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词条 Alec Jeffreys
释义

  1. Education and early life

  2. Career and research

     Genetic fingerprinting  DNA profiling  Awards and honours 

  3. Personal life

  4. References

{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}{{Infobox scientist
|name = Sir Alec Jeffreys
|honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|FRS|MAE}}
|image = Alec Jeffreys.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|1|9|df=y}}[1]
|birth_place = Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
|nationality = British
|spouse = {{marriage|Susan Miles|1971}}
|death_date =
|death_place =
| thesis_url = http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.460797
| thesis_title = Studies on the mitochondria of cultured mammalian cells
| thesis_year = 1975
| doctoral_students =
| influenced = Turi King[1]
|field = Genetics[2]
|work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
  • University of Amsterdam
  • University of Leicester}}

| education = Luton Sixth Form College
|alma_mater = University of Oxford (BA, DPhil)
|known_for = Genetic fingerprinting
|prizes = {{Plainlist|
  • Bicentenary Medal (1987)
  • Colworth Medal (1987)[3]
  • Albert Einstein World Award of Science (1996)
  • Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine (2004)[5]
  • Lasker award (2005)
  • Royal Medal (2004)
  • Great Briton Award (2006)
  • EMBO Member[4]
  • Copley Medal[5] (2014)
  • Order of the Companions of Honour (2016)}}

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Alec Jeffreys' voice
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Recorded December 2007 from the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs
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}}Sir Alec John Jeffreys, {{postnominals|country=GBR|CH|FRS|MAE}}[8] (born 9 January 1950)[1] is a British geneticist, who developed techniques for genetic fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are now used worldwide in forensic science to assist police detective work and to resolve paternity and immigration disputes.[2][6][12] He is a professor of genetics at the University of Leicester,[7][8] and he became an honorary freeman of the City of Leicester on 26 November 1992.[9] In 1994, he was knighted for services to genetics.[7][10][18][19][11]

Education and early life

Jeffreys was born into a middle-class family in Oxford, where he spent the first six years of his life until 1956, when the family moved to Luton, Bedfordshire.[1] He attributes his curiosity and inventiveness to having been gained from his father, as well as his paternal grandfather, who held a number of patents.[12] When he was eight, his father gave him a chemistry set, which he enhanced over the next few years with extra chemicals, even including a small bottle of sulphuric acid.[12] He says he liked making small explosions, but an accidental splash of the sulphuric acid caused a burn, which left a permanent scar on his chin (now under his beard).[12] His father also bought him a Victorian-era brass microscope,[25] which he used to examine biological specimens.[12] At about 12, he made a small dissecting kit (including a scalpel, crafted from a flattened pin) which he used to dissect a bumblebee, but he got into trouble with his parents when he progressed to dissecting a larger specimen. One Sunday morning he found a dead cat on the road while doing his paper round and took it home in his bag. He relates that he started to dissect it on the dining room table before Sunday lunch, causing a foul smell throughout the house after he ruptured its intestines.[12]

Jeffreys was a pupil at Luton Grammar School and then Luton Sixth Form College.[12] He won a scholarship to study at Merton College, Oxford on a four-year course, where he graduated in 1972 with first-class honours in biochemistry.[29] Jeffreys completed his Doctor of Philosophy degree on the mitochondria of cultured mammalian cells, as a postgraduate student at the Genetics Laboratory at the University of Oxford.[13]

Career and research

After finishing his doctorate, he moved to the University of Amsterdam, where he worked on mammalian genes as a research fellow,[12] and then to the University of Leicester in 1977, where in 1984 he discovered a method of showing variations between individuals' DNA, inventing and developing genetic fingerprinting.[12][33]

