| 词条 | Buford Ellington |
| 释义 |
|name = Buford Ellington |image = Earl Buford Ellington, Tennessee Governor.jpg |office = Chair of the National Governors Association |term_start = July 21, 1968 |term_end = August 31, 1969 |predecessor = John A. Volpe |successor = John Arthur Love |order1 = 42nd Governor of Tennessee |lieutenant1 = Frank Gorrell |term_start1 = January 16, 1967 |term_end1 = January 16, 1971 |predecessor1 = Frank G. Clement |successor1 = Winfield Dunn |lieutenant2 = William D. Baird |term_start2 = January 19, 1959 |term_end2 = January 15, 1963 |predecessor2 = Frank G. Clement |successor2 = Frank G. Clement |office3 = Director of the Office of Emergency Planning |president3 = Lyndon B. Johnson |term_start3 = March 4, 1965 |term_end3 = March 23, 1966 |predecessor3 = Edward McDermott |successor3 = C. Farris Bryant |birth_name = Earl Buford Ellington |birth_date = {{birth date|1907|6|27}} |birth_place = near Lexington, Mississippi, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1972|4|3|1907|6|27}} |death_place = Boca Raton, Florida, U.S. |party = Democratic |spouse = Catherine Cheek |education = Holmes Community College Millsaps College }} Earl Buford Ellington (June 27, 1907 – April 3, 1972) was an American politician who served as Governor of Tennessee from 1959 to 1963, and again from 1967 to 1971. Along with his political ally, Frank G. Clement, he helped lead a political machine that controlled the governor's office for 18 years, from 1953 to 1971. Ellington was a supporter of President Lyndon B. Johnson; he was appointed in 1965 as the Director of the Office of Emergency Planning during the Johnson Administration.[1] Early life and careerEllington was born in Holmes County, Mississippi, the son of Abner and Cora (Grantham) Ellington. He studied religion at Millsaps College in Jackson, Mississippi, but had to drop out due to financial difficulties.[1] He edited a newspaper in Durant, Mississippi, for a brief period. In 1929, he married Catherine Ann Cheek, and moved to her native Marshall County, Tennessee, in the south central part of the state. There he bought a store in the Verona community. He worked as a salesman for American Harvester in the 1930s, and was a supervising salesman with Tennessee Farm Bureau Insurance in the early 1940s.[2] Having joined the Democratic Party, in 1944, Ellington worked in the campaign of successful gubernatorial candidate, Jim Nance McCord.[2] Two years later, he was the Marshall County manager for the campaign of US Congressman Joe L. Evins. In 1948, Ellington ran and was elected to Marshall County's seat in the Tennessee House of Representatives.[1] In 1952, Ellington managed the successful campaign of Frank Clement, who defeated incumbent Gordon Browning in the Democratic primary for governor, and went on to win the general election. Clement's campaign had the support of Memphis political boss E. H. Crump, who was seeking to regain the influence he had lost after Browning defeated his candidate, McCord, four years earlier. Clement appointed Ellington as Commissioner of Agriculture, where he served until the late 1950s under more than one administration.[2] GovernorIn 1953, the Tennessee State Constitution was amended, extending the gubernatorial term from two years to four years. The new amendments prevented governors from serving consecutive terms, but a temporary exception was made for Clement. He was elected to a full four-year term in 1954 after his initial two-year term. In 1958, with Clement term-limited, Ellington sought the Democratic Party's nomination for governor. His opponents were Memphis mayor Edmund Orgill, Nashville attorney Clifford Allen, and Judge Andrew "Tip" Taylor. Since Crump's death in 1954, the Clement-Ellington alliance had become the state's leading political organization. Ellington won the nomination with 213,415 votes to 204,629 for Taylor, 204,382 for Orgill, and 56,854 for Allen.[2] He won the general election by a sizeable margin over several opponents, among them former Governor McCord, who ran as an independent.[2] During his first term, Ellington continued many of Clement's policies. Aided by an economic boom, he could approve raises for public school teachers and school administrators without increasing taxes.[1] While he supported continued legal segregation, he ordered the state to comply with the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional; it ordered desegregation of the public school system.[2] In 1961, several Tennessee State University students who had participated in the Freedom Rides, to highlight illegal segregation on interstates buses, which were covered by federal law, were expelled after Ellington ordered an investigation into their activities.[3] In response, dozens of protesters picketed the state capitol and demanded a meeting with Ellington, but he refused.[4] At the 1960 Democratic National Convention, a rift had begun to form in the relationship between Clement and Ellington. The former endorsed John F. Kennedy for president, and the latter endorsed Lyndon B. Johnson.[1] Following his first term as governor, which ended in 1963, Ellington returned to the private sector, working as a vice president of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.[2] Vice President Lyndon Johnson succeeded Kennedy to the presidency after he was assassinated in Dallas in November 1963. In early 1965, President Johnson appointed Ellington as Director of the Office of Emergency Planning (later integrated into FEMA). During the Selma to Montgomery marches, which took place at the height of the civil rights movement in March of that year, Ellington played a key role in establishing contact and talks between President Johnson and Governor George Wallace of Alabama. The state provided protection for marchers in the last march.[5] In September, Ellington helped organize federal relief efforts in the wake of Hurricane Betsy.