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词条 Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants
释义

  1. Features

  2. Occurrence

     Dental or denti-alveolar  Alveolar  Postalveolar  Variable 

  3. Velarized alveolar lateral approximant {{anchor|Dark L|dark l}}

     Features  Occurrence  Dental or denti-alveolar  Alveolar  Variable {{anchor|Portuguese dark l}} 

  4. See also

  5. External links

  6. Notes

  7. References

{{for|consonants followed by superscript ˡ|Lateral release (phonetics)}}{{Infobox IPA
|above=Alveolar lateral approximant
|ipa symbol=l
|ipa number=155
|decimal=108
|x-sampa=l
|kirshenbaum=l
|braille=l
}}{{Infobox IPA
|above=Postalveolar lateral approximant
|ipa symbol=l̠
}}{{Infobox IPA
|above=Dental lateral approximant
|ipa symbol=l̪
}}

The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|l}}}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is {{mono|l}}.

As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, {{IPA|/l̥/}} are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative {{IPA|[ɬ]}}.

In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme {{IPA|/l/}} becomes velarized ("dark l") in certain contexts. {{anchor|clear l}} By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear l" (also known as: "light l"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards.[1] Some languages have only clear l.[2] Others may not have a clear l at all, or only before front vowels (especially {{IPAblink|i}}).

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant:

{{approximant}}
  • There are four specific variants of {{IPA|[l]}}:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
{{voiced}}{{oral}}{{lateral}}{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur in Continental languages.[3] However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before {{IPA|/θ/}} in languages that have it, as in English health.

Dental or denti-alveolar

{{anchor|Dental}}
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
ArabicQafisheh|1977|pp=2, 14}} لين{{IPA|[l̪eːn]}} 'when' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Arabic phonology
Hungarian{{sfnp|Siptár|Törkenczy|2000|pp=75–76}}hu|elem}}{{IPA|[ˈɛl̪ɛm]}} 'battery' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology
Italian{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}}{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=133}}it|molto}}{{IPA|[ˈmol̪ːt̪o]}} 'much, a lot'/l/}} before {{IPA|/t, d, s, z, t͡s, d͡z/}}.{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}}{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=133}} See Italian phonology
Macedonian{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|p=1}}mk|лево}}{{IPA|[l̪e̞vo̞]}} 'left' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology
Mapudungun{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}}arn|ḻafkeṉ}}{{IPA|[l̪ɐ̝fkën̪]}} 'sea, lake'Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}}
NorwegianKristoffersen|2000|p=25}}no|anlegg}}[²ɑnːl̪ɛg]}} 'plant (industrial)'/l/}} after {{IPA|/n, t, d/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}} See Norwegian phonology
SwedishEngstrand|2004|p=167}}sv|allt}}{{IPA|[äl̪t̪]}} 'everything' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Tamil{{sfnp|Keane|2004|p=111}}ta|புலி}}{{IPA|[pul̪i]}} 'tiger' See Tamil phonology
Uzbek{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}}date=November 2013}}Sjoberg|1963|p=13}}
VietnameseThompson|1959|pp=458–461}}vi|lửa}}{{IPA|[l̪ɨə˧˩˧]}} 'fire' See Vietnamese phonology