Genetic fingerprinting

Jeffreys says he had a "eureka moment" in his lab in Leicester after looking at the X-ray film image of a DNA experiment on 10 September 1984, which unexpectedly showed both similarities and differences between the DNA of different members of his technician's family.[6][33] Within about half an hour, he continued, he realized the possible scope of DNA fingerprinting, which uses variations in the genetic code to identify individuals. The method has become important in forensic science to assist police detective work, and it has also proved useful in resolving paternity and immigration disputes.[12] The method can also be applied to non-human species, for example in wildlife population genetics studies.[37] Before his methods were commercialised in 1987, his laboratory was the only centre in the world that carried out DNA fingerprinting, and was consequently very busy, receiving inquiries from all over the globe.[12][14]

Jeffreys's DNA method was first put to use in 1985 when he was asked to help in a disputed immigration case to confirm the identity of a British boy whose family was originally from Ghana.[12] The case was resolved when the DNA results proved that the boy was closely related to the other members of the family, and Jeffreys saw the relief in the mother's face when she heard the results.[12] DNA fingerprinting was first used in a police forensic test to identify the killer of two teenagers, Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth, who had been raped and murdered in Narborough, Leicestershire, in 1983 and 1986 respectively. Colin Pitchfork was identified and convicted of their murders after samples taken from him matched semen samples taken from the two dead girls.[12] This turned out to be a specifically important identification; British authorities believe that without it an innocent man would have inevitably been convicted. Not only did Jeffreys's work in this case prove who the real killer was, but it exonerated Richard Buckland, initially a prime suspect, who likely would have spent his life in prison otherwise. The story behind the investigations is told in Joseph Wambaugh's 1989 best selling book The Blooding: The True Story of the Narborough Village Murders and the murders and subsequent solving of the crimes was featured in Episode 1 of the first season of the 1996 American TV series Medical Detectives in which Jeffreys himself also appears. In 1992, Jeffreys's methods were used to confirm the identity for German prosecutors of the Nazi Dr. Josef Mengele, who had died in 1979, by comparing DNA obtained from a femur bone of his exhumed skeleton,[15] with DNA from his mother and son, in a similar way to paternity testing.[12]

DNA profiling

DNA profiling, based on typing individual highly variable minisatellites in the human genome, was also developed by Alec Jeffreys and his team in 1985,[16][17] with the term (DNA fingerprinting) being retained for the initial test that types many minisatellites simultaneously. By focusing on just a few of these highly variable minisatellites, DNA profiling made the system more sensitive, more reproducible and amenable to computer databases. It soon became the standard forensic DNA system used in criminal case work and paternity testing worldwide.

The development of DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) opened up new approaches to forensic DNA testing, allowing automation, greatly increased sensitivity and a move to alternative marker systems. The most commonly used markers are now variable microsatellites, also known as short tandem repeats (STRs), which Jeffreys first exploited in 1990 in the Mengele case.[18] STR profiling was further refined by a team of scientists led by Peter Gill at the Forensic Science Service in the 1990s, allowing the launch of the UK National DNA Database (NDNAD) in 1995.{{fact|date=March 2018}} With highly automated and sophisticated equipment, modern-day DNA profiling can process hundreds of samples each day. Sixteen micro satellites, plus a marker for sex determination, are used with the current system developed for the NDNAD, giving a discrimination power of one in over a billion. Under British law, anyone arrested in England, Wales or Northern Ireland has their DNA profile taken and stored on the database whether or not they are convicted (different rules apply in Scotland).[48] The national database now contains the DNA information of nearly five million people. Jeffreys has opposed the current use of DNA profiling, where the government has access to that database,[49] and has instead proposed a database of all people's DNA, access to which would be controlled by an independent third party.[50]

