“HMS Irresistible (1898)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

HMS Irresistible—the fourth British Royal Navy ship of the name—was a {{sclass-|Formidable|battleship|0}} pre-dreadnought battleship. The Formidable-class ships were developments of earlier British battleships, featuring the same battery of four {{convert|12|in|mm|adj=on|0}} guns—albeit more powerful 40-calibre versions—and top speed of {{convert|19|kn}} of the preceding {{sclass-|Canopus|battleship|4}}, while adopting heavier armour protection. The ship was laid down in April 1898, was launched in December that year, and was completed in October 1901. Commissioned in 1902, she initially served with the Mediterranean Fleet until April 1908, when she was transferred to the Channel Fleet. Now outclassed with the emergence of the dreadnought class of ships, she entered service with the Home Fleet in 1911 following a refit. In 1912, she was assigned to the 5th Battle Squadron.

Following the outbreak of World War I, Irresistible, along with the squadron, was assigned to the Channel Fleet. After operations with the Dover Patrol, during which she bombarded German forces in northern France, she was assigned to the Dardanelles Campaign in February 1915. She took part in numerous unsuccessful attacks on the Ottoman forts guarding the Dardanelles in February and March. These operations included several raids by landing parties to destroy Ottoman coastal artillery batteries. On 18 March 1915, she struck a naval mine that caused extensive flooding and disabled her engines. Without power, she began to drift into the range of Turkish guns, which laid down a withering fire. Attempts to tow her failed, so her surviving crew was evacuated and Irresistible was abandoned and eventually sank. Her crew suffered around 150 killed in the sinking.

Design

The design for the Formidable class was prepared in 1897; it was an incremental improvement over the preceding {{sclass-|Majestic|battleship|5}} and {{sclass-|Canopus|battleship|4}}es. Formidable adopted the larger size of the Majestics, while taking the stronger Krupp armour of the Canopus design. In addition, the new design incorporated longer (and thus more powerful) main and secondary guns and an improved hull form. These characteristics produced a ship with better armour protection than either earlier class, and the same high speed of Canopus.{{sfn|Burt|p=190}}

Irresistible was {{convert|431|ft|9|in|1}} long overall, with a beam of {{convert|75|ft|abbr=on|1}} and a draught of {{convert|25|ft|11|in|abbr=on}}. She displaced {{convert|14500|LT}} normally and up to {{convert|15800|LT}} fully loaded. Her crew numbered 780 officers and ratings. The Formidable-class ships were powered by a pair of 3-cylinder triple-expansion engines, with steam provided by twenty Belleville boilers. The boilers were trunked into two funnels located amidships. The Formidable-class ships had a top speed of {{convert|18|kn|lk=in}} from {{convert|15000|ihp|lk=in}}.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=36}}

Irresistible had four {{convert|12|in|mm|adj=on|0}} 40-calibre guns mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft; these guns were mounted in circular barbettes that allowed all-around loading or elevation. The ships also mounted twelve {{convert|6|in|mm|adj=on|0}} 45-calibre guns mounted in casemates, in addition to ten 12-pounder {{convert|3|in|abbr=on|0}} guns and six 3-pounder {{convert|47|mm|abbr=on}} guns. As was customary for battleships of the period, she was also equipped with four {{convert|18|in|mm|adj=on}} torpedo tubes submerged in the hull.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=36}}

Irresistible had an armoured belt that was {{convert|9|in|0}} thick; the transverse bulkheads on either end of the belt were {{convert|9|to|12|in|abbr=on|0}} thick. Her main battery turret sides were {{convert|8|to|10|in|0|abbr=on}} thick, atop {{convert|12|in|abbr=on|0}} barbettes, and the casemate battery was protected with 6 in of Krupp steel. Her conning tower had {{convert|14|in|0|abbr=on}} thick sides as well. She was fitted with two armoured decks, {{convert|1|and|3|in|abbr=on|0}} thick, respectively.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=36}}

