title=Две АПЛ доставят с ТОФ в Северодвинск для модернизации|work=arms-expo.ru|accessdate=}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://flot.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=158174|title=Плановый срок ремонта АПЛ серии "Щука-Б" составит не менее 3 лет|website=flot.com}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/russia/201704281053091128-supershark-sub-russian-navy/|title=Cruise-Missile Carrying 'Supershark' Nuclear Sub to Join Russian Navy in 2018|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nts/971/K-154/K-154.htm|title=Подводная лодка К-154, "Тигр". Проект 971|website=www.deepstorm.ru}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://bmpd.livejournal.com/1230029.html|title=Подводный флот ВМФ России - структура и состав|first=|last=bmpd|date=20 March 2015|publisher=}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://inosmi.ru/military/20161101/238117363.html|title=Москва отправляет в Средиземное море подводные лодки "Акула"|date=1 November 2016|publisher=}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nts/971/K-331/K-331.htm|title=Подводная лодка К-331, "Нарвал", "Магадан". Проект 971|website=www.deepstorm.ru}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/us/201704291053125730-vepr-sub-russian-navy/|title=Akula-II Class Vepr Nuclear Attack Sub to Rejoin Russian Navy by End of 2017|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://vpk-news.ru/news/29797|title=Отремонтированная АПЛ "Кузбасс" передана ТОФ - Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"|website=vpk-news.ru}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20151218/1344237083.html|title=Медведев в ДФО осмотрел модернизированную АПЛ К-419 "Кузбасс"|date=18 December 2015|publisher=}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12067485@egNews|title=Атомная подводная лодка "Гепард" вернулась в состав боевых кораблей подводных сил Северного флота : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации|website=function.mil.ru}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://sputniknews.com/military/20151128/1030903487/russia-gepard-submarine.html|title=Russia's Gepard Nuclear Sub Returns to Northern Fleet After Servicing|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nts/971/K-337/K-337.htm|title=К-337, "Кугуар" Проект 971|website=www.deepstorm.ru}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nts/971/K-333/K-333.htm|title=К-333, "Рысь" Проект 971|website=www.deepstorm.ru}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/military/20120123170896950/|title=Russia Hands Over Nerpa Nuclear Sub to India|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=https://lenta.ru/news/2012/01/23/nerpa/|title=АПЛ "Нерпа" передана представителям ВМС Индии|publisher=}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=https://regnum.ru/news/1161752.html|title=Владимир Путин пригласил слесаря-монтажника|publisher=}}
47. ^{{cite web|author=Vladimir Radyuhin |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-in-talks-with-russia-on-lease-of-second-nuclear-submarine/article4505333.ece |title=India in talks with Russia on lease of second nuclear submarine |publisher=The Hindu |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.usni.org/2013/07/08/india-interested-in-leasing-second-russian-nuclear-attack-sub|title=India Interested in Leasing Second Russian Nuclear Attack Sub|work=USNI News|accessdate=19 December 2014}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10800&issueid=67|title=India to get Russian nuclear submarine after 17 years|publisher=|accessdate=19 December 2014}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/ins-chakra-govt-inducts-8000-ton-russian-origin-akula-ii-class-nerpa-into-navy/articleshow/12526102.cms |title=INS Chakra: Govt inducts Russian-origin Akula II class Nerpa into Navy - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2012-04-04 |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-chakra-inducted-into-indian-navy/1/182955.html |title=INS Chakra formally inducted into Indian Navy : South, News - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2012-04-04 |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
52. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/01/stories/2006070118091800.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Russia may lease nuclear submarine to India | date=1 July 2006}}
53. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-12/putin-ready-to-lease-nuclear-submarines-to-india-minister-says.html | title=Putin ready to lease nuclear submarines to India, minister says | publisher=Bloomberg | date=12 Dec 2014 | accessdate=14 December 2014 | author=Natalie Obiko Pearson, Anurag Kotoky}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/military/201607121042804814-russian-navy-akula-sub/|title=India to Lease One More Akula-Class Nuclear Sub From Russian Navy|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=https://bmpd.livejournal.com/3561196.html|title=Подписано соглашение о передаче Индии в аренду еще одной атомной подводной лодки проекта 971|website=bmpd.livejournal.com|date=8 March 2019|accessdate=8 March 2019}}
56. ^{{cite web |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |title=India, Russia To Sign $3 Billion Nuclear Sub Deal This Week |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/india-russia-to-sign-3-billion-nuclear-sub-deal-this-week/ |website=The Diplomat |accessdate=6 March 2019 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20190305145949/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/india-russia-to-sign-3-billion-nuclear-sub-deal-this-week/ |archivedate=5 March 2019 |date=5 March 2019 |deadurl=no}}
57. ^{{cite web |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |title=India, Russia to ink $3 billion nuclear submarine deal this week |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-russia-to-ink-3-billion-nuclear-submarine-deal-this-week/articleshow/68248638.cms |website=The Economic Times |accessdate=6 March 2019 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20190304231035/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-russia-to-ink-3-billion-nuclear-submarine-deal-this-week/articleshow/68248638.cms |archivedate=4 March 2019 |location=New Delhi |date=4 March 2019 |deadurl=no}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20081027/117976941.html |title=Russia's new nuclear attack submarine starts sea trials | Russia | RIA Novosti |publisher=En.rian.ru |date=2008-10-27 |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
