“John W. Campbell”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

John Wood Campbell Jr. (June 8, 1910 – July 11, 1971) was an American science fiction writer and editor. He was editor of Astounding Science Fiction (later called Analog Science Fiction and Fact) from late 1937 until his death and was part of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Campbell wrote super-science space opera under his own name and stories under his primary pseudonym, Don A. Stuart. Campbell also used the pen names Karl Van Kampen and Arthur McCann.{{sfnp|Clute|Nicholls|1995|pp=187–188}} His novella Who Goes There? was adapted as the films The Thing from Another World (1951), The Thing (1982), and The Thing (2011).

Campbell began writing science fiction at age 18 while attending MIT. He published six short stories, one novel, and six letters in the science fiction magazine Amazing Stories from 1930 to 1931. This work established Campbell's reputation as a writer of space adventure. When in 1934 he began to write stories with a different tone, he wrote as Don A. Stuart. From 1930 until the later part of that decade, Campbell was prolific and successful under both names, though he stopped writing fiction shortly after he became editor of Astounding in 1937.

It is as editor of Astounding Science Fiction (later called Analog Science Fiction and Fact) from late 1937 until his death for which Campbell is primarily remembered today. As well, in 1939, Campbell started the fantasy magazine Unknown, although it was canceled after only four years. Referring to his time spent as an editor, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction wrote: "More than any other individual, he helped to shape modern sf."{{sfnp|Edwards|1993|p=199}} Isaac Asimov called Campbell "the most powerful force in science fiction ever" and said the "first ten years of his editorship he dominated the field completely."{{sfnp|Asimov|1994|p=73}} In his capacity as an editor, Campbell published some of the very earliest work, and helped shape the careers, of virtually every important sf author to debut between 1938 and 1946, including Robert A. Heinlein, Theodore Sturgeon, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke.

An increasingly strong interest in pseudoscience later alienated Campbell from many of the writers whose careers he had nurtured; Heinlein, Sturgeon, Asimov, and Clarke rarely worked with him after about 1950.{{sfnp|Asimov|1994 |p=74}}^[1] As well, beginning in the 1960s, Campbell's controversial essays supporting segregation, and other remarks and writings surrounding slavery and race, served to distance him from many in the science fiction community.{{sfnp|Asimov|1973 |p=xii}}^[2] Nevertheless, Campbell remained an important figure in science fiction publishing up until his death. Campbell and Astounding shared one of the inaugural Hugo Awards with H. L. Gold and Galaxy at the 1953 World Science Fiction Convention. Subsequently, Campbell and Astounding (later renamed Analog) won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine seven times.

Shortly after his death in 1971, the University of Kansas science fiction program established the annual John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and also renamed after him its annual Campbell Conference. The World Science Fiction Society established the annual John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Campbell in 1996, in its inaugural class of two deceased and two living persons.

Biography

John Campbell was born in Newark, New Jersey^[2] in 1910. His father was an electrical engineer. His mother, Dorothy (née Strahern) had an identical twin who visited them often and who disliked John. John was unable to tell them apart and says he was frequently rebuffed by the person he took to be his mother.^[4] Campbell attended the Blair Academy, a boarding school in rural Warren County, New Jersey, but did not graduate because of lack of credits for French and trigonometry.^[3]

He also attended, without graduating, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he was befriended by the mathematician Norbert Wiener (who coined the term cybernetics) – but he failed German and MIT dismissed him. After one year at Duke University, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in physics in 1932.^[4]{{sfnp|Edwards|1993|p=199}}

Campbell began writing science fiction at age 18 while attending MIT and sold his first stories quickly. From January 1930 to June 1931, Amazing Stories published six of his short stories, one novel, and six letters.^[7] Campbell was editor of Astounding Science Fiction (later called Analog Science Fiction and Fact) from late 1937 until his death. He stopped writing fiction after he became editor of Astounding. Between December 11, 1957, and June 13, 1958, he hosted a weekly science fiction radio program called Exploring Tomorrow. The scripts were written by authors such as Gordon R. Dickson and Robert Silverberg.^[5]

