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词条 Bombing of Kassel in World War II
释义

  1. Targets

  2. Bombing raids

  3. References

  4. Sources

  5. External sources

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Kassel World War II bombings
|partof = Strategic bombing campaign in Europe
|image =
|caption = Two people observing fires ravaging the Bettenhausen district after bombing
|date =1942-1945
|place = Kassel
|result =
|combatant1={{Flag|United States|1912}}
{{GBR}}
|combatant2={{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|commander1=Carl Spaatz (May 1942 - )
Arthur Harris (1941-)
|commander2=Gauleiters, Karl Weinrich,
Karl Gerland
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|}}

The Kassel World War II bombings were a set of Allied strategic bombing attacks which took place from February 1942 to March 1945. In a single deadliest raid on 22–23 October 1943, 150,000 inhabitants were bombed-out, at least 10,000 people died, the vast majority of the city center was destroyed, and the fire of the most severe air raid burned for seven days. The US First Army captured Kassel on 3 April 1945, where only 50,000 inhabitants remained, versus 236,000 in 1939.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}

Targets

As well as being the capital of the provinces of Hesse-Nassau & Kurhessen, Kassel had some important targets.

  • Fieseler aircraft plant
  • Henschel & Sohn facilities, maker of the Tiger I and King Tiger heavy tanks
  • The Henschel & Sohn firm's locomotive plant
  • engine plant
  • motor transport plant
  • railway works
  • Military HQs at Wehrkreis IX, and Bereich Hauptsitz Kassel
  • Central Germany HQ, highway & railway construction
  • Regional Supreme Court

Bombing raids

{{clear}}
bombing raids on Kassel during World War II
DateTarget
1942-02-17|17/18 February 1942}}date=April 2009}} 10 Wellingtons and 3 Stirlings to Emden, Hamburg, Kassel and Aachen.
1942-08-27|27/28 August 1942}} Henschel 306 aircraft destroyed/seriously damaged 144/317 buildings, particularly in the city southwest. Three Henschel buildings were seriously damaged, and 43/251 were killed/injured.[1]
8/9 September 1941date=December 2017}} Nearly 100 aircraft hit several armament factories, and destroyed the railway station, the Red Palace, and the Museum Fridericianum, home of the Kassel State Library, along with 350,000 books, seven-eighths of the library's entire book collection.[2]
2/3 October 1943date=April 2009}} The Pathfinder Force (PFF) was not able to find the center of the city, and most bombs into Ihringshausen and Bettenhausen. In addition to considerable damage, an ammunition store was hit.
3/4 October 1943date=April 2009}} 547 aircraft used H2S radar; the main weight of bombs fell on the western suburbs and outlying towns and villages.
22/23 October 1943 city centre 569 bombers dropped more than 1,800 tons of bombs (including 460,000 magnesium fire sticks) in a concentrated pattern.[3] For deception, the attack used Operation Corona radio spoofing and a Frankfurt diversionary raid. The blaze caused a minor firestorm similar in nature to that at Hamburg. Damage to the main telephone exchange and the city's water pipes hindered firefighting efforts.
18/19 March 1944date=April 2009}} 11 Mosquitos on a diversionary raid.
30/31 March 1944date=April 2009}} 34 Mosquitos on diversionary raids to Aachen, Cologne and Kassel.
27/28 September 1944date=April 2009}} 46 Mosquitos on a diversionary raid.
28 September 1944 Henschel motor transport plant Mission 652: 243 of 262 dispatched B-24s bombed the Kassel/Henschel motor transport plant.[4]
3/4 October 1944date=April 2009}} 43 Mosquitos.
15/16 October 1944date=April 2009}} 2 Mosquitos on a diversionary raid.
9/10 November 1944date=April 2009}} 3 Mosquitos.
27/28 December 1944date=April 2009}}date=February 2012}}
6/7 January 1945date=April 2009}} 20 Mosquitos.
18/19 January 1945date=April 2009}} 12 Mosquitos.
21/22 January 1945date=April 2009}} 76 Mosquitos
2/3 March 1945date=April 2009}} 67 Mosquitos on a training raid.
8/9 March 1945date=April 2009}} 176 aircraft; the last heavy raid by the RAF on Kassel.
18/19 March 1945date=April 2009}} 24 Mosquitos.
20/21 March 1945date=April 2009}} 16 Mosquitos on a diversionary raid.
{{externalimage|align=right|images=Before and after the bombings
After the bombing in 1943
}}