Service history

Pre-World War I

The keel for HMS Irresistible was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 11 April 1898 and launched on 15 December 1898 in a very incomplete state to clear the building ways for the construction of the battleship {{HMS|Venerable|1899|2}}. Irresistible was completed in October 1901.{{sfn|Burt|p=173}} The ship was commissioned at Chatham Dockyard on 4 February 1902 by Captain George Morris Henderson and a complement of 870 officers and men for Mediterranean Fleet service.^[1] She left Portsmouth in late March,^[2] arriving the following month at Gibraltar where she relieved the turret ship {{HMS|Devastation|1871|2}} as a guard ship. In May 1902 she visited Augusta, Sicily,^[3] and in August that year she went to Piraeus.^[4]

She suffered two mishaps during her years in the Mediterranean, colliding with the Norwegian merchant steamer {{SS|Clive}} while steaming in fog on her way to her commission on 3 March 1902, sustaining considerable damage to the side of her hull, and running aground at Malta on 5 October 1905. She underwent a refit there after her grounding, and a second refit there from October 1907 – January 1908. In April 1908, Irresistible was transferred to the Channel Fleet, where she collided with a schooner while steaming in fog on 4 May 1908, suffering no damage.{{sfn|Burt|pp=204–205}} She was assigned to the Nore Division in 1909, and was reduced to a nucleus crew in May 1910.{{sfn|Gardiner & Gray|p=8}} Her Channel Fleet service ended on 1 June 1910, when she paid off at Chatham Dockyard for a refit. Her refit completed, Irresistible commissioned at Chatham on 28 February 1911 to serve in the 3rd Division, Home Fleet, at the Nore.{{sfn|Burt|p=174}} In 1912, she was assigned to the 5th Battle Squadron.{{sfn|Gardiner & Gray|p=8}}

World War I

Britain entered the First World War in August 1914; the 5th Battle Squadron was based at Portland and assigned to patrol duties in the English Channel under the Channel Fleet. Irresistible covered the landing of the Plymouth Marine Battalion at Ostend, Belgium, on 25 August, and thereafter covered the occupation. In October–November 1914, Irresistible was temporarily attached to the Dover Patrol. Her duties included bombardment of German Army forces along the Belgian coast in support of Allied troops fighting on the front. On 3 November, she was detached to support East Coast Patrols during the German raid on Yarmouth, though she did not see action with German warships. Irresistible returned to the Channel Fleet later in November 1914.{{sfn|Gardiner & Gray|p=8}}{{sfn|Burt|p=205}}{{sfn|Corbett 1920|pp=76, 98, 259–262}} The 5th Battle Squadron was transferred to Sheerness on 14 November to guard against a possible German invasion. The squadron was transferred back to Portland on 30 December.{{sfn|Burt|p=201}}

Dardanelles campaign

On 1 February 1915, Irresistible sailed from Sheerness in company with the battleship {{HMS|Majestic|1895|2}}, bound for the eastern Mediterranean Sea. There, the British and French fleets, under the overall command of British Admiral Sackville Carden, were preparing to launch a major attack on the Dardanelles strait; the Entente commanders hoped to force the Dardanelles and enter the Sea of Marmara, where they could attack the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople, directly. She took part in the opening bombardment of the Ottoman forts guarding the entrance to the Çanakkale (Dardanelles) on 18–19 February as part of the 2nd Division, though she did not actively engage the Ottoman coastal defences during the attack.{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=142–145}}

