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词条 Christian state
释义

  1. History

  2. Modern era

      Argentina    Costa Rica   Denmark  England  Faroe Islands  Greece  Greenland  Iceland  Liechtenstein  Malta  Monaco  Norway  Samoa  Tonga  Tuvalu  Vatican City  Zambia 

  3. Established Churches and former state Churches

  4. National church

  5. See also

  6. References

      Notes    Citations   Bibliography 

  7. External links

{{redirect|Christian country|the music genre|Christian country music}}{{Hatnote|"State church" redirects here.}}

A Christian state is a country that recognizes a form of Christianity as its official religion and often has a state church,[1] which is a Christian denomination that supports the government and is supported by the government.[2]

Historically, the nations of Armenia,[3] Abyssinia (Ethiopia) ,[4] Georgia,[3] as well as the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire declared themselves as Christian states.[6][7]

Today, several nations officially identify themselves as Christian states or have state churches, including Argentina,[4] Costa Rica,[9] Denmark,[10] England,[11] Faroe Islands,[12] Greece,[13] Greenland,[14] Iceland,[15] Liechtenstein,[16] Malta,[17] Monaco,[18] Samoa,[19] Tonga,[20] Tuvalu,[21] Vatican City,[22] and Zambia.[23] A Christian state stands in contrast to a secular state,[5] an atheist state,[6] or another religious state, such as a Jewish state,[7] or an Islamic state.[8] Though many Christian states have turned secular and adopted the separation of Church and state, church organizations still have much influence in the institutions of these nations, include hospitals and schools with government funding.

History

In 201 AD or earlier, under king Abgar the Great, the Kingdom of Osroene became the first Christian state.[9][10] By 301 AD, the Kingdom of Armenia became the second state to declare Christianity as its official religion following the conversion of the Royal House of the Arsacids in Armenia. The Armenian Apostolic Church is the world's oldest national church. Later, in AD 380, three Roman emperors issued the Edict of Thessalonica (Cunctos populos), making the Roman Empire a Christian state,[11] and establishing Nicene Christianity, in the form of its State Church, as its official religion.[12]

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, the "Byzantine Empire" under the emperor Justinian (reigned 527-565), became the world's predominant Christian state, based on Roman law, Greek culture, and the Greek language."[13][14][15] In this Christian state, in which nearly all of its subjects upheld faith in Jesus, an "enormous amount of artistic talent was poured into the construction of churches, church ceremonies, and church decoration".[14] John Binns describes this era, writing that:[36]

{{quotation|A new stage in the history of the Church began when not just localised communities but nations became Christian. The stage is associated with the conversion of Constantine and the beginnings of a Christian Empire, but the Byzantine Emperor was not the first ruler to lead his people into Christianity, thus setting up the first Christian state. That honour traditionally goes to the church of Armenia.[16]}}

As a Christian state, Armenia "embraced Christianity as the religion of the King, the nobles, and the people".[17] In AD 326, according to official tradition of the Georgian Orthodox Church, following the conversion of Mirian and Nana, the country of Georgia became a Christian state, the Emperor Constantine the Great sending clerics for baptising people. In the 4th century AD, in the Kingdom of Aksum, after Ezana's conversion to the faith, this empire also became a Christian state.[18][19]

Modern era

Argentina

The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith,{{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}} it gives Roman Catholicism a preferential status.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 2}}[20][21]

{{Quote|text=The Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion.|author=Section II of Constitution of Argentina}}

Costa Rica

The constitution of Costa Rica states that "The Roman Catholic and Apostolic Religion is the religion of the State".[22] As such, Catholic Christian holy days are recognized by the government and "public schools provide religious education", although parents are able to opt-out their children if they choose to do so.[23]

Denmark

As early as the 11th century AD, "Denmark was considered to be a Christian state",[24][25] with the Church of Denmark, a member of the Lutheran World Federation, being the state church.[26] Wasif Shadid, a full professor at Leiden University writes that:

{{quotation|The Lutheran established church is a department of the state. Church affairs are government by a central government ministry, and clergy are government employees. The registration of births, deaths and marriages falls under this ministry of church affairs, and normally speaking the local Lutheran pastor is also the official registrar.[27]}}

82.1% of the population of Denmark are members of the Lutheran Church of Denmark, which is "officially headed by the queen of Denmark".[28] Furthermore, clergy "in the Church of Denmark are civil servants employed by the Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs" and the "economic base of the Church of Denmark is state-collected church taxes combined with a direct state subsidiary (12%), which symbolically covers the expenses of the Church of Denmark to run the civil registration and the burial system for all citizens."[28]

England

Barbara Yorke writes that the "Carolingian Renaissance heightened appreciation within England of the role of king and church in a Christian state."[29] As such,

{{quotation|Since the 1701 Act of Establishment, England's official state church has been the Church of England, the monarch being its supreme governor and 'defender of the faith'. She, together with Parliament, has a say in appointing bishops, twenty-six of whom have ex officio seats in the House of Lords. In characteristically British fashion, where the state is representative of civil society, it was Parliament that determined, in the Act of Establishment, that the monarch had to be Anglican.[30]}}

Christian religious education is taught to children in primary and secondary schools in the United Kingdom,[31] with an act of collective worship "of a broadly Christian character" being required daily.[32]

Faroe Islands

The Church of the Faroe Islands is the state church of Faroe Islands.[33]

Greece

Greece is a Christian state,[34][35] with the Greek Orthodox Church playing "a dominant role in the life of the country".[36]

Greenland

Being an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark, the Church of Denmark is the established church of Greenland through the Constitution of Denmark:

{{Quote|text=The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the Established Church of Denmark, and, as such, it shall be supported by the State.|author=Section IV of Constitution of Denmark[37]}}

This applies to all of the Kingdom of Denmark, except for the Faroe Islands, as the Church of the Faroe Islands became independent in 2007.

