“Clare Short”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Clare Short (born 15 February 1946) is a British Labour Party politician. She was the Member of Parliament for Birmingham Ladywood from 1983 to 2010; for most of this period she was a Labour Party MP, but she resigned the party whip in 2006 and served the remainder of her term as an Independent. She stood down as a Member of Parliament at the 2010 general election.^[1] Short was Secretary of State for International Development in the Cabinet of then-Prime Minister Tony Blair from 3 May 1997 until her resignation from that post on 12 May 2003. Shortly before her retirement from Parliament in 2010, she was strongly rebuked by her own party when she announced her support for a hung parliament,^[2] a situation that subsequently occurred at the 2010 general election.

Biography

Early life

Clare Short was born in Birmingham, England, in 1946 to Irish Catholic parents from County Armagh, Northern Ireland.^[3]^[4]^[5]

She would later be supportive of peaceful Sinn Féin initiatives, although she was never a supporter of IRA violence, some of the worst of which was inflicted in a 1974 bombing of her home city of Birmingham. ^[6]^[7]

Short was briefly married to a fellow Keele University student at eighteen after she had a baby when she was seventeen.^[8] The couple's son was given up for adoption, and did not make contact with his mother until 1996. She discovered that her son, Toby, was a Conservative supporter who worked as a solicitor in the City of London, and that she was a grandmother to his three children. Her second marriage, to former Labour minister Alex Lyon, ended when he died from Alzheimer's disease in 1993. Short is a paternal cousin of Canadian actor Martin Short. ^[9]

Completing her degree in political science at the University of Leeds, she became a civil servant working for the Home Office. Working as Private Secretary to the Conservative minister Mark Carlisle gave her the idea that she "could do better" than many of the MPs she dealt with, and at the 1983 UK general election she was elected as MP for Ladywood, Birmingham; the area where she grew up.

Member of Parliament

At the start of her career, she was firmly on the left-wing of the Labour Party. She gained some notoriety shortly after her election in 1983 when she implied the government's Employment minister Alan Clark was drunk at the despatch box. ^[10]Clark's colleagues on the government benches in turn accused Short of using unparliamentary language and the Deputy Speaker, Ernest Armstrong, asked her to withdraw her accusation.^[11] Clark later admitted in his diaries that Short had been correct in her assessment.

In 1986, Clare introduced a Private Members Bill in the House of Commons which proposed banning Page 3 photographs of topless models featured in The Sun and other British tabloid newspapers.^[12] For this she was nicknamed by The Sun "killjoy Clare."^[13] One paper bought and published alleged photographs of Short in her nightwear from her ex-husband. She stated they were pictures of somebody else's body with her face superimposed.^[14] Clare gave a definitive account of her attitude towards tabloid nudity and the negative role that pornography plays more generally in society in her introduction to the book Dear Clare (1991), which presents a selection of the many letters of support she received from women in response to her campaign. ^[15]^[16]

She supported John Prescott in the Labour Party Deputy Leadership election in 1988 (against Eric Heffer and the incumbent Roy Hattersley), leaving the Socialist Campaign Group, along with Margaret Beckett, as a result of Tony Benn's decision to challenge Neil Kinnock for the party leadership. She supported Margaret Beckett for the Labour leadership in 1994 against Tony Blair and John Prescott. She also called for the withdrawal of British troops from Northern Ireland.

In 1989 she raised the issue of abuse of police procedure and fabrication of evidence at the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad, relaying concerns of Birmingham solicitors that many miscarriages of justice had taken place.^[17]

She rose through the ranks of the Labour Front Bench, despite twice resigning from it – over the Prevention of Terrorism Act in 1988, and over the Gulf War in 1990. She became Shadow Minister for Women (1993-1995), Shadow Transport Secretary (1995-1996) and Opposition Spokesperson for Overseas Development (1996-1997).^[18] Clare was also a member of Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC) from 1988-1997 and Chair of the NEC's Women's Committee (1993-1996).^[19] At the 1995 Labour Party conference, Short denounced Liz Davies as "unsuitable" after Davies had been selected as a Parliamentary candidate by a constituency Labour Party in Leeds North-East. This was seen as an attempt to win the favour of the right-wing of the party, especially then-leader Tony Blair.^[20] However, in 1996, Short was moved to the Overseas Development portfolio, a move which she saw as a demotion.^[21] Short has also called for the legalisation of cannabis.

