词条 | Alfred Stock |
释义 |
| name = Alfred Stock | image = Alfred Stock.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Portrait of the German chemist Alfred Stock (1876 – 1946). | birth_date = {{Birth date|1876|7|16|df=yes}} | birth_place = Danzig, German Empire | death_date = {{death date and age|1946|8|12|1876|7|16|df=yes}} | death_place = Aken an der Elbe, Germany | nationality = German | field = Chemistry | work_institutions = University of Karlsruhe | alma_mater = | doctoral_advisor = Emil Fischer | doctoral_students = H. J. Emeléus | known_for = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | prizes = | footnotes = }} Alfred Stock (July 16, 1876 – August 12, 1946) was a German inorganic chemist. He did pioneering research on the hydrides of boron and silicon, coordination chemistry, mercury, and mercury poisoning. The German Chemical Society's Alfred-Stock Memorial Prize is named after him. LifeHe was born in Danzig (Gdańsk) and educated at the Friedrich-Werder grammar school in Berlin.[1] In 1894 he began studies in chemistry at the Friedrich Wilhelm-University in Berlin. After finishing his dissertation about the quantitative separation of arsenic and antimony[2] in the works of Emil Fischer he got his doctoral degree.[3] In 1899 he went to the French chemist and toxicologist Henri Moissan in Paris for one year. He got the task to synthesize still unknown compounds of boron and silicon. Five years later he became professor at the University of Breslau.[4] In 1916 he succeeded Richard Willstätter as director at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin. After a severe mercury poisoning he became the director of the Chemistry Department at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe from 1926 to 1936.[5] In 1932 he got a guest professorship at the Cornell University in Ithaca for four month. A member of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party) since 1933, Stock was anti-Semitic.[6] From February 6, 1936 to May 7, 1938 Stock was the president of the German Chemical Society.[7] Bombs in the Second World War damaged the house of Stock. In September 1943 he and his wife moved to Bad Warmbrunn in Silesia, but the flow of refugees forced them to move again towards west in February 1945. They found accommodation in Aken (near Dessau).[7] After the war in 1946, Stock endeavoured to revitalize the German chemistry by lectures and memoirs.[8] He was renowned for his pioneering research on boron hydrides.[9] Research on the hydrides of boron and siliconStock began studying the boron hydrides - the boron hydrogen chemical compounds with general formula BxHy - since 1909 at Breslau. Due to their extreme reactivity and flammability in air, boron hydrides could not be purified until his development of methods for separation using high-vacuum manifolds around 1912. He performed similar work on the hydrides of silicon. The hydrides of boron and silicon represented the first family of binary compounds to approach the richness of hydrocarbons in terms of structural diversity. Not only did the boron hydrides exhibit challenging properties, their structures were also unusual. Elucidation of the structures and the associated bonding models dramatically expanded the scope of inorganic chemistry. Boron hydrides such as diborane later developed into a range of reagents for organic synthesis as well as a source of diverse ligands and building blocks for researchers. With Henri Moissan, Stock discovered silicon boride. Research on other areas of inorganic chemistryIn 1921, he first prepared metallic beryllium by electrolyzing a fused mixture of sodium and beryllium fluorides. This method made beryllium available for industrial use, as in special alloys and glasses and for making windows in X-ray tubes. He was also influential in coordination chemistry. The term "ligand" (from ligare Latin, to bind) was first used by Stock in 1916.[10] H. Irving and R.J.P. Williams adopted the term in a paper published in 1948.[11] Monodentate, bidentate, tridentate characterized the number of ligands attached to a metal. Given the introduction of ligand concept, he was also able to further derive the idea of bite angle and other aspects of chelation. The "Stock system," first published in 1919, was a means of nomenclature on binary compounds. In his own words, he considered the system to be "simple, clear, immediately intelligible, capable of the most general application." In 1924, a German commission recommended Stock system to be adopted with some accommodations. FeCl2, which would have been named iron(2)-chloride according to Stock's original idea, became iron(II) chloride in the revised proposal. In 1934 Stock agreed to the use of Roman numerals but preferred keeping the hyphen and dropping the parentheses. Although this suggestion has not been followed, the Stock system remains in use worldwide. Interests in mercury and mercury poisoningHe published over 50 papers on different aspects of mercury and mercury poisoning.