Campbell and Dona Stewart married in 1931. They divorced in 1949 and he married Margaret (Peg) Winter in 1950. He spent most of his life in New Jersey and died of heart failure at his home in Mountainside, New Jersey.{{sfnp|Asimov|1973 |p=ix}}^[6]^[7] He was an atheist.^[8]

Writing career

Editor T. O'Conor Sloane lost Campbell's first manuscript that he accepted for Amazing Stories, entitled "Invaders of the Infinite".{{sfnp|Edwards|1993|p=199}} "When the Atoms Failed" appeared in January 1930, followed by five more during 1930. Three were part of a space opera series featuring the characters Arcot, Morey, and Wade. A complete novel in the series, Islands of Space, was the cover story in the Spring 1931 Quarterly.^[7] During 1934–35 a serial novel, The Mightiest Machine, ran in Astounding Stories, edited by F. Orlin Tremaine, and several stories featuring lead characters Penton and Blake appeared from late 1936 in Thrilling Wonder Stories, edited by Mort Weisinger.^[7]

The early work for Amazing established Campbell's reputation as a writer of space adventure. When in 1934 he began to publish stories with a different tone he wrote as Don A. Stuart, a pseudonym derived from his wife's maiden name.^[9]

From 1930 until the later part of that decade, Campbell was prolific and successful under both names. Three significant stories published under the pseudonym are "Twilight" (Astounding, November 1934), "Night" (Astounding, October 1935), and "Who Goes There?" (Astounding, August 1938). "Who Goes There?", about a group of Antarctic researchers who discover a crashed alien vessel, formerly inhabited by a malevolent shape-changing occupant, was published in Astounding almost a year after Campbell became its editor and it was his last significant piece of fiction, at age 28. It was filmed as The Thing from Another World (1951), The Thing (1982), and again as The Thing (2011).

Campbell held the amateur radio call sign W2ZGU, and wrote many articles on electronics and radio for a wide range of magazines.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Editing career

Tremaine hired Campbell to succeed him^[10] as the editor of Astounding from its October 1937 issue.^[7]^[11]^[12] Campbell was not given full authority for Astounding until May 1938,^[13] but had been responsible for buying stories somewhat earlier.{{refn |group=Note |An editorial notice in the April 1938 issue made it clear Campbell was responsible for stories appearing as early as February. The editorial note was not signed, but it refers to stories bought for the last three issues,^[14] one of which (Lester del Rey's "The Faithful") is known to have been bought by Campbell.^[11]}}^[11]^[12]^[15] He began to make changes almost immediately, instigating a "mutant" label for unusual stories, and in March 1938 changing the title from Astounding Stories to Astounding Science-Fiction.

Lester del Rey's first story, in March 1938, was an early find for Campbell, and in 1939, he published such an extraordinary group of new writers for the first time that the period is generally regarded as the beginning of the "Golden Age of Science Fiction", and the July 1939 issue in particular.{{refn |group=Note |For example, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction says "The beginning of Campbell's particular Golden Age of SF can be pinpointed as the summer of 1939," and goes on to begin the discussion with the July 1939 issue.{{sfnp|Edwards|1993|p=199}} Lester del Rey comments that "July was the turning point."^[16]}} The July issue contained A. E. van Vogt's first story, "Black Destroyer", and Asimov's early story "Trends"; August brought Robert A. Heinlein's first story, "Life-Line", and the next month Theodore Sturgeon's first story appeared.

Also in 1939, Campbell started the fantasy magazine Unknown (later Unknown Worlds).^[17] Although Unknown was canceled after only four years, a victim of wartime paper shortages, the magazine's editorial direction was significant in the evolution of modern fantasy.^[18]

Influence

The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction wrote: "More than any other individual, he helped to shape modern sf,"{{sfnp|Edwards|1993|p=199}} and Darrell Schweitzer credits him with having "decreed that SF writers should pull themselves up out of the pulp mire and start writing intelligently, for adults."^[19] After 1950, new magazines such as Galaxy Science Fiction and The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction moved in different directions and developed talented new writers who were not directly influenced by him. Campbell often suggested story ideas to writers (including "Write me a creature that thinks as well as a man, or better than a man, but not like a man"), and sometimes asked for stories to match cover paintings he had already bought.

