| 词条 | Anderson River (Northwest Territories) |
| 释义 |
| name = Anderson River | name_native = Kuuk | name_native_lang = | name_other = Beghula | name_etymology = | image = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Canada | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of the Anderson River in Canada | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Canada | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Northwest Territories | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|692|km|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= below Carnwath River[1] | discharge1_min = {{convert|4.65|m3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|141.56|m3/s|abbr=on}}[2] | discharge1_max = {{convert|1520|m3/s|abbr=on}} | source1 = Colville Lake | source1_location = Sahtu Region | source1_coordinates= {{coord|67|18|N|125|43|W|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|801|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} | mouth = Arctic Ocean | mouth_location = Beaufort Sea, Inuvik Region | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|69|43|N|129|00|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = Carnwath River | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = River source,[3] names[4][5] }} The Anderson River (Inuvialuktun: Kuuk, river) is in the Northwest Territories in northern Canada. It originates in lakes northwest of Great Bear Lake; its headwaters are possibly on the north side of Colville Lake in the vicinity of the hamlet of Colville Lake.[3][4] It flows north and west in the area between the Mackenzie and Coppermine Rivers. Its mouth is on the Beaufort Sea on the Arctic Ocean near the eastern end of Liverpool Bay at about 70 degrees north latitude. Its main tributary is the Carnwath River. Originally known as the Beghula River it was renamed to the Anderson River in 1857 by Roderick MacFarlane after James Anderson, both of the Hudson's Bay Company. Anderson was the Chief Factor in the Mackenzie District.[5] GeographyThe Anderson River's northwestern sloping drainage basin is a part of the Anderson Plain High Subarctic (HS) Ecoregion, itself a subsection of the Taiga Plains Ecozone and the Anderson Upland Low Arctic north (LAn) Ecoregion, which is part of the Southern Arctic Ecozone.[6][7] The river encompasses wildly varied landscape. Canyons are common in the upper and middle sections, the largest of which is Falcon Canyon, at {{Convert|6|km|abbr=on}} long and approximately {{convert|40|m|abbr=on}} deep. The upper sections of the river are in taiga, with black spruce being the dominant tree. White spruce and shrublands grow on the river's floodplain and valley slopes. There are large deposits of alluvial terraces, along with cretaceous shales, Devonian limestone, and Devonian dolomite. Closer to the ocean, the river pulls above tree line, and continues through rolling tundra east of Inuvik.[6][7] Whitewater is most intense in the middle section of the river (around Falcon Canyon and upstream). A couple of class III rapids, lots of class I and II, and no major falls make the Anderson a fun, but not overly demanding whitewater run for experienced paddlers. WildlifeWildlife is abundant on the Anderson. The Bluenose barren-ground caribou herd, which calves further east near Bluenose Lake, Nunavut, migrates south down parts of the Anderson River valley in July. Muskox, moose, and grizzly bears are also common along the river.[6][7] Bird life is also abundant and varied. However, the Canadian Wildlife Service's 1999 to 2008 Field Project at the Anderson River Delta entitled "Impact of Increased Harvest on the Western Arctic Snow Goose Population" shows a decline in snow geese.[8][6][7] The last {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} of the river is listed as an Important Bird Area with an area of {{Convert|759.2|km2|ha acre|abbr=on}}.[9][10] There is a larger area, {{convert|118,417|ha|acre km2|abbr=on}}, known as the Anderson River Delta Migratory Bird Sanctuary.[11] On the delta and on the Arctic Ocean, ringed seals and bearded seals may be seen. On the ocean itself, pods of beluga whales are not uncommon.[6][7] HistoryThe Anderson River area was the historic home of an Inuvialuit group of Inuit called the Siglit, or Mackenzie Inuit,[12] known as the Anderson River People.[13] Although the Inuvialuktun name of the people is no longer known it is thought that they may have been called the Kuukugmiut, the Kuungmiut, as used by Emmanuel Felix, or Kramalit by Father Émile Petitot.[13][14] The first two names are derived from the Inuvialuktun name of the river Kuuk (river) and means "people of the river".