Secretary of State for International Development

After the 1997 general election, the Overseas Development Administration was given full departmental status as the Department for International Development, with Short as the first cabinet-level Secretary of State for International Development.^[22] She retained this post throughout the first term of the Labour government, and beyond the 2001 UK general election into the second.

On her appointment to the DfID, journalists asked Short whether she would be "good" (in other words, not cause embarrassment to the government). She replied "I'm going to try to be good but I can't help it, I have to be me."^[23] A few months later, the island of Montserrat (one of the United Kingdom's few remaining overseas territories) was devastated by a volcanic eruption which rendered half the island uninhabitable; when the 4,500 islanders asked for more help from the DfID, Short was reported to have remarked "they will be asking for golden elephants next" and refused to visit the island. This remark caused great offence to the Montserratians and others; Labour MP Bernie Grant said that "She sounds like a mouthpiece for an old nineteenth century colonial and Conservative government."^[24]

Land reform in Zimbabwe

On 6 November 1997, Short sent a letter to Kumbirai Kangai, Minister of Agriculture in Zimbabwe, in which she stated that "we do not accept that Britain has a special responsibility to meet the costs of land purchase in Zimbabwe." She went on to write "We are a new government from diverse backgrounds, without links to former colonial interests. My own origins are Irish and, as you know, we were colonised, not colonisers." In the same letter she did, however, offer qualified support for land reform: "We do recognise the very real issues you face over land reform... we would be prepared to support a programme of land reform that was part of a poverty eradication strategy, but not on any other basis." This letter caused a rift with the Zimbabwean government, which asserted that the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 had contained a continuing pledge from the United Kingdom government to assist in land reform.^[25]

Position on the arms trade

In December 1997, Short signed the UK into the Ottawa Convention, banning the production, handling and use of anti-personnel mines.^[26]

In 2001, she wrote that the "ready availability of small arms has a direct and negative impact upon levels of crime and conflict in developing countries. We (the DFID) are supporting various peace building and disarmament initiatives."^[27] The following year, she claimed that Britain was "committed to combating small arms availability and misuse."^[28]

Kosovo bombing

Short approved of the NATO bombing of the headquarters of Serbian state television, in which sixteen media workers were killed and sixteen others wounded, because the station was, as she put it, "a source of propaganda".^[29]

Resignation

On 9 March 2003, Short repeatedly called Tony Blair "reckless" in a BBC radio interview^[30] and threatened to resign from the Cabinet in the event of the UK Government going to war with Iraq without a clear mandate from the United Nations. This looked set to be a reprise of her previous resignation as party spokesperson during the Gulf War of 1991 as a protest against the Labour Party's stance, although in 1999 she had publicly supported the NATO attack on Serbia. However, on 18 March she announced that she would remain in the Cabinet and support the government's resolution in the House of Commons.

Short remained in the Cabinet for two months after her decision to back the 2003 Iraq War. She resigned on 12 May. Her letter stated: "In both the run-up to the war and now, I think the UK is making grave errors in providing cover for the US mistakes rather than helping an old friend... American power alone cannot make America safe... But undermining international law and the authority of the UN creates the risk of instability, bitterness and growing terrorism that will threaten the future for all of us."^[31]

Bugging of the UN

On 26 February 2004, Short alleged on the BBC Today radio programme that British spies regularly intercept UN communications, including those of Kofi Annan, then Secretary-General.^[32] The claim was made the day after the unexplained dropping of whistleblowing charges against former GCHQ translator Katharine Gun. Reacting to Short's statement, Tony Blair said "I really do regard what Clare Short has said this morning as totally irresponsible, and entirely consistent [with Short's character]." Blair also claimed that Short had put British security, particularly the security of its spies, at risk.^[33] The same day, on the BBC's Newsnight programme, Short called Blair's response "pompous" and said that Britain had no need to spy on Kofi Annan. Blair did not explicitly deny the claims but Robin Cook, former Foreign Secretary, wrote that in his experience he would be surprised if the claims were true.