[12] He also introduced sensitive tests and devised improved laboratory techniques for dealing with mercury which minimized poisoning risk, possibly initiated by his chronic mercury poisoning in 1923, due to his use of liquid mercury in some novel laboratory apparatus he invented.[13] He became more vocal on protesting the mercury usage after realizing the toxicity of its organic derivatives. German dentists abandoned his warning in 1928 against copper amalgam usage. Nevertheless, a paper from Fleischmann, in which removal of mercury in amalgam-related illness had led to complete recovery, supported his idea. (Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1928, No. 8). A committee was founded in Berlin to investigate cases of possible mercury intoxication and hence the term micromercurialism was first used.[14] Retirement and deathAfter retirement in 1936, he moved from Karlsruhe to Berlin. He died in Aken, a small town near Dessau, in August 1946 at the age of 70. Posthumous recognitionIn recognition of his contributions to the field of inorganic chemistry, the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker) created in 1950 the Alfred Stock Memorial Prize. The prize, consisting of a gold medal and money, is awarded every other year for "an outstanding independent scientific experimental investigation in the field of inorganic chemistry."[15] Publications
Inventions
References1. ^Egon Wiberg: Alfred Stock 1876–1946 In: Chemische Berichte Jahrgang 83, Nr. 6, 1950, {{ISSN|1099-0682}}, {{DOI|10.1002/cber.19500830619}}. S. XX. 2. ^A. Piloty, A. Stock: Über eine quantitative Trennung des Arsens vom Antimon. Band 30, 1649, 1897 3. ^Egon Wiberg: Alfred Stock 1876–1946 In: Chemische Berichte Jahrgang 83, Nr. 6, 1950, {{ISSN|1099-0682}}, {{DOI|10.1002/cber.19500830619}}. S. XXI. 4. ^Egon Wiberg: Alfred Stock 1876–1946 In: Chemische Berichte Jahrgang 83, Nr. 6, 1950, {{ISSN|1099-0682}}, {{DOI|10.1002/cber.19500830619}}. S. XXIV. 5. ^Egon Wiberg: Alfred Stock 1876–1946 In: Chemische Berichte Jahrgang 83, Nr. 6, 1950, {{ISSN|1099-0682}}, {{DOI|10.1002/cber.19500830619}}. S. XLVIII. 6. ^Alfred Neubauer: Alfred Stock und die Judenfrage. In: Nachrichten aus der Chemie. Band 53, Nr. 6, 2005, {{ISSN|1868-0054}}, S. 633–637. 7. ^1 Egon Wiberg: Alfred Stock 1876–1946 In: Chemische Berichte Jahrgang 83, Nr. 6, 1950, {{ISSN|1099-0682}}, {{DOI|10.1002/cber.19500830619}}. S. LXII. 8. ^Egon Wiberg: Alfred Stock 1876–1946 In: Chemische Berichte Jahrgang 83, Nr. 6, 1950, {{ISSN|1099-0682}}, {{DOI|10.1002/cber.19500830619}}. S. LXIII. 9. ^{{cite book |last= Stock |first=Alfred |year = 1933|title = The Hydrides of Boron and Silicon| edition = |publisher = Cornell University Press |location = New York| id = | pages= }} 10. ^{{cite journal |first=William H. |last=Brock |author2=K. A. Jensen |author3=Christian Klixbüll Jørgensen |author4= George B. Kauffman |title=The origin and dissemination of the term "ligand" in chemistry |journal=Polyhedron |volume=2 |issue=1 |year=1983 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1016/S0277-5387(00)88023-7 }} 11. ^{{cite journal |first=H. |last=Irving |author2=R.J.P. Williams |title=Order of stability of metal complexes |journal=Nature |year=1948 |volume=162 |pages=746–747 |issn=0028-0836 |doi=10.1038/162746a0 |issue=4123|bibcode = 1948Natur.162..746I }} 12. ^{{cite journal| first = Egon| last = Wiberg| authorlink = Egon Wiberg| title = Alfred Stock 1876-1946| journal = Chemische Berichte| volume = 83| issue = 6| pages = XIX-LXXVI| year = 1950| doi = 10.1002/cber.19500830619| nopp = true}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2014/05/stock-valve-mercury-poisoning-inorganic |title=Stock's valve |first=Andrea |last=Sella |date=2014-05-20}} 14. ^{{cite journal |last=Stock |first=Alfred |title=Die Gefaehrlichkeit des Quecksilberdampfes |journal=Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie |pages=461–466 |volume=39 |year=1926 |doi=10.1002/ange.19260391502 |issue=15}}. Translated by Birgit Calhoun. 15. ^{{cite web |title = Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V., GDCh-Preise 2008 |publisher = de:Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker |year = 2007 |url = http://www.gdch.de/gdch/eps/ausschr/aus_2006__e.htm |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080305210604/http://www.gdch.de/gdch/eps/ausschr/aus_2006__e.htm |archivedate = 2008-03-05 |df = }} 16. ^Egon Wiberg: Alfred Stock 1876 – 1946 In: Chemische Berichte Jahrgang 83, Nr. 6, 1950, {{ISSN|1099-0682}}, {{DOI|10.1002/cber.19500830619}}. S. XLI. 17. ^Egon Wiberg: Alfred Stock 1876 – 1946 In: Chemische Berichte Jahrgang 83, Nr. 6, 1950, {{ISSN|1099-0682}}, {{DOI|10.1002/cber.19500830619}}. S. XXXIX – XL. 18. ^Alfred Stock: Zur Nomenklatur und Registrierung anorganischer Stoffe. In: Chem.-Ztg. Band 33, 205, 1909. External links
5 : 1876 births|1946 deaths|German chemists|University of Breslau faculty|Karlsruhe Institute of Technology faculty |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。