Iceland

Around AD 1000, Iceland became a Christian state.[38] The Encyclopedia of Protestantism states that:

{{quotation|The majority of Icelanders are members of the state church. Almost all children are baptized as Lutheran and more than 90 percent are subsequently confirmed. The church conducts 75 percent of all marriages and 99 percent of all funerals. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Iceland is a member of the Lutheran World Federation and the World Council of Churches.[39]}}

All public schools have mandatory education in Christianity, although an exemption may be considered by the Minister of Education.[40]

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein's constitution designates the Catholic Church as being the state Church of that country.[41] In public schools, per article 16 of the Constitution of Liechtenstein, religious education is given by Church authorities.[41]

Malta

Section Two of the Constitution of Malta specifies the state's religion as being the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion.[65][42] It holds that the "authorities of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church have the duty to teach which principles are right and which are wrong" and that "religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith shall be provided in all State schools as part of compulsory education".[43]

Monaco

Article 9 of the Constitution of Monaco describes "La religion catholique, apostolique et romaine [the catholic, apostolic and Roman religion]" as the religion of the state.[44]

Norway

Cole Durham and Tore Sam Lindholm, writing in 2013, stated that "For a period of one thousand years Norway has been a kingdom with a Christian state church" and that a decree went out in 1739 ordering that "Elementary schooling for all Norwegian children became mandatory, so that all Norwegians should be able to read the Bible and the Lutheran Catechism firsthand."[45] The modern Constitution of Norway stipulates that "The Church of Norway, an Evangelical-Lutheran church, will remain the Established Church of Norway and will as such be supported by the State."[46] As such, the "Norwegian constitution decrees that Lutheranism is the official religion of the State and that the King is the supreme temporal head of the Church."[71][47] The administration of the Church "is shared between the Ministry for Church, Education and Research centrally and municipal authorities locally",[48] and the Church of Norway "depends on state and local taxes".[49] The Church of Norway is responsible for the "maintenance of church buildings and cemeteries".[50] John T. Flint writes that "Over 90 percent of the population are married by state church clergymen, have their children baptized and confirmed, and finally are buried with a church service."[51]

Samoa

Samoa became a Christian state in 2017. Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”.[52]

Tonga

Tonga became a Christian state under George Tupou I in the 19th century,[53][54] with the Free Wesleyan Church, a member of the World Methodist Council, being established as the country's state Church.[55] Under the rule of George I, there was established a "rigorous constitutional clause regulating observation of the Sabbath".[53]

Tuvalu

The Church of Tuvalu, a Reformed Church in the Congregationalist tradition, is the state church of Tuvalu and was established as such in 1991.[56] The Constitution of Tuvalu identifies Tuvalu as "an independent State based on Christian principles".[57]

Vatican City

Vatican City is a Christian state, in which the "Pope is ex officio simultaneously leader of the Roman Catholic Church as well as Head of State and Head of the Government of the State of the Vatican City; he also possesses (de jure) absolute authority over the legislative, executive and judicial branches."[58]

Zambia

Jeroen Temperman, a professor of international law at Erasmus University Rotterdam writes that:

{{quotation|Zambia is officially a Christian state as well, though the legal ramifications clearly do not compare to the latter state. The Preamble of the Constitution of Zambia establishes Zambia as a Christian state without specifying "Christian" denominationally. It simply proclaims: "We, the people of Zambia...declare the Republic a Christian nation..." As far as state practice is concerned, it may be pointed out that the Government maintains relations with the Zambian Council of Churches and requires Christianity to be taught in the public school curriculum.[59]}}

After "Zambia declared itself a Christian nation in 1991", "the nation's vice president urged citizens to 'have a Christian orientation in all fields, at all levels'."[60]

