| 词条 | Aberdeen Proving Ground |
| 释义 |
| name = Aberdeen Proving Ground | native_name = | partof = US Army | location = Aberdeen, Maryland | image = Aberdeen Proving Ground Plaque.JPG | caption = Aberdeen Proving Ground Historical Marker on US 40 | coordinates = {{coord|39.473451|-76.140837|type:landmark_region:US-MA|display=inline}} | pushpin_map = USA Maryland#USA | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Aberdeen Proving Ground | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | type = | code = | built = {{Start date|1917}} | builder = | materials = | height = | used = 1917–present | demolished = | condition = | ownership = US Army | open_to_public = | controlled by = | garrison = | current_commander = Major General Randy S. Taylor | past_commanders = | occupants = | battles = | events = }} Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) (sometimes erroneously called Aberdeen Proving Grounds) is a United States Army facility located adjacent to Aberdeen, Maryland (in Harford County). Part of the facility is a census-designated place (CDP), which had a population of 3,116 at the 2000 census, and 2,093 at the 2010 census. HistoryAPG is the U.S. Army's oldest active proving ground, established on October 20, 1917, six months after the U.S. entered World War I.[1][2] Its location allowed design and testing of ordnance materiel to take place near contemporary industrial and shipping centers. The proving ground was created as a successor to the Sandy Hook Proving Ground, which was too small for some of the larger weapons being tested. At the peak of World War II, APG had billeting space for 2,348 officers and 24,189 enlisted personnel. Edgewood ArsenalAlthough civilian contractors produced the major portion of conventional munitions for World War I, the United States government built federally owned plants on Aberdeen Proving Ground for the manufacture of toxic gas. These poison gas manufacturing facilities came to be known as Edgewood Arsenal. Edgewood Arsenal included plants to manufacture mustard gas, chloropicrin and phosgene, and separate facilities to fill artillery shells with these chemicals. Production began in 1918, reached 2,756 tons per month, and totaled 10,817 tons of toxic gas manufactured at Edgewood Arsenal before the November 1918 armistice. Some of this gas was shipped overseas for use in French and British artillery shells.[3] The Edgewood area of Aberdeen Proving Ground is approximately {{convert|13000|acres}}. The Edgewood area was used for the development and testing of chemical agent munitions. From 1917 to the present, the Edgewood area conducted chemical research programs, manufactured chemical agents, and tested, stored, and disposed of toxic materials.[4] {{Main|Edgewood Arsenal human experiments}}From 1955 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified medical studies at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing and pharmaceuticals. About 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). Some of the volunteers exhibited symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents but long-term follow-up was not planned as part of the DoD studies.[4] The agents tested included chemical warfare agents and other related agents:[4]
During the week of July 14, 1969, personnel from Naval Applied Science Laboratory in conjunction with personnel from Limited War Laboratory conducted a defoliation test along the shoreline of Poole's Island, Aberdeen Proving Ground using Agent Orange and Agent Orange Plus foam.[5] The Gunpowder Meetinghouse and Presbury Meetinghouse located within the grounds of Edgewood Arsenal are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[6] Other component locations within Aberdeen Proving Ground{{see also|Edgewood Chemical Biological Center}}Other parts of APG not attached to the main installation include the Churchville Test Area in Harford County, and the Carroll Island and Graces Quarters in Baltimore County, Maryland. The Churchville Test Area is a test track with hills that provide steep natural grades and tight turns to stress engines, drivetrains, and suspensions for army vehicles, including M1 Abrams tanks, Bradley Fighting Vehicles, and Humvees. The eastern half Carroll Island was used as a testing location for open air static testing of chemical weapons since the 1950s. During tests of chemical agents and other compounds at Carroll Island, Maryland, from July 1, 1964, to December 31, 1971, nearly {{convert|6.5|ST}} of chemicals were disseminated on the test area including {{convert|4600|lb}} of irritants, {{convert|655|lb}} of anticholinesterase compounds such as the nerve gasses Sarin and VX, and {{convert|263|lb}} of incapacitants such as LSD. Simulant agents, incendiaries, decontaminating compounds, signaling and screening smokes, mustard, and herbicides were also released as well as riot control gasses. The test sites consisted of spray grids, a wind tunnel, test grids, and small buildings.[7] Edgewood Chemical Activity is a chemical-weapons depot located at APG. Elimination of the chemicals held here was put on an accelerated schedule after the September 11, 2001, attacks, and all chemical weapons were destroyed by February 2006. Fort Hoyle was established on October 7, 1922, and was created from a portion of the Edgewood Arsenal. Named for Brigadier General Eli D. Hoyle, who had commanded the 6th Field Artillery Regiment, the post was home to Headquarters, 1st Field Artillery Brigade (1922 to 1939), the 6th Field Artillery Regiment (1922 to 1940), the 1st Ammunition Train (1922 to 1930), and the 99th Field Artillery Regiment (minus 2nd Battalion) (1940 to 1941). Fort Hoyle was officially disestablished as a separate military post when it was reabsorbed by Edgewood Arsenal on September 10, 1940.