[6] Ellington again sought the Democratic Party nomination for governor in 1966. His opponent, John Jay Hooker, was a friend of former Governor Browning, and had been endorsed by the Nashville Tennessean. Ellington was endorsed by President Johnson, Clement, and the Nashville Banner. He defeated Hooker for the nomination, 413,950 votes to 360,105.[2] The divide between Clement and Ellington continued to grow, as Ellington refused to endorse Clement in his US Senate primary campaign against Ross Bass.[2] Governor Clement attempted to spend the state's budget surplus to ensure the Ellington administration did not inherit it.[1] Ellington won the general gubernatorial election in 1966. By this time, he had shifted his position on segregation, and openly supported an end to the long-standing practice.[1] In 1967, he appointed African American Hosea T. Lockard to his cabinet as administrative assistant; he was the first black cabinet member in state history.[1] In April 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated in Memphis, where he was assisting with the Memphis Sanitation Strike. Ellington immediately mobilized the National Guard to prevent rioting in the city. In September 1967, Ellington signed a bill repealing the Butler Act, the 1925 law that had outlawed the teaching of the Theory of Evolution in state schools.[2] Later lifeEllington did not seek another office after his second term as governor ended. In the 1970 gubernatorial campaign, he refused to endorse the Democratic nominee, John Jay Hooker, and quietly supported the Republican nominee (and eventual winner), Winfield Dunn.[2] Ellington's press secretary, Hudley Crockett, was narrowly defeated by incumbent Al Gore, Sr., in the 1970 U.S. Senate primary. Ellington died while playing golf in Boca Raton, Florida, on April 3, 1972. Former President Johnson and former Vice President Spiro Agnew were among those who attended his funeral,[1][7] and President Richard Nixon issued a statement of condolence.[8] Family and legacyEllington married Catherine Ann Cheek in 1929.[1] They had two children: John, who became a pilot and aviation expert,[9] and Ann, who became an artist.[10]
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Vaughn May, "Buford Ellington," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2009. Retrieved: 29 December 2012. 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Phillip Langsdon, Tennessee: A Political History (Franklin, Tenn.: Hillsboro Press, 2000), pp. 366-372. 3. ^The Road to Civil Rights - Waiting for the ICC, Federal Highway Administration website, 7 April 2011. Retrieved: 29 December 2012. 4. ^Genma Holmes, "The 50th Anniversary of Tennessee State University's Freedom Riders {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811034408/http://open.salon.com/blog/genmaspeaks/2011/05/06/the_50th_anniversary_of_tennessee_state_universitys_freedom_riders |date=August 11, 2014 }}," Salon.com, 6 May 2011. Retrieved: 29 December 2012. 5. ^Alice Anne Stephens, "The President, the Wildcard, and the Link: President Johnson, Governor Wallace, and Buford Ellington in Selma, Alabama {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010175441/http://tapes.millercenter.virginia.edu/exhibit/lbj-governor-wallace-and-buford-ellington-selma-alabama# |date=2008-10-10 }}," Presidential Recordings Program, 2011. Retrieved: 29 December 2012. 6. ^The President's Remarks Upon Arrival at New Orleans Municipal Airport {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128142119/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/AV.hom/Hurricane/audio_transcript.shtm# |date=2013-01-28 }}, 10 September 1965. Accessed at the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library website, 29 December 2012. 7. ^Randall Bennett Woods, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sb8W_Ba3jkkC&pg=PA882&lpg=PA882&dq=%22buford+ellington%22+funeral+lyndon+johnson&source=bl&ots=g10cwI_VdQ&sig=AzhdMjJ5uMRN70EnMf3ZG7wLO6E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rMPfUP_pKYik9ASQj4CICA&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22buford%20ellington%22%20funeral%20lyndon%20johnson&f=false LBJ: Architect of American Ambition] (Harvard University Press, 2007), p. 882. 8. ^Richard Nixon: "Statement About the Death of Buford Ellington," April 4, 1972. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. Retrieved: 29 December 2012. 9. ^Tennessee Aviation Network Hall of Fame {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419201501/http://tn-aviation.org/HallOfFame.htm# |date=2011-04-19 }}. Retrieved: 29 December 2012. 10. ^Ann Ellington Wagner {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816004647/http://annellingtonwagner.com/About.html |date=August 16, 2013 }}, official site. Retrieved: 29 December 2012. 11. ^Angie Mayes, "[https://archive.is/20130119140728/http://cdh.columbiadailyherald.com/articles/2012/05/22/affiliate/brentwoodlife/news/06ag.txt Ellington Ag Center is an 'Oasis of Wild America']," Brentwood Life, 22 May 2012. Retrieved: 29 December 2012. External links
|-{{s-ttl|title=Democratic nominee for Governor of Tennessee|years=1966}}{{s-aft|after=John Jay Hooker}} |-{{s-off}}{{s-bef|before=Frank G. Clement}}{{s-ttl|title=Governor of Tennessee|years=1959–1963}}{{s-aft|after=Frank G. Clement}} |-{{s-bef|before=Edward McDermott}}{{s-ttl|title=Director of the Office of Emergency Planning|years=1965–1966}}{{s-aft|after=C. Farris Bryant}} |-{{s-bef|before=Frank G. Clement}}{{s-ttl|title=Governor of Tennessee|years=1967–1971}}{{s-aft|after=Winfield Dunn}} |-{{s-bef|before=John A. Volpe}}{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the National Governors Association|years=1968–1969}}{{s-aft|after=John Arthur Love}}{{s-end}}{{Governors of Tennessee}}{{National Governors Association chairs}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ellington, Earl Buford}} 9 : 20th-century American politicians|1907 births|1972 deaths|Democratic Party state governors of the United States|Governors of Tennessee|People from Holmes County, Mississippi|People from Marshall County, Tennessee|State cabinet secretaries of Tennessee|Tennessee Democrats |
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