“Crime in Slovakia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Slovakia (population 5.4 million) is a Central European country with a history of relatively low crime. While crime became more widespread after the fall of communism in 1989, it remains low when compared to many other post-communist countries.

Crime by type

Murder

In 2018, Slovakia had a murder rate of 1.05 per 100,000 population.^[3] There are a total of 57 murders in Slovakia in 2016.^[3]

Violence and theft

Apart from the occasional mafia shooting, gun violence is rare in Slovakia. There are approximately 3,000 – 4,000 home burglaries and 7,000 – 8,000 car thefts in Slovakia each year. Together, there are around 15,000 cases of violent criminal acts (damage to victim's life or health) in Slovakia each year.

Illegal drug trade in Slovakia

Slovak Republic is a party to the 1988 UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1972 Protocol thereto, and the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Not only the manufacture and selling of certain drugs is illegal but also their possession. Slovak law does not differentiate between hard drugs and soft drugs and sentences can in theory be as harsh as life imprisonment.

Until the mid-1990s the drug situation in Slovakia remained somewhat stable; extensive small-scale illicit amphetamine production, no opium poppy cultivation, only minimal cannabis cultivation in private greenhouses and the country was already a key transit point for smuggling Asian heroin to Western Europe both via Ukraine and lying on the "Balkan route" from Turkey.^[4] Seizures of cocaine up to this point have been minimal and at this time Slovakia emerged as another crossroads for cocaine traffickers seeking new routes to Western Europe (Colombian traffickers have been smuggling cocaine through the neighboring Czech Republic since 1991). Because the banking sector in Slovakia was still in nascent stages at this time, drug money laundering operations were limited.

In November 1995, an independent national drug service was created in Slovakia and the government established a new comprehensive anti-drug plan to target drug trafficking and use and made drug-related changes to the criminal code. The biggest seizures made by the Slovak police in 1995 were a 123.5 kilogram heroin seizure, and a 25 kilogram cocaine seizure. Implementation of chemical control regulations and legislation continues to create concern about the vulnerability of the country's well-developed chemical and pharmaceutical industry being partially used for the production of illegal drugs or precursor chemicals.

Organized crime

The Slovak mafia constitutes various organized crime groups in Slovakia, controlled primarily by Slovak interests. The Slovak mafia does not have significant international presence and even in Slovakia, their activities are limited by boundaries set by the powerful Russian mafia (including Ukrainian and Chechen mafia) and various Balkan groups controlling much of the heroin trade.^[5]

The Slovak mafia is especially active in security business, construction and ownership of restaurants and nightclubs.^[6] According to the United States Department of Defense "both indigenous and foreign organized crime groups are well established in Slovakia".^[7] Under Slovak law, the creation or support of an organized crime group constitutes a crime.

Corruption

Crime dynamics

During the 1990s, there were 2,300 reported crimes per 100,000 citizens in Slovakia. In comparison with the neighboring countries - it was 3.200 in Hungary, 3.400 in Poland, 4.100 in the Czech Republic and 6.100 in Austria.^[9]

From 1989 to 1999, the number of crime perpetrators has slightly risen from over 35.000 in 1989 to almost 45.000 in 1999. The number of perpetrators not convicted remains stable at some 80 percent of total perpetrators. Also somewhat stable is the number of habitual offenders at approximately 10.000.^[10]

The 2000s saw again a slight rise in the number of perpetrators and a steep rise in economic crime.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.gov.sk/data/files/472.pdf|format=PDF|title=Správa z výskumu verejnej mienky |website=Mod.gov.sk|accessdate=15 December 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mosr.sk/doveryhodnost-institucii/|title=Dôveryhodnosť inštitúcií :: Ministerstvo obrany SR|website=Mosr.sk|accessdate=15 December 2017}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/index.html|title=UNODC: Global Study on Homicide|website=Unodc.org|accessdate=15 December 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-INCSR/95/Europe/Slovakia.html|title=INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL STRATEGY REPORT, MARCH 1996: THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC|website=Hri.org|accessdate=15 December 2017}}
5. ^[https://archive.today/20120714100557/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2008582095_slovak02.html]
6. ^[https://archive.today/20120714100557/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2008582095_slovak02.html]
7. ^{{Cite web |url=http://travel.his.com/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1019.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128011459/http://travel.his.com/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1019.html |archive-date=2011-11-28 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Slovakia Corruption Profile-Political Climate|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/slovakia/show-all.aspx|publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|accessdate=17 December 2013}}
9. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.civil.gov.sk/archiv/casopis/2001/0218zc.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115226/http://www.civil.gov.sk/archiv/casopis/2001/0218zc.htm |archive-date=2011-09-27 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=7875 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-09-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723162150/http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=7875 |archivedate=2011-07-23 |df= }}