Established Churches and former state Churches

Country Church Denomination Disestablished
Anhalt Evangelical State Church of Anhalt united Protestant 1918
Armenia Armenian Apostolic Church Oriental Orthodox 1921
Austria Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1918
Baden Roman Catholic Church and the United Evangelical Protestant State Church of Baden Catholic and united Protestant 1918
Bavaria Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1918
Bolivia Roman Catholic Church Catholic 2009
Brazilian Laws - the Federal Constitution - The Organization of State. V-brazil.com. Retrieved 5 May 2012. Brazil had Roman Catholicism as the state religion from the country's independence, in 1822, until the fall of the Brazilian Empire. The new Republican government passed, in 1890, Decree 119-A {{cite web|title=Decreto 119-A|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1851-1899/d119-a.htm|quote=Prohibits federal and state authorities to intervene on religion, granting freedom of religion.}} (still in force), instituting the separation of church and state for the first time in Brazilian law. Positivist thinker Demétrio Nunes Ribeiro urged the new government to adopt this stance. The 1891 Constitution, the first under the Republican system of government, abolished privileges for any specific religion, reaffirming the separation of church and state. This has been the case ever since – the 1988 Constitution of Brazil, currently in force, does so in its Nineteenth Article. The Preamble to the Constitution does refer to "God's protection" over the document's promulgation, but this is not legally taken as endorsement of belief in any deity.|group=note}} Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1890
Brunswick Evangelical Lutheran State Church in Brunswick Lutheran 1918
Bulgaria Bulgarian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1946
Chile Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1925
Colombia Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1936[61]
Connecticut Colony Congregational Church Reformed 1818
Cuba Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1902
Cyprus Cypriot Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1977 with the death of the Ethnarch Makarios III
Czechoslovakia Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1920
Denmark Church of Denmark Lutheran Current
East Florida Church of England Anglican 1783
England Church of England Anglican Current
Ethiopia Ethiopian Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox 1974
Faroe Islands Church of the Faroe Islands Lutheran Current; elevated from a diocese of the Church of Denmark in 2007 (the two remain in close cooperation)
Finland Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Lutheran 1869
Finnish Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1917
In France the Concordat of 1801 made the Roman Catholic, Calvinist and Lutheran churches state-sponsored religions, as well as Judaism.|group=note}} Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1905
Georgia Georgian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1921
Greece Greek Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox[62] The Church of Greece is recognized by the Greek Constitution as the "prevailing religion" in Greece.[62] However, this provision does not give official status to the Church of Greece, while all other religions are recognized as equal and may be practiced freely.[63]
Greenland Church of Denmark Lutheran Current; under discussion to be elevated from The Diocese of Greenland in the Church of Denmark to a state church for Greenland, along‐the‐lines the Faroese Church took in 2007
Guatemala Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1871
Haiti Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1987
Hawaii Church of Hawaii Anglican 1893
Hesse Evangelical Church in Hesse united Protestant 1918
In Hungary the constitutional laws of 1848 declared five established churches on equal status: the Roman Catholic, Calvinist, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox and Unitarian Church. In 1868 the law was ratified again after the Ausgleich. In 1895 Judaism was also recognized as the sixth established church. In 1948 every distinction between the different denominations were abolished.[64][65]|group=note}} Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1946
Iceland Lutheran Evangelical Church Lutheran Current
In the Kingdom of Ireland the Church of Ireland was established in the Reformation.[66] The Act of Union 1800 created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the United Church of England and Ireland established outside Scotland. The Irish Church Act 1869 demerged and disestablished the Church of Ireland,[66] and the island was partitioned in 1922.|group=note}} Church of Ireland Anglican 1871
The Republic of Ireland's 1937 constitution prohibits an established religion.[67] Originally, it recognized the "special position" of the Roman Catholic Church "as the guardian of the Faith professed by the great majority of the citizens", and recognized "the Church of Ireland, the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Methodist Church in Ireland, the Religious Society of Friends in Ireland, as well as the Jewish Congregations and the other religious denominations existing in Ireland at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution".[68] These provisions were deleted in 1973.[69]|group=note}} Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1973
