| 词条 | Civitavecchia |
| 释义 |
| name = Civitavecchia | official_name = Città di Civitavecchia | native_name = | image_skyline =Forte Michelangelo 2014.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Civitavecchia fort and harbour | image_shield = Civitavecchia-Stemma.png | shield_alt = | image_map = Map of comune of Civitavecchia (province of Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Civitavecchia in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|42|06|N|11|48|E|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = Lazio | metropolitan_city = Rome (RM) | frazioni = Aurelia, La Scaglia | mayor_party = M5S | mayor = Antonio Cozzolino | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 71.95 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 53027 | population_as_of = 31 August 2015 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Civitavecchiesi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 4 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = Saint Fermina | day = 28 April | postal_code = 00053 | area_code = 0766 | website = {{official website|http://www.comune.civitavecchia.rm.it/}} | footnotes = }} Civitavecchia ({{IPA-it|ˌtʃivitaˈvɛkkja|pron}}; meaning "ancient town") is a city and comune of the Metropolitan City of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio. A sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea, it is located {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=off}} west-north-west of center of Rome. The harbour is formed by two piers and a breakwater, on which is a lighthouse. The population of Civitavecchia was around 53,000 as of 2015. HistoryThe modern city was built over a pre-existing Etruscan settlement. The harbour was constructed by the Emperor Trajan at the beginning of the 2nd century. The first occurrence of the name Centum Cellae is from a letter by Pliny the Younger (AD 107). The origin of the name is disputed: it has been suggested that it could refer to the centum ("hundred") halls of the villa of the emperor. In the early Middle Ages (530s), Centumcellae was a Byzantine stronghold. It became part of the Papal States in 728. As the port was raided by the Saracens in 813-814, 828, 846 and finally in 876, a new settlement in a more secure place was therefore built by order of Pope Leo VII as soon as 854. The Popes gave the settlement as a fief to several local lords, including the Count Ranieri of Civitacastellana and the Abbey of Farfa, and the Di Vico, who held Centumcellae in 1431. In that year, pope Eugene IV sent an army under cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi and several condottieri (Niccolò Fortebraccio, Ranuccio Farnese and Menicuccio dell'Aquila among them) to recapture the place, which, after the payment of 4,000 florins, became thenceforth a full Papal possession, led by a vicar and a treasurer. The place became a free port under Pope Innocent XII in 1696 and by the modern era was the main port of Rome. The French Empire occupied it in 1806. On 16 April 1859 the Rome and Civitavecchia Rail Road was opened for service. The Papal troops opened the gates of the fortress to the Italian general Nino Bixio in 1870. During World War II, Allied bombings severely damaged Civitavecchia, and caused civilian casualties. EconomyCivitavecchia is today a major cruise and ferry port, the main starting point for sea connection from central Italy to Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Tunis and Barcelona. Fishing has a secondary importance. The city is also the seat of two thermal power stations. The conversion of one of them to coal has raised the population's protests, as it is feared it could create heavy pollution. Main sightsThe massive Forte Michelangelo was first commissioned from Donato Bramante by Pope Julius II, to defend the port of Rome. The upper part of the "maschio" tower, however, was designed by Michelangelo, whose name is generally applied to the fortress. North of the city at Ficoncella are the Terme Taurine baths frequented by Romans and still popular with the Civitavecchiesi. The modern name stems from the common fig plants among the various pools. And also next to the town is the location of the cruise ship docks. All major cruise lines start and end their cruises at this location, and others stop for shore excursion days that allow guests to see Rome and Vatican sights, which are ninety minutes away. GeographyClimateCivitavecchia experiences a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). {{Weather box|location = Civitavecchia |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high F = 55.0 |Feb high F = 55.6 |Mar high F = 58.3 |Apr high F = 62.1 |May high F = 68.5 |Jun high F = 74.5 |Jul high