Campbell had a strong formative influence on Asimov and eventually became a friend.^[20] Asimov said of Campbell's influence on the field:

One example of the type of speculative but plausible science fiction that Campbell demanded from his writers is "Deadline", a short story by Cleve Cartmill that appeared during the wartime year of 1944, a year before the detonation of the first atomic bomb. As Ben Bova, Campbell's successor as editor at Analog, wrote, it "described the basic facts of how to build an atomic bomb. Cartmill and Campbell worked together on the story, drawing their scientific information from papers published in the technical journals before the war. To them, the mechanics of constructing a uranium-fission bomb seemed perfectly obvious." The FBI descended on Campbell's office after the story appeared in print and demanded that the issue be removed from the newsstands. Campbell convinced them that by removing the magazine "the FBI would be advertising to everyone that such a project existed and was aimed at developing nuclear weapons" and the demand was dropped.{{sfnp|Ben Bova|1975|pp=66–67}}

Campbell was also responsible for the grim and controversial ending of Tom Godwin's short story "The Cold Equations". Writer Joe Green recounted that Campbell had

Between December 11, 1957, and June 13, 1958, Campbell hosted a weekly science fiction radio program called Exploring Tomorrow.

Views

Slavery and racism

Green wrote that Campbell "enjoyed taking the 'devil's advocate' position in almost any area, willing to defend even viewpoints with which he disagreed if that led to a livelier debate." As an example, he wrote, Campbell

In a June 1961 editorial called "Civil War Centennial," Campbell argued that slavery had been a dominant form of human relationships for most of history and that the present was unusual in that anti-slavery cultures dominated the planet. He wrote,

According to Michael Moorcock, Campbell suggested that some people preferred slavery.

On February 10, 1967, Campbell rejected Samuel R. Delany's Nova a month before it was ultimately published, with a note and phone call to his agent explaining that he did not feel his readership "would be able to relate to a black main character". There reputedly exists a letter from him to horror writer Dean Koontz in which Campbell argues that a technologically advanced black civilization would be a social and a biological impossibility.^[22]

In 1963, Campbell published an essay supporting segregated schools and arguing that "the Negro race" had failed to "produce[] super-high-geniuses".^[23] In 1965, he continued his defense of segregation and related practices, critiquing "the arrogant defiance of law by many of the Negro 'Civil Rights' groups".^[24]

Medicine and health

Campbell was a critic of government regulation of health and safety, excoriating numerous public health initiatives and regulations.

Campbell was a heavy smoker throughout his life and was seldom seen without his customary cigarette holder. In the Analog of September 1964, nine months after the Surgeon General's first major warning about the dangers of cigarette smoking had been issued (January 11, 1964) Campbell ran an editorial, "A Counterblaste to Tobacco" that took its title from the anti-smoking book of the same name by King James I of England.^[25] In it, he stated that the connection to lung cancer was "esoteric" and referred to "a barely determinable possible correlation between cigarette smoking and cancer." He said that tobacco's calming effects led to more effective thinking.^[26]

However, in a one-page piece about automobile safety in the Analog dated May 1967, Campbell wrote of "people suddenly becoming conscious of the fact that cars kill more people than cigarettes do, even if the antitobacco alarmists were completely right..."^[27]

His critiques of government regulation of health risks were not limited to tobacco. In 1963, Campbell published an angry editorial about Frances Oldham Kelsey who, while at the FDA, refused to permit thalidomide from being sold in the United States.^[28]

In a number of other essays, Campbell supported crank medicine, arguing that government regulation was more harmful than beneficial^[29] and that regulating quackery prevented many possible beneficial medicines (krebiozen).^[30]^[31]

Pseudoscience, parapsychology, and fringe politics

In the 1930s Campbell became interested in Joseph Rhine's theories about ESP (Rhine had already founded Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke University when Campbell was a student there),^[32] and over the following years his growing interest in parapsychology would be reflected in the stories he published when he encouraged the writers to include these topics in their tales,^[33] leading to the publication of numerous works about telepathy and other psionic abilities.