Italy Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1985
Liechtenstein Roman Catholic Church[70] Catholic Current
Lippe Church of Lippe Reformed 1918
Lithuania Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1940
Lübeck Evangelical Lutheran Church in the State of Lübeck Lutheran 1918
Luxembourg Roman Catholic Church Catholic Current
Republic of Macedonia Macedonian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1921
Malta Roman Catholic Church Catholic Current
Mecklenburg-Schwerin Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Lutheran 1918
Mecklenburg-Strelitz Mecklenburg-Strelitz State Church Lutheran 1918
Mexico Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1857 (reestablished between 1864 and 1867)
Monaco Roman Catholic Church Catholic Current
Netherlands Dutch Reformed Church Reformed 1795
New Brunswick Church of England Anglican
Norway Church of Norway Lutheran 2017[71][72]
Nova Scotia Church of England Anglican 1850
Oldenburg Evangelical Lutheran Church of Oldenburg Lutheran 1918
Panama Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1904
Paraguay Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1992[73]
The Philippines was among several possessions ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898; religious freedom was subsequently guaranteed in the archipelago. This was codified in the Philippine Organic Act (1902), section 5: "... That no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, and that the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed." A similarly-worded provision still exists in the present Constitution. Catholicism remains the predominant religion, wielding considerable political and cultural influence.|group=note}} Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1898
Article 25 of the constitution states: "1. Churches and other religious organizations shall have equal rights. 2. Public authorities in the Republic of Poland shall be impartial in matters of personal conviction". Article 114 of the Polish March Constitution of 1921 declared the Roman Catholic Church to hold "the principal position among religious denominations equal before the law" (in reference to the idea of first among equals). The article was continued in force by article 81 of the April Constitution of 1935. The Soviet-backed PKWN Manifesto of 1944 reintroduced the March Constitution, which remained in force until it was replaced by the Small Constitution of 1947.|group=note}} Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1947
Portugal Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1910, 1976 (reestablished between 1933 and 1974)
Prince Edward Island Church of England Anglican
Province of Georgia, British America Church of England Anglican 1789
Province of Maryland Church of England Anglican 1776
Province of Massachusetts Bay Congregational Church Reformed 1834
Province of New Hampshire Church of England Anglican 1877
Province of North Carolina Church of England Anglican 1776
Province of South Carolina Church of England Anglican 1790
Prussia
pre 1866 provinces 		Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces with nine ecclesiastical provinces united Protestant 1918
Prussia
Province of Hanover 		Evangelical Reformed State Church of the Province of Hanover Reformed 1918
Prussia
Province of Hanover 		Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover Lutheran 1918
Prussia
Province of Hesse-Nassau (partially)		 Evangelical State Church of Frankfurt upon Main united Protestant 1918
Prussia
Province of Hesse-Nassau (partially)		 Evangelical Church of Electoral Hesse united Protestant 1918
Prussia
Province of Hesse-Nassau (partially)		 Evangelical State Church in Nassau united Protestant 1918
Prussia
Prov. of Schleswig-Holstein 		Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schleswig-Holstein Lutheran 1918
Quebec Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1960
Romania Romanian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1947
Russia Russian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1917
Thuringia church bodies in principalities which merged in Thuringia in 1920 Lutheran 1918
Saxony Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Saxony Lutheran 1918
Schaumburg-Lippe Evangelical State Church of Schaumburg-Lippe Lutheran 1918
The modern Church of Scotland has always disclaimed recognition as an "established" church. The Church of Scotland Act 1921 formally recognised the Kirk's independence from the state.}} Church of Scotland Presbyterian State control disclaimed since 1638. Formally recognised as not an established church in 1921
Serbia Serbian Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox 1920
Spain Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1978
Sweden Church of Sweden Lutheran 2000
Switzerland separate Cantonal Churches («Landeskirchen») Zwinglianism & Calvinism or Catholic during the 20th century
Tuvalu Church of Tuvalu Reformed Current
United Province of Canada Church of England Anglican 1854
Uruguay Roman Catholic Church Catholic 1918 (into effect in 1919)
Virginia Church of England Anglican 1786
Waldeck Evangelical State Church of Waldeck and Pyrmont united Protestants 1918
The Church in Wales was split from the Church of England in 1920, by Welsh Church Act 1914; at the same time becoming disestablished.|group=note}} Church of England Anglican 1920
West Florida Church of England Anglican 1783
Württemberg Evangelical State Church in Württemberg Lutheran 1918