[8]{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}[9][10] The U.S. Army Ordnance Corps Museum previously located at APG, was moved to Fort Lee, Virginia, as a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Act. GeographyAPG is located at {{coord|39|28|24|N|76|8|27|W|type:landmark_region:US-MD}}[11] and occupies a land area of {{convert|293|km2|sqmi}}.[12] Its northernmost point is near the mouth of the Susquehanna River, where the river enters the Chesapeake Bay, while on the south, it is bordered by the Gunpowder River. The installation lies on two peninsulas separated by the Bush River. The northeastern is known as the Aberdeen Area and the southwestern is called the Edgewood Area (formerly the Edgewood Arsenal). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of {{convert|12.0|sqmi|1}}, of that, {{convert|11.4|sqmi|1}} of it is land and {{convert|0.6|sqmi}} of it (5.09%) is water. DemographicsAs of the census[13] of 2000, there were 3,116 people, 805 households, and 763 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 274.1 people per square mile (105.8/km²). There were 902 housing units at an average density of 79.3/sq mi (30.6/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 50.5% White, 34.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 1.3% Pacific Islander, 5.7% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races; 11.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 40.1% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 44.9% from 25 to 44, 4.4% from 45 to 64, and 0.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,875, and the median income for a family was $40,306. Males had a median income of $26,943 versus $26,194 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,808. About 4.2% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Under the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) program, as announced in 2005, the APG is projected to lose the Ordnance School and associated R&D facilities with 3862 military and 290 civilian jobs moving to Fort Lee, Virginia. APG will gain 451 military and 5,661 civilian jobs from Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. There is a net loss of 3,411 military jobs under BRAC and a net gain of 5,371 civilian jobs. ContaminationThe Edgewood area of the Aberdeen Proving Ground site was proposed to the Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List of the most serious uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites requiring long term remedial action on April 10, 1985. The site was formally added to the National Priorities List on February 21, 1990.[4] The Edgewood area has large areas of land and water and numerous buildings that are contaminated or suspected of contamination. Virtually all the land areas of the site contain contaminated or potentially contaminated sites and potentially buried ordnance. Substances disposed of in the area include significant quantities of napalm, white phosphorus, and chemical agents. On-site surface waters include rivers, streams, and wetlands.[4] Edgewood area standby water supply wells in the Canal Creek area previously served approximately 3,000 people. The wells have been abandoned. The Long Bar Harbor well field of the County Department of Public Works and the well field used by the Joppatowne Sanitary Subdistrict serve 35,000 people within {{convert|3|mi}} of the site. On-site groundwater sampling has identified perchlorate, various metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and chemical warfare agent degradation products. On-site soil contamination sampling has identified various VOCs, metals, and unexploded ordnance in surface and subsurface soil. On-site surface water sampling has identified various metals, pesticides, phosphorus, and VOCs. People who accidentally ingest or come in direct contact with contaminated groundwater, surface water, soil, or sediments may be at risk. The area is a designated habitat for bald eagles.[14] ControversiesA scandal at the APG surfaced in 1996. The U.S. Army brought charges against twelve commissioned and non-commissioned male officers for sexual assault of female trainees under their command.[15] Following campaigning by PETA, the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and other organizations, the U.S. military announced in 2011 that it was replacing its use of monkeys in the Army's nerve-agent attack training courses with human simulators and other non-animal teaching methods. The training drills had been carried out on vervet monkeys and conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground.[16] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://armyalliance.org/about-apg/history-of-apg/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-04-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429091304/http://armyalliance.org/about-apg/history-of-apg/ |archivedate=2017-04-29 |df= }} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/topic/science/aberdeen-proving-ground-ORGOV000069-topic.html|title=Aberdeen Proving Ground|last=Sun|first=Baltimore|work=baltimoresun.com|access-date=2017-05-03|language=en-US|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527105150/http://www.baltimoresun.com/topic/science/aberdeen-proving-ground-ORGOV000069-topic.html|archivedate=2017-05-27|df=}} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Ayres |first=Leonard P. |authorlink = |title =The War with Germany |publisher =United States Government Printing Office |volume = |edition =Second |date =1919 |location =Washington, DC |pages =79&80 |isbn =}} 4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/edgewood-aberdeen/index.asp |title=Edgewood / Aberdeen Experiments |author= |date=April 1, 2013 |website=VA Public Health Military Exposures |publisher=United States Department of Veterans Affairs |accessdate=October 1, 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213028/http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/edgewood-aberdeen/index.asp |archivedate=October 4, 2013 |df= }} 5. ^{{Cite report|author=|authorlink=|coauthors=|date=May 25, 2012|title=Information from Department of Defense (DoD) on Herbicide Tests and Storage outside of Vietnam|url=http://www.publichealth.va.gov/docs/agentorange/dod_herbicides_outside_vietnam.pdf|publisher=Department of Veterans Affairs|page=5|docket=|accessdate=December 2, 2013|quote=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611133859/http://www.publichealth.va.gov/docs/agentorange/dod_herbicides_outside_vietnam.pdf|archivedate=June 11, 2014|df=}} 6. ^{{NRISref|version=2010a}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Richard Albright|title=Death of the Chesapeake: A History of the Military's Role in Polluting the Bay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGGPq10wa3YC&pg=PT82|accessdate=1 October 2013|date=29 May 2013|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-75666-9|pages=82–}} 8. ^{{cite book |last=Lamm |first=Clint |date=2001 |title=Tales From the Picket Line: Golden Nuggets From the Compost Pile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYgADIB1mmYC&pg=PA19&dq=%22fort+hoyle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDMQ6AEwA2oVChMIm7-_s-PTyAIVyxseCh0K4ggm#v=onepage&q=%22fort%20hoyle%22&f=false |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |page=19 |isbn=978-1-4010-2925-8}} 9. ^{{cite book |last=Bates |first=Bill |date=2007 |title=Aberdeen Proving Ground |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8Avs89KcxIC&pg=PA62&dq=%22fort+hoyle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBGoVChMIm7-_s-PTyAIVyxseCh0K4ggm#v=onepage&q=%22fort%20hoyle%22&f=false |location=Charleston, SC |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |page=62 |isbn=978-0-7385-4436-6}} 10. ^{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Joseph F. |last2=Stuempfle |first2=Arthur K. |last3=Stuempfle |first3=Amy L. |date=2012 |title=Edgewood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp3IaVYwzaUC&pg=PA8&dq=%22fort+hoyle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCWoVChMIm7-_s-PTyAIVyxseCh0K4ggm#v=onepage&q=%22fort%20hoyle%22&f=false |location=Charleston, SC |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |page=8 |isbn=978-0-7385-9279-4}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6665BhgnH?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|archivedate=2012-03-12|df=}} 12. ^{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Dale H. |editor-last=Hoiberg|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Aberdeen |edition=15th |year=2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |volume=I: A-ak Bayes |location=Chicago, Illinois |isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|pages=28}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=2013-09-11 |df= }} 14. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/npl/MD2210020036.htm |title=Aberdeen Proving Ground (Edgewood Area Site) Current Site Information |author= |date=January 2013 |website=EPA Mid-Atlantic Superfund sites |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency |accessdate=October 1, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212951/http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/npl/MD2210020036.htm |archivedate=October 4, 2013 }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/US/9612/06/aberdeen.arraign/index.html|title=CNN - Three soldiers arraigned in U.S. Army sex scandal - Dec. 6, 1996|author=|date=|website=edition.cnn.com|accessdate=1 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501183322/http://edition.cnn.com/US/9612/06/aberdeen.arraign/index.html|archivedate=1 May 2018|df=}} 16. ^{{cite news|last1=Vastag|first1=Brian|title=Army to phase out use of animal nerve-agent testing|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/army-agrees-to-phase-out-use-of-animal-nerve-gas-testing/2011/10/13/gIQA1p1PiL_story.html|accessdate=9 March 2015|agency=Washington Post|date=13 October 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403121238/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/army-agrees-to-phase-out-use-of-animal-nerve-gas-testing/2011/10/13/gIQA1p1PiL_story.html|archivedate=3 April 2015|df=}} Further reading
External links{{commons category|Aberdeen Proving Ground}}
13 : Census-designated places in Harford County, Maryland|Census-designated places in Maryland|United States Army posts|Military installations in Maryland|Proving grounds|Military Superfund sites|Superfund sites in Maryland|Aberdeen, Maryland|Buildings and structures in Harford County, Maryland|Historic American Engineering Record in Maryland|1917 establishments in Maryland|Populated coastal places in Maryland|Military installations established in 1917 |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。