His increasing beliefs in pseudoscience would eventually start to isolate and alienate him from some of his own writers. He wrote favorably about such things as the "Dean drive", a device that supposedly produced thrust in violation of Newton's third law, and the "Hieronymus machine", which could supposedly amplify psi powers.^[44]{{refn |group=Note |Science-fiction writer and critic Damon Knight commented in his book In Search of Wonder: "In the pantheon of magazine science fiction there is no more complex and puzzling figure than that of John Campbell, and certainly none odder." Knight also wrote a four-stanza ditty about some of Campbell's new interests. The first stanza reads:

In 1949, Campbell also became interested in Dianetics. He wrote of L. Ron Hubbard's initial article in Astounding that "[i]t is, I assure you in full and absolute sincerity, one of the most important articles ever published."^[34]

Asimov wrote: "A number of writers wrote pseudoscientific stuff to ensure sales to Campbell, but the best writers retreated, I among them. ..."{{sfnp|Asimov|1994 |p=74}} Elsewhere Asimov went on to further explain,

Assessment by peers

Damon Knight described Campbell as a "portly, bristled-haired blond man with a challenging stare."{{sfnp|Aldiss |Harrison|1975|p=114}} "Six-foot-one, with hawklike features, he presented a formidable appearance," said Sam Moskowitz.{{sfnp|Moskowitz|1967}} "He was a tall, large man with light hair, a beaky nose, a wide face with thin lips, and with a cigarette in a holder forever clamped between his teeth," wrote Asimov.{{sfnp|Asimov|1994|p=72}}

Asimov said that Campbell was "talkative, opinionated, quicksilver-minded, overbearing. Talking to him meant listening to a monologue ..."{{sfnp|Asimov|1994 |p=72}} Knight agreed: "Campbell's lecture-room manner was so unpleasant to me that I was unwilling to face it. Campbell talked a good deal more than he listened, and he liked to say outrageous things."{{sfnp|Aldiss |Harrison|1975|p=133}}

British novelist and critic Kingsley Amis dismissed Campbell brusquely: "I might just add as a sociological note that the editor of Astounding, himself a deviant figure of marked ferocity, seems to think he has invented a psi machine."{{sfnp|Amis|1960 |p=84}}

Several SF novelists have criticized Campbell as prejudiced - Samuel R. Delany for Campbell's rejection of a novel due to the black main character,^[36] and Joe Haldeman in the dedication of Forever Peace, for rejecting a novel due to a female soldier protagonist.

British SF novelist Michael Moorcock, as part of his Starship Stormtroopers editorial, said Campbell's Stories and its writers were "wild-eyed paternalists to a man, fierce anti-socialists" with "[stories] full of crew-cut wisecracking, cigar-chewing, competent guys (like Campbell's image of himself)", who had success because their "work reflected the deep-seated conservatism of the majority of their readers, who saw a Bolshevik menace in every union meeting". He viewed Campbell as turning the magazine into a vessel for right-wing politics, "by the early 1950s ... a crypto-fascist deeply philistine magazine pretending to intellectualism and offering idealistic kids an 'alternative' that was, of course, no alternative at all".^[2]

SF writer Alfred Bester, an editor of Holiday Magazine and a sophisticated Manhattanite, recounted at some length his "one demented meeting" with Campbell, a man he imagined from afar to be "a combination of Bertrand Russell and Ernest Rutherford." The first thing Campbell said to him was that Freud was dead, destroyed by the new discovery of Dianetics, which, he predicted, would win L. Ron Hubbard the Nobel Peace Prize. Campbell ordered the bemused Bester to "think back. Clear yourself. Remember! You can remember when your mother tried to abort you with a button hook. You've never stopped hating her for it." Bester commented: "It reinforced my private opinion that a majority of the science-fiction crowd, despite their brilliance, were missing their marbles."{{sfnp|Aldiss |Harrison|1975|p=57}}

Campbell died in 1971 at the age of 61 in Mountainside, New Jersey.^[37] At the time of his sudden death after 34 years at the helm of Analog, Campbell's quirky personality and eccentric editorial demands had alienated a number of his most illustrious writers to the point that they no longer submitted works to him.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} After 1950, Theodore Sturgeon only published one story in Astounding but dozens in other magazines.^[1]