National church

A number of countries have a national church which is not Established (as the official religion of the nation), but is nonetheless recognised under civil law as being the country's acknowledged religious denomination. Whilst these are not Christian states, the official Christian national church is likely to have certain residual state functions in relation to state occasions and ceremonial. Examples include Scotland (Church of Scotland) and Sweden (Church of Sweden). A national church typically has a monopoly on official state recognition, although unusually Finland has two national churches (the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and the Finnish Orthodox Church), both recognised under civil law as joint official churches of the nation.

See also

{{portal|Christianity|Anglicanism|Catholicism|Lutheranism|Calvinism|Methodism|Eastern Christianity}}
  • Antidisestablishmentarianism
  • Christian Reconstructionism
  • Civil religion
  • Theocracy
  • Theonomy

References

Notes

1. ^{{cite book|last=Backhouse|first=Stephen|title=Kierkegaard's Critique of Christian Nationalism|date=7 July 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199604722|page=60|quote=...it is only as an established institution that the Church can fully preserve and promote Christian tradition to the nation. One cannot have a Christian state without a state Church.}}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Eberle|first=Edward J.|title=Church and State in Western Society: Established Church, Cooperation and Separation|date=28 February 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781409497806|page=6|quote=Under the established church approach, the government will assist the state church and likewise the church will assist the government. Religious education is mandated by law to be taught in all schools, public or private.}}
3. ^{{cite book|last1= Olson|first1= James Stuart|last2= Pappas|first2= Lee Brigance|last3= Pappas|first3= Nicholas Charles|title= An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires|date= 1 January 1994|publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn= 9780313274978|page= 242|quote= Kartli became a Christian state under King Mirian in 337.}}
4. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/33657/Argentina| title = Argentina|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 11 May 2008}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=Boer|first=Roland|title=Criticism of Earth: On Marx, Engels and Theology|date=8 June 2012|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|isbn=9789004225589|pages=168|quote=Yet what is intriguing about this argument is that this modern secular state arises from, or is the simultaneous realisation and negation of, the Christian state.}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Marx|first1=Karl|last2=McLellan|first2=David|title=Karl Marx: Selected Writings|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198782650|page=55|quote=Indeed, it is not the so-called Christian state, that one that recognizes Christianity as its basis, as the state religion, and thus adopts an exclusive attitude to other religions, that is the perfected Christian state, but rather the atheist state, the ...}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Burns|first=J. Patout|title=War and Its Discontents: Pacifism and Quietism in the Abrahamic Traditions|date=1 April 1996|publisher=Georgetown University Press|language=English|isbn=9781589018778|page=92|quote=The religious group is confronted by a pagan state, a Jewish state, a Christian state, an Islamic state, or a secular state.}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Sjoberg|first=Laura|title=Gender, Justice, and the Wars in Iraq|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739116104|page=24|quote=Just as Christian just war theory justified the actions of the Christian state, Islamic jihad theory began with the founding of the Islamic state.}}
9. ^Cheetham, Samuel (1905). A History of the Christian Church During the First Six Centuries. Macmillan and Co. p. 58.
10. ^Lockyer, Herbert (1988). All the Apostles of the Bible. Zondervan. p. 260. {{ISBN| 0310280117}}.
11. ^1 {{cite book|last= Ashby|first= Warren|title= A Comprehensive History Of Western Ethics|date = 4 July 2010|publisher= Prometheus Books|isbn= 9781615926947|page= 152|quote= In the Edict of Thessalonica (380) he expressed the imperial "desire" that all Roman citizens should become Christians, the emperor adjudging all other madmen and ordering them to be designated as heretics,...condemned as such...to suffer divine punishment, and, therewith, the vengeance of that power, which we, by celestial authority, have assumed. There was thus created the "Christian State."}}
12. ^{{cite book|last1= Ismael|first1= Jacqueline S.|last2= Ismael|first2= Tareq Y.|last3= Perry|first3= Glenn|title= Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East|date= 5 October 2015|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 9781317662822|pages= 48|quote= Theodosius did so through the 380 CE 'Edict of Thessalonica,' which established Nicene Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire, with the Bishop of Rome as Pope.}}
13. ^1 {{cite book|last= Frucht|first= Richard C.|title= Eastern Europe|year= 2004|publisher= ABC-CLIO|isbn= 9781576078006|page= 627|quote= In contrast, the emperor Justinian (527-565) refashioned the eastern part of the Roman Empire into a strong and dynamic Byzantine Empire, which claimed Bosnia-Hercegovina, among other provinces. The Byzantine Empire became the world's predominant Christian state, based on Roman law, Greek culture, and the Greek language.}}
14. ^1 {{cite book|last= Spielvogel|first= Jackson|title= Western Civilization|date= 1 January 2013|publisher= Cengage Learning|isbn= 9781285500195|page= 155|quote =The Byzantine Empire was both a Greek and a Christian state. Increasingly, Latin fell into disuse as Greek became both the common and the official language of the empire. The Byzantine Empire was also built on a faith in Jesus that was shared by almost all of its citizens. An enormous amount of artistic talent was poured into the construction of churches, church ceremonies, and church decoration. Spiritual principles deeply permeated Byzantine art.}}
15. ^{{cite book|last= Truxillo|first= Charles A.|title= Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective|date= 1 January 2008|publisher= Jain Publishing Company|isbn= 9780895818638|page= 103|quote= The Byzantine Empire, stripped of Syria, Egypt, and North Africa, became a compact Orthodox Christian state, upholding its claim to Roman universalism and constructing an Orthodox Christian commonwealth among the Slavs of the Balkans and Russia.}}
16. ^1 {{cite book|last= Binns|first= John|title= An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches|date= 4 July 2002|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 9780521667388|page= 145}}