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
ArabicThelwall|1990|p=38}}ar|لا|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[laː]}} 'no' See Arabic phonology
ArmenianDum-Tragut|2009|p=20}}am|լուսին}}{{Audio-IPA|lusin.ogg |[lusin]}} 'moon'
Catalan{{sfnp|Wheeler|2005|pp=10–11}}[4]ca|tela}}{{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛlə]}} 'fabric'Wheeler|2005|pp=10–11}}[4] May also be velarized.{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|pp=1, 20}} See Catalan phonology
DutchCollins|Mees|2003|pp=197, 222}}nl|laten}}{{IPA|[ˈl̻aːt̻ə]}} 'to let'/l/}} in all positions.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=197, 222}} See Dutch phonology
Collins|Mees|2003|p=197}}nl|mal}}{{IPA|[mɑl̻]}}'mold'/l/}} in all positions.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=197}} See Dutch phonology
EnglishWells|1982|p=515}} let{{IPA|[lɛt]}} 'let'Wells|1982|p=515}}
Irish, Geordie[5] tell{{IPA|[tɛl]}} 'tell'
Esperantoeo|luno}}{{IPA|[ˈluno]}} 'moon' See Esperanto phonology
Filipinotl|luto}}{{IPA|[ˈluto]}} 'cook' See Filipino phonology
Greekel|λέξη}}{{IPA|['leksi]}} 'word' See Modern Greek phonology
Italian{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=132}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=88–89}}it|letto}}{{IPA|[ˈlɛt̪ːo]}} 'bed'Canepari|1992|p=89}} See Italian phonology
Japaneseja-Hani|六}} / roku{{IPA|[lo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]}} 'six'Labrune|2012|p=92}} More commonly {{IPAblink|ɾ}}. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian[6]date=November 2013}}
Kyrgyz{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}}ky|көпөлөк}}{{IPA|[køpøˈløk]}} 'butterfly' Velarized in back vowel contexts. See Kyrgyz phonology
Koreanko-Latn|gyeoul}}{{IPA|[kjʌul]}} 'winter' See Korean phonology
Mapudungun{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}}arn|elun}}{{IPA|[ëˈlʊn]}} 'to give'
Persianfa|لاما|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[lɒmɒ]}} 'llama' See Persian phonology
Polish{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|p=130}}pl|pole}}{{Audio-IPA|Pl-pole-2.ogg|[ˈpɔlɛ]}} 'field'/ɫ/}} for a small number of speakers; when it does, it is always palatalized {{IPA|[lʲ]}}. See Polish phonology
Romanian{{sfnp|Chițoran|2001|p=10}}ro|alună}}{{IPA|[äˈlun̪ə]}} 'hazelnut' Apical. See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[7]gd|maoil}}{{IPA|[mɯːl]}} 'headland'/ɫ̪/}} and {{IPA|/ʎ/}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Slovak{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}}sk|mĺkvy}}{{Audio-IPA|SK-mlkvy.ogg|[ˈml̩ːkʋi]}} 'silent' Syllabic form can be long or short. See Slovak phonology
Slovene{{sfnp|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}}sl|letalo}}{{IPA|[lɛˈt̪àːlɔ]}} 'airplane' See Slovene phonology
Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}es|hablar}}{{IPA|[äˈβ̞läɾ]}} 'to speak' See Spanish phonology
Toki Ponaluka[luka]'five, hand'
Ukrainian{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=10}}uk|обличчя}}{{IPA|[oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ]}} 'face' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology

Postalveolar

{{also|Retroflex lateral approximant}}
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
IgboIkekeonwu|1999|p=108}}ig|lì}}{{IPA|[l̠ì]}} 'bury'
Italian{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}}it|il cervo}}{{IPA|[il̠ʲ ˈt͡ʃɛrvo]}} 'the deer'/l/}} before {{IPA|/ʃ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/}}.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}} See Italian phonology
Turkish{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=8}}tr|lale}}{{Audio-IPA|Tur-lale.ogg|[l̠ʲäːˈl̠ʲɛ]}} 'tulip'ɫ̪}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=8}} See Turkish phonology
ZapotecMerrill|2008|p=108}}zts|lan}}{{IPA|[l̠an]}} 'soot'

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Faroese{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}}fo|linur}}{{IPA|[ˈliːnʊɹ]}} 'soft'/l/}} may be postalveolar, especially after back vowels.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See Faroese phonology
French{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=192}}fr|il}}{{IPA|[il]}} 'he'Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=192}} See French phonology
GermanMangold|2005|p=49}}de|Liebe}}{{IPA|[ˈliːbə]}} 'love'Mangold|2005|p=49}}
NorwegianKristoffersen|2000|pp=24–25}}no|liv}}{{IPA|[liːʋ]}} 'life'/n, t, d/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=24–25}} See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese[8]{{sfnp>Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=229}}pt|lero-lero}}{{IPA|[ˈlɛɾʊ ˈlɛɾʊ]}} 'runaround'[9]Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=92}} See Portuguese phonology

Velarized alveolar lateral approximant {{anchor|Dark L|dark l}}

{{Infobox IPA
|above=Velarized L
|ipa symbol=lˠ
|ipa symbol2=lˤ
|ipa symbol3=ɫ
|ipa number=209
|decimal=108
|decimal2=736
|x-sampa=5 or l_G or l_?\\
|kirshenbaum=l
}}

The velarized alveolar lateral approximant ({{Abbr|a.k.a.|also known as}} dark l) is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are {{angle bracket|{{IPA|lˠ}}}} (for a velarized lateral) and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|lˤ}}}} (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɫ}}}}, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The last symbol should never be confused with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɬ}}}}, which represents the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway[10] – such usage is considered non-standard.

If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so: {{angle bracket|{{IPA|l̪ˠ}}}}, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|l̪ˤ}}}}, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɫ̪}}}}.

Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized) l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|p=4}}

The terms "soft l" and "hard l" are not equivalent to "light l" and "dark l". The former pair refers to palatalized ("soft" or iotated) and plain ("hard") Slavic consonants.