Asimov remained grateful for Campbell's early friendship and support. He dedicated The Early Asimov (1972) to him, and concluded it by stating that "There is no way at all to express how much he meant to me and how much he did for me except, perhaps, to write this book evoking, once more, those days of a quarter century ago".^[38] His final word on Campbell, however, was that "in the last twenty years of his life, he was only a diminishing shadow of what he had once been."{{sfnp|Asimov|1994 |p=74}} Even Heinlein, perhaps Campbell's most important discovery and a "fast friend,"{{sfnp|Virginia Heinlein|1989|p=8}} eventually tired of him.{{sfnp|Virginia Heinlein|1989 |p=36|ps= "When Podkayne was offered to him, he wrote Robert, asking what he knew about raising young girls in a few thousand carefully chosen words. The friendship dwindled, and was eventually completely gone."}}{{sfnp|Virginia Heinlein|1989|p=152|ps= In 1963, Heinlein wrote his agent to say that a rejection from another magazine was "pleasanter than offering copy to John Campbell, having it bounced (he bounced both of my last two Hugo Award winners) – and then have to wade through ten pages of his arrogant insults, explaining to me why my story is no good."}}

Awards and honors

Shortly after Campbell's death, the University of Kansas science fiction program – now the Center for the Study of Science Fiction – established the annual John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and also renamed after him its annual Campbell Conference. The World Science Fiction Society established the annual John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer. All three memorials became effective in 1973.

The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Campbell in 1996, in its inaugural class of two deceased and two living persons.^[40]

Campbell and Astounding shared one of the inaugural Hugo Awards with H. L. Gold and Galaxy at the 1953 World Science Fiction Convention. Subsequently, he won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine seven times to 1965.^[54] In 2018 he won a retrospective Hugo Award for Best Editor, Short Form (1943).^[41]

Works

This shortened bibliography lists each title once. Some titles that are duplicated are different versions, whereas other publications of Campbell's with different titles are simply selections from or retitlings of other works, and have hence been omitted. The main bibliographic sources are footnoted from this paragraph and provided much of the information in the following sections.{{sfnp|Edwards|1993|p=199}}^[12]^[43]^[44]^[45]