Awards and honours

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
  • 1986 – Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)[19][20]
  • 1989 – Press, Radio and TV awards for the Midlander of the Year, 1988, 1989[53]
  • 1991 – Appointed as a Royal Society Research Professor.[21]
  • 26 November 1992 – Honorary freeman of the City of Leicester.[9]
  • 1994 – Knighted for services to genetics[22][23] and to science and technology.[24]
  • 1996 – Albert Einstein World Award of Science.
  • 1998 – Australia Prize, 1998.[25]
  • 1999 – Sir George Stokes Medal[26]
  • 2004 – Honorary doctorate awarded by the University of Leicester, where Jeffreys is a member of staff.[62]
  • 2004 – Royal Medal of the Royal Society.[63]
  • 2004 – Pride of Britain Award for Lifetime Achievement.[27]
  • 2004 – Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine.[5]
  • 2005 – Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research,[28] jointly with Edwin Southern of the University of Oxford.[29]
  • 2005 – United States National Academy of Science,[30] elected member.
  • 2006 – Great Briton Award for the Greatest Briton of the year, winner in the category of Science and Innovation, as well as the overall winner.[31]
  • 2006 – Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics.[70]
  • 8 March 2007 – Honorary degree from King's College London.[71]
  • 23 January 2008 – Graham Medal of the Glasgow Philosophical Society, awarded after he gave his lecture "DNA Profiling; Past, present and future", which was nominated as the Graham Lecture.[72]
  • 16 November 2009 – Awarded Honorary Doctor of Science by the University of Huddersfield[32]
  • 14 April 2010 – Awarded Edinburgh Medal[74]
  • April 2010 - Officially opened the new Soar Valley College building in Leicester.[33]
  • 21 February 2011 – Awarded ABRF Annual Award[34]
  • 2014 – Copley Medal[5]
  • 22 January 2014 - Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from De Montfort University. [35]
  • 2017 – Companion of Honour [36]
{{div col end}}