Features

Features of the dark l:

{{approximant}}
  • There are four specific variants of {{IPA|[ɫ]}}:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely,{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|p=4}} the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.
{{voiced}}{{oral}}{{lateral}}{{pulmonic}}{{clear}}

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bashkirba|ҡала}}{{Audio-IPA|Ba-ҡала.ogg|[qɑˈɫɑ]}} 'city' Velarized dental lateral; occurs in back vowel contexts.
Belarusian{{sfnp|Padluzhny|1989|pp=50–51}}be|Беларусь}}{{IPA|[bʲɛɫ̪äˈrus̪ʲ]}} 'Belarus' Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Catalan{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|pp=1, 20}}{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}}ca|altres}}{{IPA|[ˈaɫ̪t̪ɾəs̺]}} 'others'/l/}} before {{IPA|/t, d/}}.{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}} See Catalan phonology
Icelandic{{sfnp|Scholten|2000|p=22}} sigldi{{IPA|[s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ]}} 'sailed' Laminal denti-alveolar; rare. See Icelandic phonology
Kashubian Older southeastern speakers[6]date=May 2016}}w}} by other speakers.[6]
Lithuanian{{sfnp|Mathiassen|1996|p=23}}lt|labas}}{{IPA|[ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪]}} 'hi' Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|pp=11–12}}mk|лук}}
luk		{{IPA|[ɫ̪uk]}} 'garlic'/u, o, a/}}) and syllable-finally. See Macedonian phonology
NorwegianMathiassen|1996|p=23}}{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}}no|tale}}{{IPA|[ˈt̻ʰɑːɫ̪ə]}} 'speech'/l/}} after {{IPA|/ɔ, oː, ɑ, ɑː/}}, and sometimes also after {{IPA|/u, uː/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}} However, according to {{Harvcoltxt|Endresen|1990}}, this allophone is not velarized.[11] See Norwegian phonology
PolishRocławski|1976|p=130}}pl|łapa}}{{IPA|[ˈɫ̪äpä]}} 'paw'/w/}} in standard Polish. See Polish phonology
Russian{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=168}}ru|малый}}{{IPA|[ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j]}} 'small' Pharyngealized laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic{{sfnp|Ó Dochartaigh|1997}}gd|Mallaig}}{{IPA|[ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ]}} 'Mallaig'/l/}} and {{IPA|/ʎ/}}. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Turkish{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=8}}tr|lala}}{{IPA|[ɫ̪äˈɫ̪ä]}} 'servant'l̠}}.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|pp=154–155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=8}} See Turkish phonology

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
AfrikaansDonaldson|1993|p=17}}{{sfnp|Lass|1987|p=117}}af|tafel}}{{IPA|[ˈtɑːfəɫ]}} 'table'Donaldson|1993|p=17}}{{sfnp|Lass|1987|p=117}} See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian Standardsq|llullë}}{{IPA|[ˈɫuɫə]}} 'smoking pipe'
ArabicWatson|2002|p=16}}ar|الله|rtl=yes}} {{transl|ar|ʼAllah}}{{IPA|[ɑɫˈɫɑː(h)]}} 'God'{{IPA|lˤ}}}}. Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce {{IPA|[l]}}. See Arabic phonology
Catalan{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|pp=1, 20}} Eastern dialectsca|cel·la}}{{IPA|[ˈsɛɫːə]}} 'cell'Apical. Can be always dark in many dialects. See Catalan phonology
Western dialects alt{{IPA|[aɫ(t)]}} 'tall'
DutchCollins|Mees|2003|pp=58, 197, 222}}nl|mallen}}{{IPA|[ˈmɑɫ̻ə]}} 'molds'/l/}} before consonants and pauses, and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels {{IPA|/ɔ, ɑ/}}. Many northern speakers realize the final {{IPA|/l/}} as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid {{IPA|[ɤˤ]}}, whereas some Standard Belgian speakers use the clear {{IPA|/l/}} in all positions.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=58, 197, 222}} See Dutch phonology
Collins|Mees|2003|p=197}}nl|laten}}{{IPA|[ˈɫ̻aːt̻ə]}} 'to let'/l/}} in all positions.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=197}} See Dutch phonology
English{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=73}} Australianfeel{{Audio-IPA|en-us-feel.ogg| [fiːɫ]}}'feel'Most often apical; can be always dark in North America, Australia and New Zealand. See Australian English phonology and English phonology
Canadian
Dublin
General American
New Zealand
Received Pronunciation
South African
Scottish loch{{IPA|[ɫɔx]}} 'loch' Can be always dark except in some borrowings from Scottish Gaelic
Greek Northern dialects[12]{{lang|el|μπάλα}} bálla{{IPA|[ˈbaɫa]}} 'ball'/l/}} before {{IPA|/a o u/}}. See Modern Greek phonology
Kurdish gâlta{{IPA|[gɑːɫˈtʲaː]}}'joke'See Kurdish phonology
RomanianPop|1938|p=30}}ro|cal}}{{IPA|[kaɫ]}} 'horse'l}}{{fix|text=in which environments?}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp|Gick|Campbell|Oh|Tamburri-Watt|2006|p=?}}sh|лак}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|lak}}{{IPA|[ɫâ̠k]}} 'easy'ʎ}}. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Uzbek{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}}date=November 2013}}Sjoberg|1963|p=13}}