A few days later (on 29 February 2004) Short appeared on ITV's Jonathan Dimbleby programme. She revealed that she had been written to by Britain's senior civil servant, Cabinet Secretary Andrew Turnbull. Turnbull's confidential letter (which Short showed to Dimbleby, and which was quoted on the programme) formally admonished her for discussing intelligence matters in the media, and threatened "further action" if she did not desist from giving interviews on the issue. Turnbull wrote that she had made claims "which damage the interests of the United Kingdom", and that he was "extremely disappointed". The "further action" referred to in the letter has been interpreted as threatening either Short's expulsion from the Privy Council or legal action under the Official Secrets Act. Either course of action have been without recent precedent; at the time, no Privy Counsellor had been expelled since Sir Edgar Speyer was accused of collaborating with the Germans during the First World War. However, on 1 March 2004, a Downing Street spokesman refused to rule out such a step.

However, in the same interview on the Jonathan Dimbleby programme, Short backtracked on her claim about British agents bugging Annan. She admitted that the transcripts she saw of Annan's private conversations might have related to Africa and not to Iraq.

Asked whether she could confirm that the transcripts related to Iraq, she said: "I can't, but there might well have been ... I cannot remember a specific transcript in relation, it doesn't mean it wasn't there." Short also admitted that her original claim, on the Today programme, that Britain had eavesdropped on Annan may have been inaccurate. Asked whether the material could have passed to the British by the Americans, she said: "It could. But it normally indicates that. But I can't remember that."^[34]

Backbenches

Clare Short's book, An Honourable Deception?: New Labour, Iraq, and the Misuse of Power, was released by Free Press in November 2004.^[35]^[36] It is an account of her career in New Labour, most notably her relationship with Prime Minister Tony Blair, the relationship between Blair and Gordon Brown and the build-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The book won Channel 4's Political Book of the Year Award for 2004.^[37]

In December 2004, Short was reportedly critical of US efforts to dispense aid to countries devastated by a tsunami caused by a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean. She was quoted as stating that the formation of a group of countries led by the United States for this purpose was a challenge to the role of the United Nations, which she believed was uniquely qualified for the task.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}

Announced retirement

On 12 September 2006, Short announced that she would not be standing at the next general election. In a brief statement, Short said she was "ashamed" of Tony Blair's government and backed proportional representation, which she hoped would be achieved through a hung parliament. The Labour Party Chief Whip referred the matter to the Labour Party National Executive Committee to consider disciplinary action.^[38] On Friday 20 October, Short resigned the Labour whip and announced that she would sit as an Independent Labour MP.^[39]^[40] Short received a written reprimand from Labour's Chief Whip shortly before the news of her resignation of the party whip was announced.^[41]

After Gordon Brown succeeded Tony Blair as Prime Minister, Short said that the change offered "a new beginning", and hinted that she might re-join the parliamentary Labour Party if Brown changed the policies that had caused her to leave.^[42]

Chilcot Inquiry

On 2 February 2010, Short appeared before the Chilcot Inquiry into Iraq. During this she repeatedly criticised Tony Blair, Attorney General Peter Goldsmith and others in the UK Government for allegedly deceiving her and other MPs in an attempt to obtain consent for the invasion of Iraq.^[43]^[44]^[45]

Statements on Israel

Short has condemned Israel as being guilty of "bloody, brutal and systematic annexation of land, destruction of homes and the deliberate creation of an apartheid system." She has also stated that "the EU and Britain are colluding in this operation and the building of a new apartheid regime" because they give Israel privileged trade access.^[46]