[14] In 1857, Roderick MacFarlane, known to the Inuit as "Mitchi Paloum",[15] of the Hudson's Bay Company travelled the area looking to establish trade with the Inuit who, due to conflicts with the Gwich'in and the travel required, did not want to visit the post at Fort McPherson. On this trip he was met by a group of Inuit who proved to be hostile and he returned to Fort Good Hope. He returned again in 1858 and 1859, experiencing no difficulties and was able to begin trading with the Inuit. In 1860 he was again sent to the area, this time to establish a post for permanent trading. Construction of the post was begun in the spring of 1861 and finished before the onset of winter. The post was located on the east bank of the river about {{convert|183|km|abbr=on}} south of Liverpool Bay and {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} north of the Anderson River Forks. While there MacFarlane was visited by Robert Kennicott and at Kennicott's urging began collecting for the Smithsonian Institution. He collected over 5,000 objects, including MacFarlane's bear, which are housed in the MacFarlane Collection. The post was successful until 1864–65. In 1864 a number of the dogs used to pull the sled were killed by distemper and then in 1865 a combination of scarlet fever and measles killed the majority of the Inuit and First Nations hunters in the area. MacFarlane remained at the fort until 15 July 1866, at which time the post was closed and he was sent to Fort Simpson.[16][17][18] The Hudson's Bay Company also had a trading post at the river's mouth, later renamed as Stanton after Father Stanton ({{Coord|69|48|N|128|41|W|type:landmark_region:CA-NT|name=Stanton}}), which is now abandoned.[5][19] Sometime after 1925, possibly as late as 1950, a reindeer substation, called Anderson River ({{coord|69|42|N|128|58|W|type:landmark_region:CA-NT|name=Reindeer Substation Anderson River}}), was opened around {{Convert|10|mi|abbr=on}} south of Stanton.[5][20] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.r-arcticnet.sr.unh.edu/v4.0/ViewPoint.pl?Point=3668|title=Anderson River below Carnwath River|publisher=R-ARCTICNET|date=1969–2002|accessdate=2017-10-27}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.r-arcticnet.sr.unh.edu/v4.0/ViewPoint.pl?Point=3668|title=Anderson River below Carnwath River|publisher=R-ARCTICNET|date=1969–2002|accessdate=2017-10-27}} 3. ^1 spectacularnwt.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505152652/http://spectacularnwt.com/whattodo/outdooradventure/ourtopwaterways |date=May 5, 2014 }} 4. ^1 Anderson River Region at Inuvialuit Living History 5. ^1 2 Gazetteer of the Northwest Territories {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927005107/http://www.pwnhc.ca/programs/downloads/gazetteer1.pdf |date=2013-09-27 }}, page 16 6. ^1 2 3 4 Ecological Regions of the Northwest Territories Taiga Plains, page 34 7. ^1 2 3 4 Ecological Regions of the Northwest Territories Southern Arctic, page 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mb.ec.gc.ca/nature/ecb/da02s07.en.html#35 |title=Field Projects: Geese and Swans |publisher=gc.ca |accessdate=2008-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507170721/http://www.mb.ec.gc.ca/nature/ecb/da02s07.en.html |archivedate=2009-05-07}} 9. ^Anderson River Delta 10. ^Anderson River Delta map, site NT038 11. ^Migratory Bird Sanctuaries Northwest Territories 12. ^[https://www.academia.edu/1882999/CHRONICLING_SIGLIT_IDENTITIES_ECONOMY_PRACTICE_AND_ETHNICITY_IN_THE_WESTERN_CANADIAN_ARCTIC Chronicling Siglit Identities: Economy, Practice, and Ethnicity in the Western Canadian Arctic] 13. ^1 Anderson River People 14. ^1 Anderson River Inuvialuit at Inuvialuit Living History 15. ^Roderick MacFarlane at Inuvialuit Living History 16. ^Fort Anderson at Inuvialuit Living History 17. ^1 Two Nest Searches for the Eskimo Curlew -- A Century Apart {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000323/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/curlew/search.htm |date=2014-05-02 }} 18. ^The Inuvialuit Smithsonian Project: Winter 2009-Spring 2011 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520061358/http://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/publications/pdf/Inuvialuit%20Smithsonian%20Report.pdf |date=2014-05-20 }} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anderson-river/ |title=Anderson River |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |accessdate=2014-04-29}} 20. ^1935 Reindeer Herding in the Northwest Territories External links
1 : Rivers of the Northwest Territories |
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