Novels

Short story collections and omnibus editions

Edited books

Nonfiction

Memorial works

See also

Notes

1. ^¹{{Cite book |title=The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction |last=Latham |first=Rob |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-135-22836-1 |editor-last=Bould |editor-first=Mark |pages=80–89 |chapter=Fiction, 1950-1963 |editor-last2=Butler |editor-first2=Andrew M. |editor-last3=Roberts |editor-first3=Adam |editor-last4=Vint |editor-first4=Sherryl |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7CNAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA82&ots=QpsnWwPrOs&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=true}}
2. ^{{cite book| first=Brian| last=Ash|title=Who's Who in Science Fiction|publisher=Elm Tree Books| location=London| year=1976| pages = 63|isbn=0-241-89383-6}}
3. ^{{cite book |author=Alec Nevala-Lee|authormask= |title=Astounding: John W. Campbell, Isaac Asimov, Robert A. Heinlein, L. Ron Hubbard, and the Golden Age of Science Fiction |location=New York |publisher=Dey Street Books / HarperCollins |year=2018 |isbn=9780062571946}}, chapter 1.
4. ^Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact. October 1971. p. 4.
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=SvirAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT155&dq=Exploring+Tomorrow+Gordon+R.+Dickson+Robert+Silverberg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjA1LLjtZPaAhVDObwKHa3RDrUQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Routledge Concise History of Science Fiction|last=Bould|first=Mark|last2=Vint|first2=Sherryl|date=2011-02-28|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136820403|language=en}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nndb.com/people/982/000163493/ |title=John W. Campbell |publisher= Soylent Communications |website= NNDB}}
7. ^Staff. [https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/13/archives/john-w-cpbll-of-aalog-l-science-magazine-deadat-6ii-wrlter-and.html "John W. Campbell of Analog, Science Magazine, Dead at 61"], The New York Times, July 13, 1971. Accessed November 26, 2018. "Mountainside, N.J., July 12—John. W. Campbell, editor of Analog, a leading science fiction and fact magazine, who was also a writer and anthologist, died, yesterday of a heart ailment at his home, 1457 Orchard Road."
8. ^Paul Malmont (2011). The Astounding, the Amazing, and the Unknown: A Novel. Simon and Schuster. p. 34. {{ISBN|978-1-4391-6893-6}}. For, even though John W. Campbell was an avowed atheist, when the most powerful ed at Street & Smith lost his temper, he put the fear of God into others.
9. ^¹Amazing Stories. August 1963. p. 101.
10. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://www.fiawol.org.uk/fanstuff/then%20archive/newworlds/NT19.htm |title=The Science-Fiction Association Report |magazine=NOVAE TERRAE #19 |volume=2 |issue=7 |page=18 |date=December 1937 |via=FIAWOL.org.uk |access-date=July 31, 2014}}
11. ^¹²{{cite book| first=Lester| last=del Rey| authorlink= Lester del Rey| title=The Early del Rey| publisher=Ballantine Books| location=New York| year=1976| pages=4–7, 18 |isbn=0-345-25063-X}}
12. ^¹²{{cite book| first=Donald H.| last=Tuck|authorlink= Donald H. Tuck| title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Volume 1| publisher=Advent: Publishers, Inc.| location=Chicago| year=1974| page = 87 |isbn=0-911682-20-1}}
13. ^{{cite book| first=Lester| last=del Rey|authorlink= Lester del Rey| title=The World of Science Fiction and Fantasy: The History of a Subculture| publisher=Ballantine Books| location=New York| year=1979| page = 91 |isbn=0-345-25452-X}}
14. ^Astounding Science-Fiction. April 1938. p. 125.
15. ^{{cite magazine |date=November 1937| title=Statement of ownership |magazine=Astounding Science-Fiction| page=159}} The statement listed Tremaine as the editor as of October 1, 1937.
16. ^{{cite book| first=Lester| last=del Rey|authorlink= Lester del Rey| title=The World of Science Fiction and Fantasy: The History of a Subculture| publisher=Ballantine Books| location=New York| year=1979| page = 94 |isbn=0-345-25452-X}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.philsp.com/data/data466.html#STREETSMITHSUNKNOWN |title=Street & Smith's Unknown |author=Phil Stephensen-Payne |website=Galactic Central |publisher=Galactic Central Publications |access-date=2018-03-25}}{{cite web|url=http://www.philsp.com/data/data370.html|title=Unknown|publisher=www.philsp.com|accessdate=2009-07-01}}
18. ^{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=S T |title=Icons of horror and the supernatural |publisher=Greenwood Press|date=December 2006|page=600 |isbn=978-0-313-33780-2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CNXZZdER5mQC&pg=PA600&lpg=PA600&dq=unknown+magazine+john+w+campbell|accessdate=2009-07-01}}
19. ^"Books, by Darrell Schweitzer: SERIOUS FICTION", in Aboriginal Science Fiction March/April 1989
20. ^{{cite book |title= Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction|last= Gunn|first= James|authorlink= James Gunn (author)|year= 1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|isbn= 0-19-503059-1|pages= 12–13, 20}}
21. ^{{cite magazine |title=Editorial |date=June 1961 |magazine=Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact |page=5}}
22. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://www.nyrsf.com/racism-and-science-fiction-.html |title=Racism and Science Fiction |author=Samuel R. Delany |magazine=The New York Review of Science Fiction |issue=120 |date=August 1998}}
23. ^Campbell, "Segregation" (1963.
24. ^Campbell, "Breakthrough in Psychology!" (1965).
25. ^{{cite magazine |title=Editorial |date=June 1961 |magazine=Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact |page=8}}
