| 词条 | Anticipation |
| 释义 |
Anticipation is an emotion involving pleasure, excitement, or anxiety in considering or awaiting an expected event.{{Attribution needed|date=December 2016}} {{Emotion}}As a defence mechanismRobin Skynner considered anticipation as one of "the mature ways of dealing with real stress.... You reduce the stress of some difficult challenge by anticipating what it will be like and preparing for how you are going to deal with it".[1] There is evidence that "the use of mature defenses (sublimation, anticipation) tended to increase with age".[2]Desire"Anticipation is the central ingredient in sexual desire."[3]{{Attribution needed|date=December 2016}} As "sex has a major cognitive component — the most important element for desire is positive anticipation".[4]{{Attribution needed|date=December 2016}} One name for pleasurable anticipation is excitement.{{Attribution needed|date=December 2016}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} More generally, anticipation is a central motivating force in everyday life — "the normal process of imaginative anticipation of, or speculation about, the future".[5] To enjoy one's life, "one needs a belief in Time as a promising medium to do things in; one needs to be able to suffer the pains and pleasures of anticipation and deferral".[6]{{Attribution needed|date=December 2016}} In musicThere is a number of theories explaining anticipation in music. Two prominent theories are the Neurological theories of Chase that attribute expectation building and anticipation both to inherent Neurological pitch evolution (Darwinian selection as pitch/rhythm/harmony communication response expectation) and the related skillful use of chord sequences (holding V7 until expectations are met with E, A, B7, or the well known Am/D7/G tease-satisfy sequence, with variations in the wheel of fifths). A second well-accepted theory is Huron's "ITPRA" 5 module theory of expectation, where previous imaginative tension hits the event onset/horizon, with prediction and reaction oscillating (alternating) in the response system, and resulting in appraisal feedback.[7][8] From a global perspective, even given thousands of varying scale types worldwide, there is a universal human sense of satisfaction in the return to that scale's tonic (for example, C, in the major scale, key, and tonic of C major).[9] In the context of the broader topic of Music and emotion, Juslin & Västfjäll's BRECVEM model includes, as its seventh element, Musical expectation.[10] Technically, anticipation also refers specifically to a type of nonchord tone. Note: this section refers to the process of generating the thought or feeling of anticipation in music. For titles of songs with the word Anticipation, see Anticipation (disambiguation).In phenomenology{{multiple image|align = left |direction = horizontal |image1 = |image2 = |image3 = |width = 300px |caption1 = Anticipation combined with other primary emotions.[11][12][13] }} For phenomenological philosopher Edmund Husserl, anticipation is an essential feature of human action. "In every action we know the goal in advance in the form of an anticipation that is 'empty', in the sense of vague...and [we] seek by our action to bring it step by step to concrete realization".[14] Anticipation can be shown in many ways; for example, some people seem to smile uncontrollably during this period, while others seem ill or sick. It is not uncommon for the brain to be so focused on an event, that the body is affected in such a way. Stage fright is a type of anticipation, stemming from the actor or actress hoping that they perform well.[15] In pop cultureThe musical The Rocky Horror Show and subsequent film use the phrase in a literal way, with Dr. Frank-N-Furter saying "I see you shiver with antici.......pation" (holding the breath between antici- and -pation for several seconds) during "Sweet Transvestite". Since the movie became a cult film, it has become one of the most iconic and highly quoted lines.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} See also
References1. ^Robin Skynner/John Cleese, Life and how to survive it (London 1994) p. 55 2. ^Hope R.Conte/Robert Plutchik, Ego Defenses (1995) p. 127 3. ^Barry and Emily McCarthy, Rekindling Desire (2003) p. 89 4. ^McCarthy, p. 12 5. ^Clon Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (2005) p. 83 6. ^Adam Phillips, On Flirtation (London 1994) p. 47 7. ^Wayne Chase, "How Music Really Works" (Vancouver, 2006), {{ISBN|1-897311-55-9}}, pp. 434, 621 8. ^David Huron,"Sweet Anticipation, Music and the psychology of expectation" (Cambridge, 2006), {{ISBN|978-0-262-58278-0}}, p.17 9. ^Michael Hewitt,"Musical Scales of the World" (London, 2013), {{ISBN|978-095-7547-001}}, p. 11 et. al 10. ^Juslin, Liljeström, Västfjäll, & Lundqvist. (2010). How does music evoke emotions? Exploring the underlying mechanisms. In P.N. Juslin & J. Sloboda (Eds.), Handbook of Music and Emotion: Theory, Research, and Applications (pp. 605-642). Oxford: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199604968}}. 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.adliterate.com/archives/Plutchik.emotion.theorie.POSTER.pdf |format=PDF |title=Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions |website=Adliterate.com |accessdate=2017-06-05}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=Jonathan Turner|title=On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEeSmDRsXkcC&pg=PA76|date=1 June 2000|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-6436-0|page=76}} 13. ^{{cite journal|title=A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents|journal=International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research|volume=2|issue=6|date=June 2011|url=http://www.ijser.org/paper/A_Fuzzy_Inference_System_for_Synergy_Estimation_of_Simultaneous_Emotion_Dynamics_in_Agents.html|author1=Atifa Athar|author2=M. Saleem Khan|author3=Khalil Ahmed|author4=Aiesha Ahmed|author5=Nida Anwar}} 14. ^E. Husserl, in Alfred Schutz, The Phenomenology of the Social World (Illinois 1997), p. 58 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.roadreadycases.com/resources/stage-fright.html|title=Understanding Stage Fright|website=www.roadreadycases.com|accessdate=2 March 2018}} External links{{wikiquote|Anticipation}}{{Commons|Category:Anticipation|Anticipation}}
2 : Defence mechanisms|Emotions |
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