Short has expressed support for a boycott of Israel, stating at the 2007 United Nations International Conference of Civil Society in Support of Israeli-Palestinian Peace that "The boycott worked for South Africa, it is time to do it again".^[47]^[48] She also told the conference that Israel is "much worse than the original apartheid state" and that Israel "undermines the international community's reaction to global warming".^[49]^[50]

Regarding the 2006 war between Israel and Hezbollah, Short stated that "Israel is out of control and our Government and the US is giving them a green light to continue" and that "Britain clearly now just backs President (George W.) Bush in whatever he does, in automatically backing Israel in breaching international law, in disproportionate attacks on Lebanon and attacks on Gaza".^[51]"

Relationship with al-Manar Television

According to The Guardian, Short accepted £1,580 worth of flights, hotel accommodation, food and travel expenses from al-Manar Television in Lebanon in 2008. Al-Manar is described by the US government as "the media arm of the Hezbollah terrorist network", and was classed as a specially designated terrorist entity by the US in 2006.

Short said her trip had been registered with Commons authorities and that the visit allowed her to see how reconstruction in southern Lebanon was proceeding after the country's conflict with Israel in 2006.^[52]

Chairwoman of the EITI

On 1 March 2011 she was elected as Chairwoman of the EITI (the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative) at the EITI Global Conference in Paris.^[53]

Policy work with Cities Alliance

Since 2006, Short has been a member of the Cities Alliance Policy Advisory Board and subsequently chaired the Policy Advisory Forum,^[54] described as a "platform for public discussion, debate and knowledge sharing" on urban poverty and the role of cities.^[55]

Birmingham Mayoral candidate

In January 2011 Short expressed an interest in becoming the Mayor of Birmingham, pending the outcome of a referendum on the creation of a directly-elected mayoralty in the city.^[56] Ultimately the proposal was defeated at the public vote in May 2012.^[57]

Ebor Lectures

On 21 May 2008, Short gave a lecture as part of the Ebor Lectures 2008 Series entitled "Apocalypse Now – Global Equity and Sustainable Living, the Preconditions for Human Survival". She spoke of the need to end the "throw-away society". She considered the changing conception of the world since the 1960s and emphasised the need for us to consider the consequences of today's environmental concerns for the generations of the future.^[58]

Awards

In June 2009 Short received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Ulster in recognition of her services to international development.^[59]