17. ^1 {{cite book|last1= Milman|first1= Henry Hart|last2= Murdock|first2= James|title= The History of Christianity|accessdate= 17 October 2015|year= 1887|publisher= A. C. Armstrong & Son |page= 258|quote= But while Persia fiercely repelled Christianity from its frontier, upon that frontier arose a Christian state. Armenia was the first country which embraced Christianity as the religion of the King, the nobles, and the people.}}
18. ^1 {{cite book|last1= Ching|first1= Francis D. K.|last2= Jarzombek|first2= Mark M.|last3= Prakash|first3= Vikramaditya|title= A Global History of Architecture|date= 13 December 2010|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|isbn= 9780470402573|page= 213|quote= In the 4th century, King Ezana converted to Christianity and declared Aksum a Christian state—the first Christian state in the history of the world.}}
19. ^{{cite book|last1= Stanton|first1= Andrea L.|last2= Ramsamy|first2= Edward|title= Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|date= 5 January 2012|publisher= SAGE Publications|isbn= 9781412981767|page= 1|quote= Then, in the early 4th century, Ezana, Aksum's ruler, converted to Christianity and proclaimed Aksum a Christian state.}}
20. ^In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – Argentina|publisher=US Department of State|place=Washington, D. C.|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184054/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm|archivedate=12 April 2014|deadurl=no}}
22. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Yakobson|first1=Alexander|last2=Rubinstein|first2=Amnon|title=Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation-state and Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415464413|page=215|quote=Thus the Constitution of Costa Rica, which is considered a model of stable democracy in Latin America, states in Article 75: The Roman Catholic and Apostolic Religion is the religion of the State, which contributes to its maintenance, without preventing the free exercise in the Republic of other forms of worship that are not opposed to universal morality or good customs.}}
23. ^{{cite book|last=Merriman|first=Scott A.|title=Religion and the State: An International Analysis of Roles and Relationships|date=14 July 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598841343|page=148|quote=The government as a whole treats religion well and allows missionaries to freely enter and move around the country. Only the Catholic holy days are recognized as holidays, but the state generally allows people time to celebrate their holy days if they are of another religion. The public schools provide religious education, but parents can opt their children out if they choose.}}
24. ^{{cite book|last1=Warburg|first1=Margit|last2=Christoffersen|first2=Lisbet|last3=Petersen|first3=Hanne|author4=Hans Raun Iversen|title=Religion in the 21st Century|date=28 June 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781409480860|page=85}}
25. ^{{cite book|title=Künker Auktion 121 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins|publisher=Numismatischer Verlag Künker|page=206|quote=Sweyn brought about Denmark's transition from a tribal civilisation to an early Christian state and furthermore modernised the organisation of the Christian church.}}
26. ^{{cite book|title=The Lutheran Standard, Volume 27|year=1987|publisher=Augsburg Publishing House|quote=The state church of Denmark is Lutheran and a member of the Lutheran World Federation.}}
27. ^1 {{cite book|last=Shadid|first=W. A. R.|title=Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam in Western Europe|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789039000656|page=11|quote=Denmark has declared the Evangelical Lutheran church to be that national church (par. 4 of the Constitution), which corresponds the fact that 91.5% of the population are registered members of this church. This declaration implies that the Danish State does not take a neutral stand in religious matters. Nevertheless, freedom of religion has been incorporated in the Constitution. Nielsen (1992, 77) gives a short description of the position of the minority religious communities in comparison to that of the State Church: The Lutheran established church is a department of the state. Church affairs are government by a central government ministry, and clergy are government employees. The registration of births, deaths and marriages falls under this ministry of church affairs, and normally speaking the local Lutheran pastor is also the official registrar. The other small religious communities, viz. Roman Catholics, Methodists, Baptists and Jews, have the constitutional status of 'recognised communities of faith'. ... Contrary to the minority religious communities, the Lutheran Church is fully financed by the Danish State.}}
28. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Juergensmeyer|first1=Mark|last2=Roof|first2=Wade Clark|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|date=18 October 2011|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781452266565|page=292|quote=A majority of Danes, 82.1% (as of January 2008), are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark—by Section 4 of the constitution, the state church, officially headed by the queen of Denmark. Pastors in the Church of Denmark are civil servants employed by the Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs, which also constitutes the head of administration. The economic base of the Church of Denmark is state-collected church taxes combined with a direct state subsidiary (12%), which symbolically covers the expenses of the Church of Denmark to run the civil registration and the burial system for all citizens.}}
29. ^{{cite book|last=Yorke|first=Dr Barbara|title=Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134707256|page=176|quote=The Carolingian Renaissance heightened appreciation within England of the role of king and church in a Christian state.}}
30. ^1 {{cite book|last=Joppke|first=Christian|authorlink=Christian Joppke|title=Veil|date=3 May 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780745658575|page=1}}
31. ^{{cite book|last=Eberle|first=Professor Edward J|title=Church and State in Western Society: Established Church, Cooperation and Separation|date=28 February 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781409497806|page=6|quote=In the UK, the state church is the Church of England, a Protestant church. Under the established church approach, the government will assist the state church and likewise the church will assist the government. Religious education is mandated by law to be taught in all schools, public or private.}}
32. ^{{cite book|last1=López-Muñiz|first1=José Luis Martínez|last2=Groof|first2=Jan De|last3=Lauwers|first3=Gracienne|title=Religious Education in Public Schools: Study of Comparative Law|date=17 January 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781402038631|page=163|quote=The requirement that the collective worship be of a broadly Christian character is satisfied '...if it reflects the broad traditions of Christian belief without being distinctive of any particular Christian denomination.' Furthermore, it is expressly provided that not every act of collective worship be of a broadly Christian character: the requirement is satisfied provided that, taking any school term as a whole, the majority of acts of collective worship are broadly Christian in character.}}