F = 79.7 |Aug high F = 80.6 |Sep high F = 76.8 |Oct high F = 70.5 |Nov high F = 62.6 |Dec high F = 57.0 |year high F = 66.8 |Jan low F = 44.8 |Feb low F = 45.3 |Mar low F = 47.3 |Apr low F = 51.1 |May low F = 57.7 |Jun low F = 63.5 |Jul low F = 68.5 |Aug low F = 68.9 |Sep low F = 65.3 |Oct low F = 59.4 |Nov low F = 52.0 |Dec low F = 46.6 |year low F = 55.9 |Jan precipitation inch = 3.7 |Feb precipitation inch = 2.8 |Mar precipitation inch = 2.0 |Apr precipitation inch = 2.1 |May precipitation inch = 1.7 |Jun precipitation inch = .7 |Jul precipitation inch = .4 |Aug precipitation inch = 1 |Sep precipitation inch = 2.2 |Oct precipitation inch = 3.3 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.5 |Dec precipitation inch = 2.8 |year precipitation inch = 26.2 |source 1 = [1] |date=August 2010 }} TransportThe Port of Civitavecchia, also known as "Port of Rome",[2] is an important hub for the maritime transport in Italy, for goods and passengers. Part of the "Motorways of the Sea"[3] it is linked to several Mediterranean ports and represents one of the main links between Italian mainland to Sardinia. Civitavecchia railway station, opened in 1859, is the western terminus of the Rome–Civitavecchia railway, which forms part of the Pisa–Livorno–Rome railway. A short line linking the town center to the harbour survived until the early 2000s.[4] It counted two stations: Civitavecchia Marittima, serving the port, and Civitavecchia Viale della Vittoria. Civitavecchia is served by the A12, an unconnected motorway linking Rome to Genoa and by the State highway SS1 Via Aurelia, which also links the two stretches. The town is also interested by a project regarding a new motorway, the Civitavecchia-Venice or New Romea,[5] nowadays completed as a dual carriageway between Viterbo and Ravenna (via Terni, Perugia and Cesena) and commonly known in Italy as the Orte-Ravenna. EducationThe commune has multiple preschools,[6] primary schools,[7] junior high schools,[8] and high schools.[9] Polo Universitario di Civitavecchia is located in the city. Twin towns and sister citiesCivitavecchia is twinned with:
People
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intellicast.com/Local/History.aspx?location=ITXX0022 |title=Civitavecchia historic weather averages in Italy |accessdate= 3 June 2009 |publisher=Intellicast}} 2. ^{{it icon}} Port of Civitavecchia website 3. ^Infos at R.A.M. website (search the list of ports) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419105611/http://www.ramspa.it/content/view/88/294/ |date=April 19, 2011 }} 4. ^{{it icon}} Historical infos and pictures about the Civitavecchia-Cv. Marittima rail line 5. ^{{it icon}} Article at ANAS website 6. ^"Scuole dell'Infanzia {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221084039/http://www.comune.civitavecchia.rm.it/canale.php?idc=116 |date=2014-12-21 }}." Commune of Civitavecchia. Retrieved on December 21, 2014. 7. ^"Scuole elementari {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221084511/http://www.comune.civitavecchia.rm.it/canale.php?idc=115 |date=2014-12-21 }}." Commune of Civitavecchia. Retrieved on December 21, 2014. 8. ^"Scuola media inferiore {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221093400/http://www.comune.civitavecchia.rm.it/canale.php?idc=114 |date=2014-12-21 }}." Commune of Civitavecchia. Retrieved on December 21, 2014. 9. ^"Scuole medie superiori {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221092929/http://www.comune.civitavecchia.rm.it/canale.php?idc=113 |date=2014-12-21 }}." Commune of Civitavecchia. Retrieved on December 21, 2014. 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.twinningwithpalestine.net/groupsinternational.html |title=Twinning with Palestine |accessdate=2008-11-29 |publisher=The Britain - Palestine Twinning Network |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628210624/http://www.twinningwithpalestine.net/groupsinternational.html |archivedate=2012-06-28 |df= }} 11. ^The City of Bethlehem has signed a twinning agreements with the following cities{{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Bethlehem Municipality. 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |title=::Bethlehem Municipality:: |publisher=www.bethlehem-city.org |accessdate=2009-10-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724140854/http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php |archivedate=2010-07-24 |df= }} External links{{Wikivoyage|Civitavecchia}}{{Commons category|Civitavecchia}}
6 : Civitavecchia|Coastal towns in Lazio|Mediterranean port cities and towns in Italy|Renaissance sites in the Lazio|Roman sites in Lazio|Roman harbors in Italy |
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