Works

Styles of address

References

1. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/pandora/article1523109.ece |work=The Independent |location=UK |title=Short to stand down after 23 years as an MP |first=Henry |last=Deedes |date=13 September 2006 |accessdate=23 July 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118144636/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/pandora/article1523109.ece |archivedate=18 January 2008 |df=dmy }}
2. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/sep/14/labour.constitution |title=Short faces expulsion after calling for hung parliament |author=Matthew Tempest and Hélène Mulholland |publisher=The Guardian |date=14 September 2006 |accessdate=12 April 2014 |location=London}}
3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1888138.stm |title=Clare Short: Divided she stands |publisher=BBC News |date=22 March 2002 |accessdate=23 July 2009 }}
4. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095150/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970630/ai_n14110463 "Family affair spanning the Irish Sea"], by Kate Watson-Smyth, The Independent, 30 June 1997, hosted on FindArticles.com {{Dead link|date=July 2009}}
5. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://whatenglandmeanstome.co.uk/?p=114 |title=John J. Ray | What England Means to Me |publisher=Whatenglandmeanstome.co.uk |date= |accessdate=7 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003225034/http://whatenglandmeanstome.co.uk/?p=114 |archivedate=3 October 2011 |df=dmy }}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/interviews/this-is-my-truth-interview-with-laurie-taylor|title=This is my truth: interview with Laurie Taylor. {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/articles/irish-terrorism-peace|title=Irish terrorism and Irish peace. {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
8. ^{{Cite news|title=Ministers turn their backs on marriage. |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-109589012 |work=Daily Mail |location=UK |date=15 January 2001 |accessdate=17 August 2007 }}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/oct/20/martin-short-my-family-values|title=Martin Short: My family values|last=McGrath|first=Nick|date=2012-10-19|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-11}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/interviews/something-profound-has-been-lost|title=Something profound has been lost. {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
11. ^{{cite hansard | url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1983/jul/20/sex-discrimination#S6CV0046P0_19830720_HOC_437 | house=House of Commons |title=Sex Discrimination| date=20 July 1983 | column_start=483 | column_end=484 }}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/essays/introduction-to-dear-clare|title=Introduction to Dear Clare {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
13. ^'Dear Clare..This is What Women Feel About Page 3, Clare Short, Radius Publishing (1991).
14. ^Clare Short, Meeting Myself Coming Back, BBC Four, 29–31 August 2009
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/essays/introduction-to-dear-clare|title=Introduction to Dear Clare {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22858719|title=Dear Clare - this is what women feel about page 3|last=Clare.|first=Short,|date=1991|publisher=Hutchinson Radius|others=Tunks, Kiri., Hutchinson, Diane.|isbn=0091749158|location=London|oclc=22858719}}
17. ^{{cite |last1=Hansard|title=West Midlands Serious Crime Squad, HC Debate |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1989/jan/25/west-midlands-serious-crime-squad |website=Hansard |publisher=Parliament |pages=1155-60|volume=145 |date=January 1989a|ref=harv}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/biography|title=Biography {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/biography|title=Biography {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bjr.org.uk/data/2000/no3_seddon.htm |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120719223445/http://www.bjr.org.uk/data/2000/no3_seddon.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 July 2012 |title=British Journalism Review Vol. 11, No. 3, 2000 – The political struggle around Orwell's stapler |publisher=Bjr.org.uk |date= |accessdate=7 October 2013 }}
21. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2004/11/14/bosho14.xml&sSheet=/arts/2004/11/14/bomain.html A peculiar sort of sacrifice] from The Telegraph
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/biography|title=Biography {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
23. ^Iain Martin, Maurice Chittenden, "Scots to fore as gentleman Tony completes his team," The Sunday Times (London); 4 May 1997.
24. ^Jon Hibbs, "[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/08/25/wmon25.html Short calls for an end to Montserrat aid row]", Daily Telegraph, 25 August 1997 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721091459/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F08%2F25%2Fwmon25.html |date=21 July 2006 }}
25. ^Chris McGreal, "Blair's worse than the Tories, says Mugabe," Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg), 22 December 1997
26. ^Mark Thomas, As used on the famous Nelson Mendela; Underground adventures in the arms & torture trade, Ebury Press, 2006
27. ^"[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmhansrd/vo010207/text/10207w23.htm UK Parliament]". from the UK Parliament
28. ^"UK Parliament{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" from the UK Parliament
29. ^{{Cite web |title= Nato defends TV bombing |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/326653.stm |website= BBC News |date= 23 April 1999 |accessdate= 11 July 2016 }}
30. ^Clare Short's "reckless" interview from the BBC
31. ^{{Cite news|url=http://politics.guardian.co.uk/labour/story/0,9061,954287,00.html|title=Clare Short's resignation letter|date=12 May 2003|work=The Guardian |location=UK|accessdate=13 April 2008}}
32. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3488548.stm|title=UK 'spied on UN's Kofi Annan'|date=26 February 2004|publisher=BBC |accessdate=23 April 2008}}
33. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/feb/26/iraq.iraq|title=Short claims UK spied on Annan|author=George Wright, Martin Nicholls and Matthew Tempest|date=26 February 2004|work=The Guardian |location=UK|accessdate=23 April 2008}}
34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardianpolitics/story/0,,1159241,00.html|title=Top civil servant tells Short to shut up|author=Nicholas Watt|date=1 March 2004|work=The Guardian |location=UK|accessdate=23 April 2008}}
35. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58050529|title=An honourable deception? : New Labour, Iraq, and the misuse of power|last=Clare.|first=Short,|date=2005|publisher=Free|isbn=0743263936|location=London|oclc=58050529}}
36. ^{{cite journal|last=Sawhney|first=Hirsh|title=Blair's House of Cards: Clare Short in conversation with Hirsh Sawhney|journal=The Brooklyn Rail|date=June 2006|url=http://brooklynrail.org/2006/06/express/blairs-house-of-cards}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/books|title=Books {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
38. ^"[https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,1872266,00.html Short faces expulsion after calling for hung parliament]", Guardian, 12 September 2006
39. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/letters/clare-short-plp-resignation|title=Clare Short’s letter of resignation from the Parliamentary Labour Party. {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
40. ^"Short resigns Labour whip", Epolitix.com, 20 October 2006
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/birminghampost/news/tm_method=full&objectid=17918657&siteid=50002-name_page.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714180500/http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/birminghampost/news/tm_method=full&objectid=17918657&siteid=50002-name_page.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=14 July 2012 |title=Written reprimand means Short won't be thrown out |publisher=Icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk |date= |accessdate=7 October 2013 }}
42. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6252430.stm |title=Short hints at return to Labour |publisher=BBC News |date=29 June 2007 |accessdate=7 October 2013}}
43. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/feb/02/clare-short-warned-tony-blair Clare Short: Tony Blair lied and misled parliament in build-up to Iraq war], The Guardian, James Sturcke,2 February 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
44. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/articles/the-chilcot-report-will-not-give-people-what-they-want|title=The Chilcot Report will not give the people what they want. {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
45. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.clareshort.org/articles/blair-misled-the-country-over-iraq|title=Blair misled the country over Iraq. Something similar could happen again. {{!}} Clare Short|website=www.clareshort.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-11}}
46. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0626/breaking53.htm | work=The Irish Times | title=Britain 'colluding' in Israel oppression | date=6 June 2007}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3444096,00.html |title=UN summit: Boycott Israel |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=7 October 2013}}
48. ^Controversial UN-sponsored conference on Palestinians denounces Israeli occupation {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823210049/http://www.ejpress.org/article/19622 |date=23 August 2013 }} from the European Jewish Press.
49. ^{{cite book | title=A History of Anti-Semitism in England | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Anthony Julius | authorlink = Anthony Julius |year=2010| page=752}}
50. ^Robert S. Wistrich (2010). A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. Random House. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6097-9}}. p. 541.
51. ^Government giving Israel 'green light', accuses Short, Daily Mail Online, 22 July 2006
52. ^{{cite news|author=James Ball |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/mar/25/mps-middle-east-regimes-hospitality |title=MPs accepted Middle East regimes' hospitality 107 times in a decade |publisher=Guardian |date= 25 March 2011|accessdate=7 October 2013 |location=London}}
53. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eitiparis.org |title=Paris 2011 | EITI |publisher=Eitiparis.org |date=3 March 2011 |accessdate=7 October 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
54. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.uncdf.org/gfld/en/index.php?page=Speakers|title = Speakers|date = 28 September 2010|accessdate = 23 February 2015|website = Global Forum on Local Development|publisher = UNCDF|last = |first = |deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150325080555/http://www.uncdf.org/gfld/en/index.php?page=Speakers|archivedate = 25 March 2015|df = dmy-all}}
55. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/5214|title = GOVERNANCE -- OLD|date = |accessdate = 23 February 2015|website = Cities Alliance|publisher = UNOPS|last = |first = }}
56. ^{{cite web|title=Clare Short 'interested in becoming Birmingham mayor'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12201175|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=15 April 2015|date=11 January 2011}}
57. ^{{cite web|title=Birmingham voters reject elected mayor plan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-17961046|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=15 April 2015|date=4 May 2012}}
58. ^{{cite web |url=http://totnes.transitionnetwork.org/ |title=Transition Town Totnes |publisher=Totnes.transitionnetwork.org |date= |accessdate=7 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417021230/http://totnes.transitionnetwork.org/ |archivedate=17 April 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
59. ^MP Honoured For International Development Work {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612105439/http://www.ulster.ac.uk/summergraduation2009/News/2news29thJunepm.htm |date=12 June 2011 }} University of Ulster