Personal life

Jeffreys met his future wife, Sue Miles, in a youth club in the centre of Luton, Bedfordshire, before he became a university student,[12][12] and they married on 28 August 1971.[37] Jeffreys has one brother and one sister; he and his wife have two daughters, born in 1979 and 1983.[38][37]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/archaeology/art467408-The-DNA-of-a-King-Dr-Turi-King-on-genome-sequencing-Richard-III|title=The DNA of a King: Dr Turi King on the genome sequencing of Richard III - Culture24|website=www.culture24.org.uk}}
2. ^1 {{Scopus id}}
3. ^{{Cite journal |pmid=2887471 |year=1987 |last1=Jeffreys |first1=Alec John |title=Highly variable minisatellites and DNA fingerprints |journal=Biochemical Society Transactions |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=309–17 |doi=10.1042/bst0150309}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://people.embo.org/profile/alec-jeffreys|title=Find people in the EMBO Communities|website=people.embo.org}}
5. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Sir-Alec-wins-science-s-oldest-prize/story-22074042-detail/story.html|work=Leicester Mercury|title=Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize|date=5 August 2014|accessdate=5 August 2014}}
6. ^1 DNA pioneer's 'eureka' moment BBC. Retrieved 14 October 2011
7. ^1 {{Cite journal |last1 = Zagorski|first1 = Nick |title = Profile of Alec J. Jeffreys|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0603953103 |journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume = 103 |issue = 24 |pages = 8918–8920 |year = 2006 |pmid = 16754883 |pmc =1482540 }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.le.ac.uk/genetics/pages/staff/staff_pages/jeffreys.html|title=Staff pages: Professor Sir Alec J. Jeffreys FRS |accessdate=15 December 2007|publisher=University of Leicester|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbPbUwT?url=http://www.le.ac.uk/genetics/pages/staff/staff_pages/jeffreys.html |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.leicester.gov.uk/about-leicester/lordmayorcivic/freemen/honorary-freemen/list-of-freemen |title=List of persons upon whom the honorary freedom of the city has been conferred |accessdate=15 December 2007 |publisher=Leicester City Council |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbRSCst?url=http://www.leicester.gov.uk/about-leicester/lordmayorcivic/freemen/honorary-freemen/list-of-freemen |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
10. ^{{Cite journal|pmid = 24245655|pmc = 3831583|year = 2013|author1 = Jeffreys|first1 = A. J.|title = The man behind the DNA fingerprints: An interview with Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys|journal = Investigative Genetics|volume = 4|issue = 1|pages = 21|doi = 10.1186/2041-2223-4-21}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/leicester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8242000/8242497.stm|title=Jeffreys reflects on DNA finding|date=11 September 2009|publisher=|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}
12. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.le.ac.uk/ua/pr/gen%20supp.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Gene Genius |date=September 2004 |publisher=University of Leicester |accessdate=17 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbSztIz?url=http://www.le.ac.uk/ua/pr/gen%20supp.pdf |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
13. ^{{cite thesis |degree=DPhil |first=Alec|last=Jeffreys |title=Studies on the mitochondria of cultured mammalian cells |publisher=University of Oxford |date=1975 |url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph019879695|website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.460797}}|oclc=500483911}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtd020877.html |title=Discovering DNA fingerprinting: Sir Alec Jeffreys describes its development |publisher=Wellcome Trust |date=4 February 2004 |first=Giles |last=Newton |accessdate=23 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbTpIUx?url=http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtd020877.html |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
15. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = Hodgson | first1 = J. | title = Ten years of biotech gaffes|doi = 10.1038/nbt0306-270|journal = Nature Biotechnology|volume = 24|issue = 3|pages = 270–273|year = 2006|pmid = 16525384|pmc =}}
16. ^{{Cite journal |last1 = Jeffreys | first1 = A. |last2 = Wilson | first2 = V. |last3 = Thein | first3 = S. |title = Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA |journal = Nature |volume = 314 |issue = 6006 |pages = 67–73 |year = 1985 |pmid = 3856104|doi=10.1038/314067a0}}
17. ^{{Cite journal |last1 = Jeffreys | first1 = A. |last2 = Wilson | first2 = V. |last3 = Thein | first3 = S. |title = Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA |journal = Nature |volume = 316 |issue = 6023 |pages = 76–79 |year = 1975|pmid = 2989708|doi=10.1038/316076a0}}
18. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Jeffreys | first1 = A. | last2 = Allen | first2 = M. | last3 = Hagelberg | first3 = E. | last4 = Sonnberg | first4 = A. | title = Identification of the skeletal remains of Josef Mengele by DNA analysis | journal = Forensic Science International | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–76 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1398379 | doi=10.1016/0379-0738(92)90148-P}}
19. ^1 {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|archivedate=2015-03-16|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|publisher=Royal Society|location=London|title=Fellows of the Royal Society}}
20. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.royalsociety.org/downloaddoc.asp?id=4274|publisher =The Royal Society|title = List of Fellows of the Royal Society: 1660–2007: A – J|accessdate =9 October 2007| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212012200/http://royalsociety.org/downloaddoc.asp?id=4274| archivedate = 12 December 2007}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1523 |title=Sir Alec Jeffreys FRS – DNA fingerprinting |publisher=The Royal Society |accessdate=15 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbYwJVC?url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1523 |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
22. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Colin|title=Evidence|date=2010|publisher=Chelsea House|location=New York|isbn=978-1604136159|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5gMnMlGtC8C&pg=PA77|accessdate=3 April 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=188th Congregation (2013)|url=http://www4.hku.hk/hongrads/index.php/archive/graduate_detail/317|website=University of Hong Kong|accessdate=3 April 2015}}
24. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Newton|first1=David E.|title=DNA evidence and forensic science|date=2008|publisher=Facts On File|location=New York|isbn=978-0816070886|pages=100–101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEJemQWU3hsC&pg=PA100|accessdate=3 April 2015}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=1998 Australia Prize PROFESSOR SIR ALEC JEFFREYS (UK) |url=https://grants.innovation.gov.au/SciencePrize/Pages/Doc.aspx?name=previous_winners/Aust1998Jeffreys.htm |website=Australian Government Department of Industry |accessdate=3 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118041828/https://grants.innovation.gov.au/SciencePrize/Pages/Doc.aspx?name=previous_winners%2FAust1998Jeffreys.htm |archivedate=18 January 2015 |df=dmy }}
26. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Sleeman|first1=Elizabeth|title=The international who's who 2004.|date=2003|publisher=Europa|location=London|isbn=9781857432176|page=813|edition=67th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neKm1X6YPY0C&pg=PA813|accessdate=3 April 2015}}
27. ^[https://archive.is/20120906151946/http://www.prideofbritain.com/contentpages/winners/2004/sir-alec-jeffreys.aspx The Pride of Britain Awards – Lifetime Achievement, Sir Alec Jeffreys] Retrieved 14 October 2011
28. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/library/2005_jeffreys.shtml|title = 2005 Albert Lasker Award – Acceptance remarks by Alec Jeffreys|accessdate =19 December 2007 |publisher = Lasker Foundation| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071215162525/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/library/2005_jeffreys.shtml| archivedate = 15 December 2007}}
29. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/library/2005clinical.shtml|title = 2005 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research|accessdate =19 December 2007 |publisher = Lasker Foundation|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071211191805/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/library/2005clinical.shtml |archivedate = 11 December 2007}}
30. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/12573455?pg=vprof&mbr=1006666&returl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FDir%2F12573455%3Fpg%3Dsrch%26view%3Dbasic&retmk=search_again_link|title = Alec Jeffreys NAS biography|accessdate =9 February 2009 |publisher = NAS website}}
31. ^{{cite news|title=University of Leicester Professor Voted 'Great Briton of 2006'|url=http://www.le.ac.uk/ebulletin-archive/ebulletin/news/press-releases/2000-2009/2007/01/nparticle.2007-01-19.html|accessdate=3 April 2015|work=University of Leicester News|date=19 January 2007}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hud.ac.uk/awards/honorary_awards.html |title=The University of Huddersfield’s 2009 Honorary Award recipients |publisher=University of Huddersfield |date=9 December 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbeaeG6?url=http://www.hud.ac.uk/awards/honorary_awards.html |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
33. ^{{cite news|title=DNA mastermind Sir Alec Jeffreys officially opens Leicester specialist college|work=Leicester Mercury|date=April 22, 2010|url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/DNA-mastermind-officially-opens-specialist-college/story-12056006-detail/story.html|accessdate=3 April 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408201522/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/DNA-mastermind-officially-opens-specialist-college/story-12056006-detail/story.html|archivedate=8 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://conf.abrf.org/index.cfm/page/awards/ABRF_Award.htm |title=ABRF Annual Award for Outstanding Contributions to Biomolecular Technologies |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122150951/http://conf.abrf.org/index.cfm/page/awards/ABRF_Award.htm |archivedate=22 January 2011 }}
35. ^https://www2.le.ac.uk/staff/community/people/staffupdates/2014/january/sir-alec-jeffreys-to-receive-honorary-degree-from-de-montfort-university
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/580999/new-years-honours-2017-full-list.pdf |title=The New Year's Honours List 2017|date=31 December 2016}}
37. ^1 {{cite book|title=Debrett's People of Today 2005|edition=18th|isbn=1-870520-10-6|publisher=Debrett's|page=857}}
38. ^1 2 3 {{Who's Who | author=Anon| surname = Jeffreys | othernames = Sir Alec John | id = U21923 | year = 2007 | doi =10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.21923 | edition = online Oxford University Press|location=Oxford}} {{subscription required}}
39. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumprize.fi/uploads/pdf/finalistimateriaali/Jeffreys_CV.pdf |title=CV – Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys |format=PDF |publisher=Technology Academy Foundation, Finland |accessdate=30 June 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbS79QM?url=http://www.millenniumprize.fi/uploads/pdf/finalistimateriaali/Jeffreys_CV.pdf |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
40. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{cite episode |title=Desert Island Discs with Alec Jeffreys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/desertislanddiscs_20071209.shtml |series=Desert Island Discs | serieslink=Desert Island Discs |network=BBC |station=Radio 4 |airdate=2007-12-09}}
41. ^1 {{cite journal | pmc = 1408072 | title = DNA and Crime Investigation: Scotland and the 'UK National DNA Database' | publisher = UKPMC | first = Paul | last = Johnson |author2=Williams, Robin | date = 22 March 2006 | volume = 10 | pmid = 16557290 | pages = nihms6806 | journal = The Scottish journal of criminal justice studies : the journal of the Scottish Association for the Study of Delinquency }}
42. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.sciencefestival.co.uk/Events/Big-Ideas/Edinburgh-Medal-Genetic-fingerprinting-a-story-of-scientific-serendipity |title=Edinburgh Medal |publisher=Edinburgh Science Festival |date=14 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbfeqh2?url=http://www.sciencefestival.co.uk/Events/Big-Ideas/Edinburgh-Medal-Genetic-fingerprinting-a-story-of-scientific-serendipity |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
43. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www.kcl.ac.uk/phpnews/wmview.php?ArtID=1738 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070313184845/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/phpnews/wmview.php?ArtID=1738 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 13 March 2007 |publisher = King's College London |title = King's first Honorary Degree Ceremony| date = 8 March 2007|accessdate =15 December 2007}}
44. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.knaw.nl/cfdata/heineken/laureates_detail.cfm?winnaar__id=53 |title=Laureates: Alec J. Jeffreys |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbd3nqc?url=http://www.knaw.nl/cfdata/heineken/laureates_detail.cfm?winnaar__id=53 |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}
45. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www.royalphil.arts.gla.ac.uk/summaries/jeffreys-dna.htm |publisher = Glasgow Philosophical Society |date = 23 January 2008 |title = Lecture Abstract: Prof Sir Alec Jeffreys 'DNA Fingerprinting and beyond'}} {{dead link|date=November 2010}}
46. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2002/leicester_2002/2252782.stm |publisher=BBC |title=Privacy fears over DNA database |date=12 September 2002 |accessdate=9 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbY15sr?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2002/leicester_2002/2252782.stm |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
47. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/media-centre/dna-fingerprinting/geneticsresponse |archive-url = https://archive.is/20070810052637/http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/media-centre/dna-fingerprinting/geneticsresponse |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2007-08-10 |publisher = University of Leicester |title = Response by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys|date=July 2004 |accessdate =15 December 2007}}
48. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1750 |title=Royal recent winners |publisher=The Royal Society |accessdate=20 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbcudDn?url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1750 |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
49. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/index.php?menuID=2&subID=1066 |title=The informer in your blood |publisher=The First Post |first=Robert |last=Matthews |date=2 November 2006 |accessdate=10 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uFbWlNIo?url=http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/index.php?menuID=2&subID=1066 |archivedate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=yes }}
50. ^1 {{cite journal | pmc = 3909909 | title = DNA Fingerprinting in Zoology: Past, Present, Future | journal = Investigative Genetics | last1 = Chambers | first1 = Geoffrey | last2 = Curtis | first2 = Caitlin | last3 = Millar | first3 = Craig | last4 = Huynen | first4 = Leon | last5 = Lambert | first5 = David | date = 2014 | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pmid = 24490906 | doi = 10.1186/2041-2223-5-3}}
51. ^1 2 {{cite web |url = http://www.jeantet.ch/e/price/laureatss.php# |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071118022410/http://www.jeantet.ch/e/price/laureatss.php |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 18 November 2007 |title = The winners of the Louis-Jeantet Prize for medicine|publisher = Louis-Jeantet Foundation |accessdate =22 December 2007}}
[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]
}}{{commons category|Alec Jeffreys}}{{Authority control}}{{FRS 1986}}{{Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates|state=collapsed}}{{Copley Medallists 2001–2050}}{{Heineken Prizes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeffreys, Alec J.}}

21 : 1950 births|Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates|Living people|People from Oxford|British forensic scientists|Forensic genetics|English geneticists|Fellows of the Royal Society|Alumni of Merton College, Oxford|Academics of the University of Leicester|English humanists|Knights Bachelor|People from Luton|Royal Medal winners|Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization|Australia Prize recipients|Winners of the Heineken Prize|Recipients of the Copley Medal|Recipients of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award|Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour|National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees
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