References

1. ^{{cite web |last = |first = |title = Campaign Diary |url = http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html |work = Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary |publisher = UK Crown |accessdate = 2009-03-22 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417162823/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html |archivedate = 2009-04-17 |df = }}February 1942 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607044832/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb42.html |date=June 7, 2007 }},August 1942 {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug42.html# |date=2007-07-06 }},October 1943 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303000000/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct43.html |date=March 3, 2009 }},November 1943 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611030432/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov43.html |date=June 11, 2007 }},December 1943 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303234843/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec43.html |date=March 3, 2009 }}January 1944 {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan44.html |date=2007-07-06 }},February 1944 {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb44.html |date=2007-07-06 }}March 1944 {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar44.html |date=2007-07-06 }},September 1944,October 1944,November 1944,December 1944 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606110620/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec44.html |date=June 6, 2011 }}January 1945 {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan45.html |date=2007-07-06 }},February 1945 {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb45.html |date=2007-07-06 }}March 1945,April 1945 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728094923/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr45.html |date=2012-07-28 }}
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Popa|first1=Opritsa D.|title=Bibliophiles and bibliothieves : the search for the Hildebrandslied and the Willehalm Codex|date=2003|publisher=de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=3-11-017730-7|page=12|ref=harv|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=u0pTSAycbqIC&lpg=PR8&ots=phoedz4cKi&dq=Opritsa%20D.%20Popa%20summary&pg=PR8#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=30 December 2017}}
3. ^Bomber Command October 1943 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303235000/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct43.html |date=March 3, 2009 }}
4. ^{{cite web |last=McKillop |first=Jack |url=http://www.usaaf.net/chron/index.htm |title=Combat Chronology of the USAAF |work= |accessdate=2009-04-09 |publisher=usaaf.net |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610115615/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/index.htm |archivedate=2007-06-10 |df= }}
1942:January {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204143319/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/jan42.htm |date=2009-02-04 }},February {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103911/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/feb42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},March {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103117/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/mar42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},April {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103421/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/apr42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},May {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103916/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/may42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},June {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102250/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/jun42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},July {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103056/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/jul42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},August {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102639/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/aug42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},September {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102337/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/sep42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},October {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101801/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/oct42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},November {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102714/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/nov42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},December {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102644/http://usaaf.net/chron/42/dec42.htm |date=2009-02-11 }}
1943:January {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531191539/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/jan43.htm |date=2012-05-31 }},February {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101850/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/feb43.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},March {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103950/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/mar43.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},April {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101806/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/apr43.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},May {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228133354/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/may43.htm |date=2009-02-28 }},June {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228133323/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/jun43.htm |date=2009-02-28 }},July {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103201/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/jul43.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},August {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212182006/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/aug43.htm |date=2009-02-12 }},September {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103429/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/sep43.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},October {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531191604/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/oct43.htm |date=2012-05-31 }},November {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101956/http://usaaf.net/chron/43/nov43.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},December {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007025927/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/43/dec43.htm |date=2006-10-07 }}
1944:January {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104025/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/jan44.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},February {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227223115/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/feb44.htm |date=2014-12-27 }},March {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104458/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/mar44.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},April {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216134921/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/apr44.htm |date=2009-02-16 }},May {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606084013/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/may44.htm |date=2012-06-06 }},June {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216134948/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/jun44.htm |date=2009-02-16 }},July {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527104023/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/jul44.htm |date=2013-05-27 }},August {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103512/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/aug44.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},September {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213065727/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/sep44.htm |date=2009-02-13 }},October {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307201338/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/44/oct44.htm |date=2010-03-07 }},November {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104529/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/nov44.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},December {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102831/http://usaaf.net/chron/44/dec44.htm |date=2009-02-11 }}
1945:January {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216135327/http://usaaf.net/chron/45/jan45.htm |date=2009-02-16 }},February {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929142523/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/feb45.htm |date=2013-09-29 }},March {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602071111/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/mar45.htm |date=2013-06-02 }},April {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307201343/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/apr45.htm |date=2010-03-07 }},May {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307201214/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/may45.htm |date=2010-03-07 }},June {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104534/http://usaaf.net/chron/45/jun45.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},July {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307201203/http://www.usaaf.net/chron/45/jul45.htm |date=2010-03-07 }},August {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211103609/http://usaaf.net/chron/45/aug45.htm |date=2009-02-11 }},September {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211104645/http://usaaf.net/chron/45/sep45.htm |date=2009-02-11 }}

Sources

  • Werner Dettmar: Die Zerstörung Kassels im Oktober 1943. Hesse, Fuldabrück 1983, {{ISBN|3-924259-00-3}}
  • Gebhard Aders: Bombenkrieg/Strategien der Zerstörung. licoverlag 2004

External sources

  • RAF bombing of Kassel (October 1943)
  • USAAF bombing of Kassel (September 1944)
{{RAF WWII Strategic Bombing}}{{WWII city bombing}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kassel}}

7 : 20th century in Kassel|World War II strategic bombing of Germany|Aerial operations and battles of World War II|Firebombings|20th century in Hesse|Germany–United Kingdom military relations|Germany–United States military relations
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