Another attack took place on 25 February; Irresistible and the battleship {{HMS|Agamemnon|1906|2}} being tasked with providing long-range covering fire while other battleships closed with the fortresses to engage them directly. During their operation, the battleship {{HMS|Albion|1898|2}} came under fire from the {{convert|9.4|in|adj=on|0}} guns from Battery "Orkaniye". Counter fire from Irresistible forced the Ottomans to cease firing, knocking out two guns in the process. By 15:00, the leading British and French battleships had silenced the Ottoman guns, allowing for minesweepers to advance and attempt to clear the minefields; most of the fleet withdrew while the minesweepers worked. By clearing these fields, Allied warships could now enter the Dardanelles themselves, opening the route to attack additional fortifications around the town of Dardanus. While other vessels shelled the forts there, Irresistible and the battleship {{HMS|Vengeance|1899|2}} sent men ashore to destroy an abandoned artillery battery near Kumkale, with both ships remaining off shore to support the raid. The 75-man team from Irresistible landed unopposed at Sedd el Bahr, but quickly came under attack from a superior Ottoman force and was compelled to retreat. 6-inch fire from Irresistible broke up the Ottoman attack, however, and the landing party was able to make their way to the fort, where they found four of the six heavy guns still operable. They destroyed the guns with gunpowder from the Ottoman magazine before proceeding to Fort Helles. The Ottoman defences were too strong there, and so the British party retreated after they destroyed a pair of 12-pounder guns outside the fort.{{sfn|Burt|p=205}}{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=157–165}}

Two days later, Irresistible repeated the operation with another 78-man landing party under the command of Lieutenant F. H. Sandford, again at Sedd el Bahr. This time, the target was a battery of six 6-inch Krupp mortars. The men again came under attack from the Ottoman defenders, and again forced their way to their objective using heavy fire from Irresistible{{'}}s 6-inch guns to suppress the Ottomans. All six mortars were packed with gunpowder and destroyed, and the landing party returned to the ship without a single casualty. The following day, Admiral John de Robeck, the British fleet commander, transferred his flag from Vengeance to Irresistible, while the latter was in Mudros for repairs. De Robeck ordered another attack on 28 February, though bad weather hampered British progress; later in the day, a break in the weather led him to order Irresistible{{'}}s landing party, again under Sandford's direction, to go ashore. In the course of the raid, the party destroyed eight heavy guns in a battery near Kumkale, six 12-pounder field guns, and four Nordenfelt guns on the way back to the ship. Again, the men returned without a single casualty.{{sfn|Burt|p=205}}{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=165–168}}

On 3 March, another attack was launched against the fortresses, and Irresistible contributed a reconnaissance party that went ashore under cover of a heavy bombardment from the fleet's battleships. During their exploration of the area around Erenköy, they discovered a battery of six 15-pounder field guns, which they destroyed. They proceeded to the main fort and found that it had been evacuated under the heavy bombardment. Again, they returned to the ship with no casualties. The next day, a larger landing force of marines went ashore; Irresistible provided support off Kumkale. After the landing party came under sniper fire from windmills above the village, Irresistible demolished them before shifting fire to the town itself. The Ottoman fire proved to be too heavy, however, and the marines had to retreat to their ships.{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=172–173, 178–181}} Irresistible remained de Robeck's flagship until 6 March, when Vengeance returned.{{sfn|Burt|p=205}}

The next attack came on 8 March; the powerful superdreadnought {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|2}}, with her {{convert|15|inch|adj=on}} guns, was to demolish the main Ottoman fortress at Rumili, the "Hamidieh I", "Hamidieh II", and "Namazieh" batteries, and the fortress at Chemenlik. While she attacked those objectives, Irresistible and three other battleships were tasked with covering her from mobile field guns in the straits. Poor visibility hampered British shooting and made it easy for the Ottoman field guns to continually shoot and relocate before the battleships could locate them and return fire. The repeated failures to destroy the fortresses guarding the straits convinced the British command that further attempts were pointless until the minefields protecting the fortresses could be cleared, which would allow the battleships to engage and destroy them at very close range. Accordingly, trawlers were sent in during the night to clear the minefields while the British and French fleets replenished ammunition and gathered reinforcements. While this work was ongoing, Irresistible, Albion, and the battleship {{HMS|Prince George|1895|2}} were sent in on 9 March to raid Ottoman defences; Irresistible inflicted damage on a bridge used to support the fort at Kumkale. The next morning, Irresistible, the battleship {{HMS|Cornwallis|1901|2}}, the light cruiser {{HMS|Dublin|1912|2}}, and the seaplane carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|1914|2}} made another foray to attack targets of opportunity.{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=193–195, 205–206}}

