| 词条 | Committee for the Defence of Democracy |
| 释义 |
| name = Komitet Obrony Demokracji, KOD | image = Committee_for_the_Defence_of_Democracy_logo.tif | size = 250px | alt = KOD logo | caption = The KOD logo | abbreviation = KOD | predecessor = | successor = | formation = 2015 | extinction = | type = | status = Association | purpose = | headquarters = Warsaw (Poland), Brussels (International) | region_served = Country-wide, International | membership = | main_organ = | affiliations = KOD International, KOD UK, KOD Polonia USA | num_staff = | num_volunteers = | budget = | website = {{URL|www.kod.ngo|kod.ngo}} {{URL|www.ruchkod.pl|RuchKOD.pl}} | remarks = | former name = }} The Committee for the Defence of Democracy, CDD({{lang-pl|Komitet Obrony Demokracji}}, KOD) is a Polish-born civic organization and NGO promoting European values, especially democracy, rule of law and human rights,[1] founded in November 2015 by a group of citizens including Mateusz Kijowski, as a result of, and triggered by, the Polish constitutional crisis, 2015. The organization is independent of any political parties[2] and has declared that it has no intention to transform into one,[3] but its events and actions are supported by the liberal opposition including the Modern (.N) and Civic Platform (PO) parties.[4] It is opposed to the actions of the government led by the Law and Justice (PiS) party.[5] KOD has its Polish headquarters in Warsaw and international office in Brussels[6] (KOD International), with chapters and affiliated associations around Europe, in North America, Asia and Australia.[7] The organization was awarded the 2016 European Citizens' Prize by the European Parliament for defending fundamental rights and democracy.[8] Background{{details|Polish constitutional crisis, 2015}}KOD was formed after Law and Justice won parliament election. In opposition to several actions taken by the governing party, Law and Justice ({{lang-pl|Prawo i Sprawiedliwość}}, PiS),[5] which in October 2015 became the first party in post-communist Polish history to control an absolute majority of the seats in the Polish Parliament, with a PiS-backed candidate, Andrzej Duda, winning the presidential elections just a few months earlier.[9] The primary impetus for the formation of KOD was the Parliament’s enactment of a law on 26 November 2015 purporting to invalidate the prior Government’s appointment of five judges to the Polish Constitutional Court and the nomination of new PiS-affiliated judges to replace them.[10] Since then the organisation has opposed and reacted to any actions taken by the government or President Andrzej Duda which were deemed unlawful, undermining democracy, limiting civil liberties or going against European principles.[11] ActivityOn November 26, 2015, the members of KOD wrote an open letter entitled “A Letter of the Citizens of the Constitutional State to Andrzej Duda, the President of Poland” asking him to swear in three of the five judges to the Constitutional Court. KOD argued that those three, although not the other two, were duly elected by the previous parliament.[12] As the disagreements between the governing party and the Constitutional Court continued, KOD called for protests against what it perceives as a breach of the Constitution in violation of democratic norms and the constitutional separation of powers between the legislature, executive branch, and judiciary.[10]
Most of the protests in Poland are accompanied by smaller protests by KOD cells in most European capitals and around the world, notably in Brussels, London, Paris, Berlin and the USA.[15] See also
Footnotes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kod.ngo/kod-who-is-who/aboutkod/|title=About KOD|website=Committee for the Defence of Democracy|language=en-EN|access-date=2017-03-25}} [16][17]2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kod.ngo/kod-who-is-who/aboutkod/|title=About KOD|website=Committee for the Defence of Democracy|language=en-EN|access-date=2016-11-16}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://komitetobronydemokracji.pl/oswiadczenie-kod-sprawie-partii-politycznych/|title=Oświadczenie KOD w sprawie partii politycznych - Komitet Obrony Demokracji|website=Komitet Obrony Demokracji|language=pl-PL|access-date=2016-03-10}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalresearch.ca/polish-government-expands-police-state-powers/5510219|title=Polish Government Expands Police State Powers|last=Weiss|first=Clara|date=February 25, 2016|website=Global Research|publisher=|access-date=}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,19226242,powstal-spoleczny-ruch-komitet-obrony-demokracji-ma-juz-kilka.html|title=Powstał społeczny ruch Komitet Obrony Demokracji. Ma już ponad 20 tys. zwolenników|last=Orłowski|first=Maciej|date=21 November 2015|website=wyborcza.pl|access-date=2016-03-10}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kod.ngo/kod-who-is-who/international/|title=Who is Who - International|website=Committee for the Defence of Democracy|language=en-EN|access-date=2017-03-25}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kod.ngo/kod-who-is-who/diaspora/|title=Who is Who - Diaspora|website=Committee for the Defence of Democracy|language=en-EN|access-date=2017-03-25}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://neweuropeans.net/article/1482/kod-wins-european-citizens-prize-2016|title=KOD wins the European Citizens' Prize 2016|website=New Europeans|language=en-EN|access-date=2016-11-16}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-election-idUSKCN0SL1XH20151027|title=Poland's Eurosceptics win outright majority in parliament|date=2015-10-27|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=2016-03-10}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/12/16/pola-d16.html|title=Tens of thousands march in Warsaw against constitutional coup - World Socialist Web Site|last=Niemitz|first=Dorota|website=www.wsws.org|access-date=2016-03-10}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/25/poland-right-law-justice-party-europe|title=Xenophobic, authoritarian – and generous on welfare: how Poland’s right rules|website=The Economist|language=en-EN|access-date=2016-11-16}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://metrocafe.pl/metrocafe/1,145523,19257132,ostry-list-komitetu-obrony-demokracji-do-prezydenta.html|title=Ostry list Komitetu Obrony Demokracji do Prezydenta!|website=metrocafe.pl|language=pl-PL|access-date=2016-03-10}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Wiadomosci/Kraj/Poicja-Na-warszawskiej-manifestacji-KOD-17-20-tys.-osob-00015865|title=Policja: Na warszawskiej manifestacji KOD 17-20 tys. osób|author=Redakcja Radia ZET|work=Policja: Na warszawskiej manifestacji KOD 17-20 tys. osób - Wiadomości|accessdate=2016-03-16}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.com/Detail/2016/05/07/464427/Poland-Warsaw|title=Some 240k demonstrate against Polish government policies in Warsaw|website=Press TV|language=en-EN|access-date=2016-11-16}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://londynek.net/wiadomosci/article?jdnews_id=34194|title=Polonia manifestowała na całym świecie. Protesty KOD w UK, Francji, USA, Australii, Niemczech|website=Londynek.net|language=pl-PL|access-date=2016-11-16}} 16. ^1 {{cite journal |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=December 12, 2015|title= 50 000 manifestants à Varsovie pour " défendre la démocratie "|url= http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2015/12/12/50-000-manifestants-a-varsovie-pour-defendre-la-democratie_4830627_3214.html|journal= Le Monde|publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |language=fr|access-date= December 15, 2015}} 17. ^1 {{cite journal |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date= December 12, 2015|title=Zehntausende demonstrieren gegen Präsident Duda|url= https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/polen-demonstration-gegen-praesident-duda-a-1067511.html |journal= Der Spiegel online|publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |language=de|access-date=December 22, 2015}} }} External links{{commons category|Komitet Obrony Demokracji}}
7 : 2015 establishments in Poland|Democracy movements|Organizations established in 2015|Politics of Poland|Political opposition organizations|Political organisations in Poland|Protests in Poland |
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