33. ^1 Faroe Islands in figures 2015 Statistics Faroe Island
34. ^1 {{cite book|last=Jiang|first=Qing|title=A Confucian Constitutional Order|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691154602|page=221|quote=The features of the state affect the essence of the state, but the key term is that of historical identity, hence this chapter concentrates on historical identity as the essence of the state, though at times some of the other features will also be referred to. For instance, ancient Greece has now become an Orthodox Christian state. Ancient Persia (Iran) has now become a Muslim state, and the ancient Buddhist states of the Silk Route have also become Islamic states.}}
35. ^{{cite book|last1=Enyedi|first1=Zsolt|last2=Madeley|first2=John T.S.|title=Church and State in Contemporary Europe|date=2 August 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135761417|page=119|quote=Greece is the only Orthodox country in the EU.}}
36. ^{{cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|title=The Orthodox Church: Its Past and Its Role in the World Today|year=1981|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=9780913836811|page=155|quote=Greece therefore is today the only country where the Orthodox Church remains a state church and plays a dominant role in the life of the country.}}
37. ^1 {{cite web|title=Constitution of Denmark|url=http://www.parliament.am/library/sahmanadrutyunner/dania.pdf}}
38. ^{{cite book|last=Kendrick|first=T. D.|title=A History of the Vikings|date=15 March 2012|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486123424|page=350|quote=In becoming a Christian state, then, Iceland had avoided the chaos that was threatened by the secession of the Christian party from Althing and had cemented her friendship with the mother-country of Norway.}}
39. ^1 {{cite book|last=Melton|first=J. Gordon|title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9780816069835|page=283}}
40. ^{{Cite book|author = Jonathan Fox|title = A World Survey of Religion and the State (Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics)|publisher = Cambridge University Press|quote = All public schools have mandatory education in Christianity. Formally, only the Minister of Education has the power to exempt students from this but individual schools usually grant informal exemptions.|isbn = 978-0-521-70758-9|year = 2008}}
41. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Fox|first=Jonathan|title=A World Survey of Religion and the State|date=19 May 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139472593|page=119|quote=Liechtenstein's constitution designates the Catholic Church as the state Church and guarantees religious freedom. Article 38 provides protection for the property rights of all religious institutions and states that "the administration of church property in the parishes shall be regulated by a specific law; the agreement of church authorities shall be sought before the law is enacted." Article 16 states that religious instruction in public schools "shall be given by church authorities."}}
42. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.legal-malta.com/law/constitution-1.htm |title=Chapter 1 – The Republic of Malta |publisher=Legal-Malta |accessdate=4 September 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827044831/http://www.legal-malta.com/law/constitution-1.htm |archivedate=27 August 2011 }}
43. ^1 {{cite book|last=Gozdecka|first=Dorota Anna|title=Rights, Religious Pluralism and the Recognition of Difference: Off the Scales of Justice|date=27 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317629801|page=59|quote=According to Section 2 of the Maltese Constitution from the year 1964, amended in 1994 and 1996, the state church of Malta is the Roman Catholic Church. According to the same section it is endowed with a legal right to determine moral rights and wrongs and is privileged in public education: 1. The religion of Malta is the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion. 2. The authorities of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church have the duty to teach which principles are right and which are wrong. Religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith shall be provided in all State schools as part of compulsory education.}}
44. ^1 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927091747/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/036c62fe5f92f2efc1256f5b0054fa42gb?OpenDocument&3Gb |date=September 27, 2011 |title=CONSTITUTION DE LA PRINCIPAUTE }} (French): Art. 9., Principaute De Monaco: Ministère d'Etat (archived from the original on 27 September 2011).
45. ^{{cite book|last1=Durham|first1=W. Cole|last2=Lindholm|first2=Tore Sam|last3=Tahzib-Lie|first3=Bahia|title=Facilitating Freedom of Religion or Belief|date=11 December 2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789401756167|pages=778–}}
46. ^[https://www.stortinget.no/globalassets/pdf/constitutionenglish.pdf The Constitution of Norway, Article 16 (English translation, published by the Norwegian Parliament)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908050922/https://www.stortinget.no/globalassets/pdf/constitutionenglish.pdf |date=September 8, 2015 }}
47. ^{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Vikram|title=Norway: The Champion of World Peace|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172112455|page=81}}
48. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Eriksen|first1=Tore Linné|last2=Afrikainstitutet|first2=Nordiska|title=Norway and National Liberation in Southern Africa|year=2000|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|isbn=9789171064479|page=271}}
49. ^{{cite book|last=Fahlbusch|first=Erwin|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|year=2003|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=9780802824158|page=796}}
50. ^{{cite book|title=Country Profile: Norway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kq1BAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=The Unit|page=9}}
51. ^{{cite book|last=Flint|first=John T.|title=State, church and laity in Norwegian society: a typological study of institutional change|accessdate=29 November 2015|year=1957|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison|page=10}}
52. ^1 {{cite news |publisher=The Diplomat |title=Samoa Officially Becomes a Christian State |first=Grant |last=Wyeth |url=http://thediplomat.com/2017/06/samoa-officially-becomes-a-christian-state/ |date=June 16, 2017 |access-date=June 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616153746/http://thediplomat.com/2017/06/samoa-officially-becomes-a-christian-state/ |archive-date=June 16, 2017}}
53. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Fodor's|first=|title=Fodor's South Pacific|date=12 February 1986|publisher=Fodor's|isbn=9780679013075|quote=As King George I of Tonga, Tupou created the "modern" Christian state with the Cross dominating its flag, and with the rigorous constitutional clause regulating observation of the Sabbath.}}
54. ^{{cite book|last=Oliver|first=Douglas L.|title=The Pacific Islands|date=1 January 1989|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824812331|page=118|quote=Tonga, according to its mission friends, exemplified how grace and selfless devotion to the task could transform a feuding array of heathen communities into a unified Christian state.}}
55. ^{{cite book|last=Bell|first=Daphne|title=New to New Zealand: a guide to ethnic groups in New Zealand|date=26 April 2005|publisher=Reed Books|isbn=9780790009988|quote=Nearly all Tongans are Christian, and about 30 percent belong to the Free Wesleyan Church, the official state church.}}
56. ^{{cite book|last=Ferrari|first=Silvio|title=Routledge Handbook of Law and Religion|date=3 May 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135045555|page=217|quote=Recent trends have moved in opposite directions: while the parliament of Tuvalu in 1991 approved legislation establishing the (Congregationalist) Church of Tuvalu as the State Church, at the end of 2007 Nepal's provisional parliamentary assembly voted to abolish the monarchy whose kings were popularly held to be reincarnations of the Hindu god Vishnu.}}
57. ^1 {{cite book|last=Temperman|first=Jeroen|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law|year=2010|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=9789004181489|page=18|quote=The Constitution of Tuvalu in a similar vein constitutes Tuvalu as "an independent State based on Christian principles...and Tuvaluan custom and tradition"; and also the Constitution of Vanuatu proclaims in its Preamble: "[we] HEREBY proclaim the establishment of the united and free Republic of Vanuatu founded on traditional Melanesian values, faith in God, and Christian principles..."}}
58. ^1 {{cite book|last=Temperman|first=Jeroen|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law|year=2010|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=9789004181489|page=18|quote=The Roman Catholic State of Vatican City is, of course, the best contemporary example of a Christian state. The State of Vatican City, originally established by the Lateran Pacts of 1929, approximates most faithfully the ideal-typical conception of theocratic Roman Catholic state. The Pope is ex officio simultaneously leader of the Roman Catholic Church as well as Head of State and Head of the Government of the State of the Vatican City; he also possesses (de jure) absolute authority over the legislative, executive and judicial branches. Practically all acts and policies of the Vatican City revolve around the interests of the Holy See and, apart from the members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard, virtually all inhabitants of the Vatican City are members of the clergy.}}
59. ^{{cite book|last=Temperman|first=Jeroen|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law|year=2010|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|isbn=9789004181489|page=18}}
60. ^1 {{cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Philip|title=The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity|date=11 August 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199911530|page=187}}
61. ^John Gunter, Inside Latin America (1941), p. 166
62. ^1   THE CONSTITUTION OF GREECE: SECTION II RELATIONS OF CHURCH AND STATE: Article 3, Hellenic Resources network.
63. ^  THE CONSTITUTION OF GREECE: PART TWO INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL RIGHTS: Article 13
64. ^{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220121400/http://www.legislationline.org/upload/legislations/cd/86/39b1e5cc4b9b9b6a97c2830f3608.htm |date=20 February 2008 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Hungary }} (archived from the original on 2008-02-20)
65. ^{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523210720/http://www.magyarorszag.hu/english/keyevents/a_alpolg/a_allampolgarsagemberijogok/a_alapjog20050805/a_gondlelkiismjog20060627.html |date=23 May 2007 |title=The right of thought, the freedom of conscience and religion –Hungary.hu }} (archived from the original on 2007-05-23)
66. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Livingstone|first1=E. A.|last2=Sparks|first2=M. W. D.|last3=Peacocke|first3=R. W.|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA286|accessdate=3 December 2014|date=2013-09-12|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199659623|page=286|chapter=Ireland}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/en/constitution/index.html#article44|title=CONSTITUTION OF IRELAND|work=Irish Statute Book|pages=Article 44|accessdate=3 December 2014}}
68. ^{{cite book|last1=Keogh|first1=Dermot|last2=McCarthy|first2=Dr. Andrew|title=The Making of the Irish Constitution 1937: Bunreacht Na HÉireann|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Mercier Press|isbn=9781856355612|page=172}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1972/en/act/cam/0005/index.html|title=Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1972.|work=Irish Statute Book|accessdate=3 December 2014}}
70. ^{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326162534/http://www.liechtenstein.li/en/pdf-fl-staat-verfassung-sept2003.pdf |date=26 March 2009 |title=Constitution Religion }} (archived from the original on 2009-03-26).
71. ^{{Cite web|url=http://christiandaily.com/article/norways-church-and-state-to-divorce-after-almost-500-years/59710.htm|title=Norway's church and state to divorce after almost 500 years|website=christiandaily.com|access-date=2017-01-02}}
72. ^{{Cite web|url=https://kirken.no/nb-NO/om-kirken/aktuelt/2017---et-kirkehistorisk-merkear/|title=2017 - et kirkehistorisk merkeår|last=|first=|date=2017-12-30|website=Den norske kirke, Kirkerådet|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-02}}
73. ^Under the 1967 Constitution, Roman Catholicism was the state religion as stated in Article 6: "The Roman Catholic Apostolic religion is the state religion, without prejudice to religious freedom, which is guaranteed in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. Official relations of the republic with the Holy See shall be governed by concordats or other bilateral agreements." The 1992 Constitution, which replaced the 1967 one, establishes Paraguay as a secular state, as mentioned in section (1) of Article 24: "Freedom of religion, worship, and ideology is recognized without any restrictions other than those established in this Constitution and the law. The State has no official religion."

Citations

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Bibliography

Legal documents
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  • {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }}
{{refend}}

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