59. ^{{cite news |title=Accident on nuclear submarine kills 20 off eastern Russian coast |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/09/asia/russia.php |agency= |work= |publisher=International Herald Tribune |location= |id= |pages= |page= |date=2008-11-09 |accessdate=9 November 2008 |language= |quote=Seventeen civilians and three seamen died in the accident and 21 others were hospitalized after being evacuated to a destroyer that brought them to shore, Markin said in a statement. | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081126072837/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/09/asia/russia.php| archivedate= 26 November 2008 | deadurl= no}}
60. ^{{cite news |title=Twenty dead in Russian nuclear submarine accident |url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20081109/118211169.html |agency= |work= |publisher=RIA Novosti |location= |id= |pages= |page= |date=2008-11-09 |accessdate=9 November 2008 |language= |quote=Russia's Investigative Committee earlier said the nuclear submarine incident killed 20, including three sailors and 17 shipyard workers, while 22 people were injured. }}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20081109/118206261.html |title=Over 20 killed in Russian submarine accident | Russia | RIA Novosti |publisher=En.rian.ru |date=2000-08-12 |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
62. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Accident on Russian Nuclear Submarine Kills 20 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-us-russia-submarine.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |quote=More than 20 people were killed and another 21 injured in an accident aboard a Russian nuclear submarine in the Pacific Ocean, the navy said on Sunday, in the worst submarine disaster since the Kursk sank eight years ago. |work=Reuters |date= |accessdate=2008-11-09 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}
63. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Russian Subs Patrolling Off East Coast of U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/05/world/05patrol.html?_r=0 |quote=A pair of nuclear-powered Russian attack submarines has been patrolling off the eastern seaboard of the United States in recent days, a rare mission that has raised concerns inside the Pentagon and intelligence agencies about a more assertive stance by the Russian military. |work=The New York Times |date=August 2, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-04 }}; {{cite news |first= Mazzette |last= Mark |authorlink= |author2= Thom Shanker |title=Pentagon: Russian subs no cause for alarm |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/08/06/Pentagon-Russian-subs-no-cause-for-alarm/UPI-23291249537740/?rel=35751345390615 |quote=The presence of two Russian submarines seen cruising off America's East Coast should not be cause for alarm, the U.S. Defense Department said. |work=UPI |date=August 6, 2009 |accessdate=2012-10-04 }}; and {{cite news |title=Two Russian Nuclear Submarines Make USA Shake With Fear |url=http://english.pravda.ru/world/americas/05-08-2009/108624-submarines-0/ |quote=Two Russian nuclear submarines have been patrolling the USA’s East Coast during the recent several days, The New York Times wrote. One of the submarines was detected Tuesday about 200 miles off the US coast, anonymous sources at the Pentagon said. |work=Pravda |date=August 8, 2009 |accessdate=2012-10-04}}
64. ^{{cite web | author= Phillip Ewing | title= Pentagon Denies Russian Sub Patrolled Gulf of Mexico | url= http://news.usni.org/news-analysis/news/pentagon-denies-russian-sub-patrolled-gulf-mexico| work= News and Analysis | publisher= United States Naval Institute | date= August 20, 2012 | accessdate=2012-10-04}}
65. ^{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Gertz |authorlink= Bill Gertz |title=Silent Running |url=http://freebeacon.com/silent-running/ |quote=A Russian nuclear-powered attack submarine armed with long-range cruise missiles operated undetected in the Gulf of Mexico for several weeks and its travel in strategic U.S. waters was only confirmed after it left the region, the Washington Free Beacon has learned. |work=Washington Free Beacon |date=August 14, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-04}}; {{cite news |first=Bill |last=Gertz |authorlink= Bill Gertz |title=Torpedo Run |url = http://freebeacon.com/torpedo-run/ |quote=A member of the Senate Armed Services Committee has asked the Navy’s top admiral to explain reports that a Russian submarine operated undetected in the Gulf of Mexico recently. |work=Washington Free Beacon |date=August 21, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-04}}; {{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Reports of Russian sub in gulf downplayed |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2012/08/19/Reports-of-Russian-sub-in-gulf-downplayed/UPI-35751345390615/ |quote=Russia declined to confirm or deny a media report that one of its submarines spent a month in the Gulf of Mexico without the knowledge of the United States. |work=UPI |date=August 19, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-04 }}; and {{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Russian submarine sailed incognito along the coast of the U.S. |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/politics/21-08-2012/121931-russian_sub-0/ |quote=A Russian nuclear submarine of project 971 ("Jaws", in NATO classification), armed with long-range cruise missiles, sailed for a long time without being detected in the waters along the U.S. coastline, the Gulf of Mexico, informs the Washington Free Beacon, citing an unnamed U.S. official. |work=Pravda |date=August 21, 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-04}}

External links

{{Commons category|Akula class submarines}}
  • Akula-class page on Globalsecurity.org
  • Details about the Akula-class on DeepStorm
  • Description of the class (as of 1999) on "SUBSIM Review"
{{Akula class submarine}}{{ColdwarSovietSubmarines}}{{Current SSN}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Akula Class Submarine}}

4 : Submarine classes|Akula-class submarines|Russian and Soviet navy submarine classes|Nuclear submarines of the Soviet Navy
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