Loss

By mid-March, it had become clear that the plan to sweep the minefields had failed. In response, de Robeck, who had succeeded Carden as the commander of the Dardanelles campaign, proposed to launch a major daylight attack on the fortresses, suppress them as best as possible at longer range, and to clear the minefields at the same time. This would then allow the battleships to demolish the forts at close range. Ottoman opposition was expected to be very heavy, as they had been reinforcing their defences throughout the campaign; by this time, they had massed forty-two guns {{convert|8|in|0}} or larger, along with numerous mobile field guns. The attack was launched on 18 October, and Irresistible was again part of 2nd Division, which formed the second wave of the attack. Irresistible joined the fray at 14:39, shortly after the French battleship {{ship|French battleship|Bouvet||2}} was mined and sunk in the straits; she and several other battleships attempted to suppress Ottoman guns that were firing on boats that were picking up survivors from Bouvet. Irresistible engaged the "Namazieh" Battery, which at that time was not actively firing. She quickly came under heavy fire from the "Hamidieh I" battery, which targeted the ship with four-shell salvos.{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=213–216, 219}}

At 15:14, Irresistible was rocked by an explosion, and by 15:32, had begun to take on a list, prompting de Robeck to order her to withdraw to avoid further damage. At 16:15, Irresistible, having idled her engines, struck a mine that caused extensive damage to the ship. The mine detonated under her starboard engine room, flooding it and killing all but three of the men on duty there. The bulkhead that divided the starboard from the port engine room collapsed under the sudden weight of water, disabling that engine as well. Unable to maneuver, with a list of 7 degrees to starboard, and down by the stern, Irresistible became an attractive target for the Ottoman gunners. She drifted helplessly into range of Turkish guns, which laid down a heavy fire on her. Her main gun turrets began to malfunction, and she was obscured by smoke and spray. De Robeck ordered the battleship {{HMS|Ocean|1898|2}} to take her under tow and pull her out of range of the Ottoman guns, and the destroyer {{HMS|Wear|1905|2}} came alongside and rescued most of the crew—28 officers and 582 men—despite the punishing Ottoman shelling. A group of ten men remained aboard to try to secure a line from Ocean. By the time Ocean had arrived it had become clear that Irresistible could not be saved. Her list had increased and the fire from the Ottoman guns had become very heavy, so the remaining men were evacuated and Ocean began to withdraw.{{sfn|Burt|p=205}}{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=219–221}}

With the heavy losses that day—Bouvet, Irresistible, and Ocean, which had been mined and disabled after withdrawing from her attempt to rescue Irresistible—de Robeck issued the order to break off the attack.{{sfn|Corbett 1921|pp=221–222}} That evening, the destroyer {{HMS|Jed|1904|2}} entered the Dardanelles to torpedo and sink the two abandoned battleships to prevent their capture in case they had remained afloat, but could find no sign of them. The Ottomans later reported that the derelict Irresistible had drifted closer to shore and suffered further severe damage from their shore batteries before sinking at about 19:30. Irresistible{{'}}s crew suffered about 150 casualties during her sinking.{{sfn|Burt|p=205}}{{sfn|Gardiner & Gray|p=8}}

Notes

1. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence|day_of_week=Wednesday |date=5 February 1902 |page_number=10 |issue=36683| }}
2. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Tuesday |date=25 March 1902 |page_number=9 |issue=36724| }}
3. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Monday |date=2 June 1902 |page_number=9 |issue=36783| }}
4. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence|day_of_week=Wednesday |date=13 August 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36845| }}

References