Variable {{anchor|Portuguese dark l}}

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
PortugueseCruz-Ferreira|1995|p=93}}pt|mil}}{{IPA|[miɫ̪]}} 'thousand'When {{IPA|[lˠ ~ lʶ ~ lˤ ~ lˀ]}},[13] most often dental. Coda is now vocalized to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|w|u̯}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʊ|ʊ̯}}]}} in most of Brazil (as in rural parts of Alto Minho and Madeira).[14] Stigmatized realizations such as {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɽ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɻ}}]}}, the {{IPA|/ʁ/}} range, {{IPAblink|j}} and even {{IPA|[∅]}} (zero) are some other coda allophones typical of Brazil.[15] Can be always dental and always dark (especially before back/rounded and close/unrounded vowels) in most dialects. See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects[16]pt|Lituânia}}{{Audio-IPA|Pt-br-lituânia.ogg|[ɫ̪it̪uˈɐ̃ɲ̟ɐ]}} 'Lithuania'
Older and conservative Brazilian[17][18][19][20]pt|álcool}}{{IPA|[ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪]}} 'alcohol, ethanol'

See also

  • Index of phonetics articles
  • Lateral consonant
  • Velarization
  • l-vocalization
  • Ł

External links

  • [https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/phonetics/narrower/dark-l.html Dark L]

Notes

1. ^{{cite book|last=Adjaye|first=Sophia|title=Ghanaian English Pronunciation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5xiAAAAMAAJ|date= 2005|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|isbn=978-0-7734-6208-3|page=198|quote= realization of {{IPA|/l/}} is similar to that of RP: a 'clear' or non-velarized {{IPA|/l/}} = {{IPA|[l]}} pre-vocalically and intervocalically; and a 'dark' or velarized {{IPA|/l/}} = {{IPA|[ɫ]}} pre-consonantally and pre-pausally}}
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Celce-Murcia|first1=Marianne|display-authors=etal |title=Teaching Pronunciation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqgvZq4T4foC&pg=PA84|date= 2010|publisher=Cambridge U. Press|isbn=978-0-521-72975-8|page=84|quote= the light {{IPA|/l/}} used in all environments in [standard] German (e.g., {{lang|de|Licht}} “light,” {{lang|de|viel}} “much, many”) or in French (e.g., {{lang|fr|lit}} "bed", {{lang|fr|île}} "island")}}
3. ^Schirmer's pocket music dictionary
4. ^1 {{cite web|title=Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central | website= Els Sons del Català|url=http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-central}}
{{cite web|title=Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental | website= Els Sons del Català |url=http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-nord-occidental}}
5. ^{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Mark|title=Sounds & Words Week 4 Michaelmas 2010 Lecture Notes|url=http://www.ling.cam.ac.uk/people/mark/sounds&words_week4_2010_handout.pdf|accessdate=7 March 2015}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archivedate=2016-03-04|df=}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=The guide to reading Scottish Gaelic|url=http://akerbeltz.org/images/0/08/Guide_detailed_with_examples.pdf}}
8. ^Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of Fortaleza. Page 2. {{pt icon}}
9. ^Runaround generator
10. ^For example {{Harvcoltxt|Beal|2004}}.
11. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Endresen|1990|p=177}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}}
12. ^Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language
13. ^[https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/112204/104213.pdf?sequence=1 "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina] {{pt}}. Page 52.
14. ^MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981
15. ^Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológica Leda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156.
16. ^{{it icon}} Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition
17. ^{{pt icon}} The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Page 36.
18. ^TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.
19. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bisol|2005|p=211}}
20. ^[https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/112204/104213.pdf?sequence=1 "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina] {{pt}}. Page 49.

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}}{{Refend}}{{IPA navigation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Alveolar Lateral Approximant}}

6 : Alveolar consonants|Dental consonants|Postalveolar consonants|Lateral consonants|Pulmonic consonants|Oral consonants
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