26. ^{{cite magazine |title=Editorial |date=September 1964 |magazine=Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact |page=8}}
27. ^{{cite magazine |title=Unsafe at High Speed |date=May 1967 |magazine=Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact |page=80}}
28. ^{{cite magazine |url=http://www.free-culture.ir/Analog_1963_Jan_The_lesson_of_thalidomide.html |title=The Lesson of Thalidomide |date=January 1963 |magazine=Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact |author=Campbell |via=Science Fiction Project - Free Culture |access-date=4 April 2018}}
29. ^Campbell, "The Value of Panic" (1956).
30. ^Campbell, "Fully Identified..." (1964)
31. ^Campbell, "Louis Pasteur, Medical Quack" (1964)
32. ^{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/WhoGoesThere_414/WhoGoesThere.txt |title=Full text of 'Who Goes There?' |quote='I guess you and I, Doc, weren't so sensitive – if you want to believe in telepathy.' 'I have to,' Copper sighted. 'Dr. Rhine of Duke University has shown that it exist, shown that some are much more sensitive than others.' |access-date=2018-03-26 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320102120/https://archive.org/stream/WhoGoesThere_414/WhoGoesThere.txt |archive-date=2016-03-20}}
33. ^{{cite journal |journal=Science Fiction Studies |volume= 18, Part 2 |date=July 1991 |author=Larry McCaffery |issn=0091-7729 |url=http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/interviews/williamson54interview.htm |title=An Interview with Jack Williamson |quote=He had gotten interested in the work that Joseph Rhine was conducting in psi phenomena at Duke University. I had written With Folded Hands without consultation with Campbell at all. He liked it and accepted it for publication, but he suggested that I look into Rhine.}}
34. ^¹Astounding Science Fiction. April 1950. p. 132.
35. ^{{cite book |title=Benchmarks Revisited |volume=Volume 2 1983–1986 |author=Algis Budrys |publisher=Ansible Editions |year=2013 |page=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umObBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Benchmarks+Revisited+1983%E2%80%931986&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjatuDlwonaAhUE2WMKHY_CB5MQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Benchmarks%20Revisited%201983%E2%80%931986&f=false |access-date=2018-03-26 }}
36. ^{{cite website |title=Racism and Science Fiction |url=http://www.nyrsf.com/racism-and-science-fiction-.html |access-date=2018-05-31}}
37. ^{{cite book |last1= Solstein|first1= Eric|last2= Moosnick|first2= Gregory|title= John W. Campbell's Golden Age of Science Fiction: Text Supplement to the DVD |url=http://www2.ku.edu/~sfcenter/JWC_Study_Supplement.pdf |accessdate= 2010-05-28|date=May 23, 2002 |publisher=Digital Media Zone |pages= 98–100|chapter=Appendix F: Obituary from The New York Times (July 13, 1971)}}
38. ^{{cite book|title=The Early Asimov or, Eleven Years of Trying |publisher=Doubleday |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5296223M/The_early_Asimov |author=Asimov, Isaac |year=1972 |page=564}}
39. ^{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhkmASDA39gC&pg=PT68#v=onepage&q&f=false |chapter=John Campbell |title=All One Universe: A Collection of Fiction and Nonfiction |author=Poul Anderson |publisher=Tom Doherty Associates |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-312-87065-2}}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.midamericon.org/halloffame/ |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521070009/http://www.midamericon.org/halloffame/ |archive-date=2013-05-21 |title=Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame |access-date=2013-03-23}} This was the official website of the hall of fame until 2004.
41. ^1943 Retro-Hugo winners at the official website
42. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/28/archives/growing-up-with.html |title=Growing up with Science Fiction |last=Sagan |first=Carl |date=1978-05-28 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-12-12 |page=SM7 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}
43. ^{{cite book |first=L.W.|last=Currey|title=Science Fiction and Fantasy Authors: A Bibliography of First Printings of Their Fiction| publisher=G.K. Hall & Co.|location=Boston| year=1979|page=97|isbn=0-8161-8242-6}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://contento.best.vwh.net |title=Index to Science Fiction Anthologies and Collections, Combined Edition |author=William G. Contento |date=2003 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908145615/http://contento.best.vwh.net/ |archivedate=2007-09-08}}
45. ^{{cite book |first=R.|last=Reginald |title=Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature: Volume 1: Indexes to the Literature |publisher=Gale Research Company|location=Detroit |year=1979|pages=88–89 |isbn=0-810-31051-1}}
46. ^¹²³⁴{{isfdb name |14}} (ISFDB). Retrieved 2013-04-13. Select a title to see its linked publication history and general information. Select a particular edition (title) for more data at that level, such as a front cover image or linked contents.
47. ^¹²³{{cite web |url=http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/moorcock.html |title=Starship Stormtroopers |author=Michael Moorcock |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021224193414/http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/moorcock.html |archive-date=2002-12-24}}
48. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit22.html#773 |title=The Locus Index to SF Awards (Campbell, John W., Jr.) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324015838/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit22.html |archive-date=2013-03-24 |publisher=Locus Publications |access-date=2013-04-13}}